Alpha-Mannosidosis

An inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by immune deficiency, facial and skeletal abnormalities, hearing impairment, and intellectual deficit.

Epidemiology

It occurs in approximately 1 in 500,000 live births.

Clinical description

Affected infants often appear normal at birth but their condition worsens progressively. However, some children are born with ankle equinus or develop hydrocephalus in the first year of life. Main features are immune deficiency (manifested by recurrent infections, especially in the first decade of life), skeletal abnormalities (mild-to-moderate dysostosis multiplex, scoliosis and deformation of the sternum), hearing impairment (moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss), gradual impairment of mental functions and speech, and often, periods of psychosis. Associated motor function disturbances include muscular weakness, joint abnormalities and ataxia. The facial dysmorphism is marked by a large head with a prominent forehead, rounded eyebrows, a flattened nasal bridge, macroglossia, widely spaced teeth, and prognathism. Slight strabismus is common. The clinical variability is significant, representing a continuum in severity.

Etiology

The disorder is caused by lysosomal alpha-mannosidase deficiency. It is caused by mutations in the MAN2B1 gene located on chromosome 19 (19 p13.2-q12).

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis is made by measuring acid alpha-mannosidase activity in leukocytes or other nucleated cells and can be confirmed by genetic testing. Elevated urinary secretion of mannose-rich oligosaccharides is suggestive, but not diagnostic.

Differential diagnosis

The principle differential diagnoses are other lysosomal storage diseases, such as the various forms of mucopolysaccharidosis (see these terms).

Antenatal diagnosis

Antenatal diagnosis is possible, based on both biochemical and genetic methods.

Genetic counseling

Alpha-mannosidosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Genetic counseling should be provided to explain the nature of the disease and to detect carriers.

Management and treatment

Management should be proactive, preventing complications and treating manifestations. Infections must be treated frequently. Otolaryngological treatment of fluid in the middle ear is often needed and use of hearing aids is invariably required. Early educational intervention for development of social skills is needed and physiotherapy is important to improve bodily function. Orthopedic surgery may be necessary.

Prognosis

The long-term prognosis is poor. There is an insidiously slow progression of neuromuscular and skeletal deterioration over several decades, making most patients wheel-chair dependent. No patients manage to be completely socially independent. However, many patients survive to over 50 years of age.