.; Gulland, F. (2012). " Pseudo-nitzschia Blooms, Domoic Acid, and Related California Sea Lion Strandings in Monterey Bay, California". Marine Mammal Science . 28 (2): 237–253. doi : 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00480.x . ^ Lelong, A.; Hégaret, H.; Soudant, P.; Bates, S.
Overview Dysarthria occurs when the muscles you use for speech are weak or you have difficulty controlling them. Dysarthria often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand. Common causes of dysarthria include nervous system disorders and conditions that cause facial paralysis or tongue or throat muscle weakness. Certain medications also can cause dysarthria. Treating the underlying cause of your dysarthria may improve your speech. You may also need speech therapy. For dysarthria caused by prescription medications, changing or discontinuing the medications may help.
Since 2006 CIRAS has been run by an autonomous Charitable trust. [17] See also [ edit ] 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident Aviation safety – A state in which risks associated with aviation are at an acceptable level Confidential incident reporting – System to allow safety problems to be reported in confidence Error – Deviation from what is correct Hazard analysis – The identification of present hazards as the first step in a process to assess risk Maternal near miss – Event in which a pregnant woman comes close to death but does not die Patient safety – The prevention, reduction, reporting, and analysis of medical error Road traffic safety – Methods and measures for reducing the risk of death and injury on roads Root cause – Earliest, most basic cause of a specified outcome Root cause analysis – Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems Safety engineering – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety Separation (aeronautics) – Concept of keeping aircraft at least a minimum distance apart to reduce the risk of collision or wake turbulence References [ edit ] ^ My Near Miss DANIELLE OFRI, MAY 28, 2013 ^ When Doctors Don't Sleep , Talk of the Nation, National Public Radio, 13 December 2006. ^ Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH; Clarke; Sloane; Sochalski; Silber (2002).
The American Journal of Cardiology . 89 (2): 210–3. doi : 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02202-0 . PMID 11792344 . ^ Maki, Allan (28 September 2007). "Darcy Robinson's death brings shock" .
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that spondylocostal dysostosis-6 (SCDO6) is caused by compound heterozygous mutation in the RIPPLY2 gene (609891) on chromosome 6q14. One such family has been reported. For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spondylocostal dysostosis, see SCDO1 (277300). Clinical Features McInerney-Leo et al. (2015) studied 2 brothers with segmentation defects of the vertebrae. The proband had failure of formation of the posterior elements of C1 to C4 with descent of the occipital bone, causing spinal canal stenosis and spinal cord compression. He also displayed hemivertebrae and butterfly vertebrae between T2 and T7, resulting in mild thoracic scoliosis.
Spondylocostal dysostosis is a group of conditions characterized by abnormal development of the bones in the spine and ribs. In the spine, the vertebrae are misshapen and fused. Many people with this condition have an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis). The ribs may be fused together or missing. These bone malformations lead to short, rigid necks and short midsections. Infants with spondylocostal dysostosis have small, narrow chests that cannot fully expand. This can lead to life-threatening breathing problems. Males with this condition are at an increased risk for inguinal hernia , where the diaphragm is pushed down, causing the abdomen to bulge out.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis-3 (SCDO3) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the LFNG gene (602576) on chromosome 7p22. For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spondylocostal dysostosis, see 277300. Clinical Features Sparrow et al. (2006) reported a proband of Lebanese background who presented with extensive congenital vertebral anomalies; long, slender fingers; and camptodactyly of the left index finger. X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed multiple vertebral ossification centers in the thoracic spine, which showed fitted angular shapes similar to those seen in the patient with spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO2; see 608681) caused by mutation in the MESP2 gene (605195) (Whittock et al., 2004). Severe foreshortening of the spine was emphasized by comparison of the patient's arm span (186.5 cm) with adult height (155 cm; lower segment 92.5 cm).
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis-2 (SCDO2) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the MESP2 gene (605195) on chromosome 15q26. Description Spondylocostal dysostosis is a term given to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal vertebral segmentation. For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of the disorder, see SCDO1 (277300). Clinical Features Whittock et al. (2004) studied a consanguineous Lebanese Arab family in which 2 offspring were affected with spondylocostal dysostosis. Affected individuals presented with trunkal shortening and short necks but no other abnormalities.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis-1 (SCDO1) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the DLL3 gene (602768) on chromosome 19q13. Description The spondylocostal dysostoses are a heterogeneous group of axial skeletal disorders characterized by multiple segmentation defects of the vertebrae (SDV), malalignment of the ribs with variable points of intercostal fusion, and often a reduction in rib number. The term 'spondylocostal dysostosis' is best applied to those phenotypes with generalized SDV and a broadly symmetric thoracic cage (summary by Gucev et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity of Spondylocostal Dysostosis Other forms of SCDO include SCDO2 (608681), caused by mutation in the MESP2 gene (605195) on chromosome 15q26; SCDO3 (609813), caused by mutation in the LFNG gene (602576) on chromosome 7p22; SCDO4 (613686), caused by mutation in the HES7 gene (608059) on chromosome 17p13; SCDO5 (122600), caused by mutation in the TBX6 gene (602427) on chromosome 16p11; and SCDO6 (616566), caused by mutation in the RIPPLY2 gene (609891) on chromosome 6q14. Clinical Features Lavy et al. (1966) observed 4 of 7 offspring of a third-cousin marriage who had characteristic vertebral anomalies including hemivertebrae and block vertebrae accompanied by deformity of the ribs.
Spondylocostal dysostosis is a group of conditions characterized by abnormal development of bones in the spine and ribs. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are misshapen and abnormally joined together (fused). Many people with this condition have abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis ) due to malformation of the vertebrae. In addition to spinal abnormalities, some of the rib bones may be fused together or missing. Affected individuals have short, rigid necks and short torsos because of the bone malformations.
A rare condition of variable severity associated with vertebral and rib segmentation defects and characterised by a short neck with limited mobility, winged scapulae, a short trunk, and short stature with multiple vertebral anomalies at all levels of the spine. Epidemiology The incidence and prevalence are unknown. The disease seems to be more frequent in the Puerto Rican population. Clinical description Autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis (ARSD) is usually diagnosed in the neonatal period. The main skeletal malformations include fusion of the vertebrae, hemivertebrae, and rib fusion with other rib malformations. Deformity of the chest and spine (severe scoliosis, kyphoscoliosis and lordosis) is a natural consequence of these malformations and leads to a dwarf-like appearance.
Spondylothoracic dysostosis (STD) is a rare condition that affects the bones of the spine and the ribs. The term “Jarcho-Levin syndrome” in many cases is used as a synonym for STD, and sometimes as a synonym for another condition known as spondylocostal dysostosis , which has several common features with STD. Also, the term “Jarcho-Levin syndrome” is often used for all radiologic features that include defects of the vertebrae and abnormal rib alignment. Signs and symptoms of STD are generally present at birth and may include short-trunk dwarfism (a short body with normal length arms and legs); a small chest cavity; misshapen and abnormally-fused vertebrae (bones of the spine); and fused ribs at the part nearest the spine. Affected people may also have life-threatening breathing problems and recurrent lung infections, which can significantly reduce lifespan.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because spondylocostal dysostosis-4 (SCDO4) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the HES7 gene (608059) on chromosome 17p13. For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO), see SCDO1 (277300). Clinical Features Sparrow et al. (2008) described a consanguineous family of Caucasian Mediterranean origin in which the proband was diagnosed prenatally with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele, and at birth was found to have a bell-shaped, symmetric, and shortened thorax, lumbosacral myelomeningocele, ectopic and stenotic anus, and talipes. Radiologic examination showed shortening of the spine, with multiple and contiguous vertebral segmentation defects involving all spinal regions, but mainly the thoracic spine. The ribs had very crowded origins on the left side, and were irregularly aligned with variable points of fusion along their length on the right side.
Spondylothoracic dysostosis is a condition characterized by malformation of the bones of the spine and ribs. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) do not develop properly, which causes them to be misshapen and abnormally joined together (fused). The ribs are also fused at the part nearest the spine (posteriorly), which gives the rib cage its characteristic fan-like or "crab" appearance in x-rays. Affected individuals have short, rigid necks and short torsos because of the bone malformations. As a result, people with spondylothoracic dysostosis have short bodies but normal-length arms and legs, called short-trunk dwarfism.
Osteomalacia is a disease that is characterized by a weakening of the bone, often due to a deficiency of vitamin D . This vitamin supports the development of the bones of the body, so when there are low levels of vitamin D, the bones are not strong enough. Symptoms of osteomalacia can include muscle weakness, bone pain, and walking with a waddling gait. Pain is especially likely to occur in the lower back, hips, and legs. The weakening of the bones may also cause them to easily fracture. Osetomalacia can be caused by having a low level of vitamin D in the diet or lack of sun exposure.
Biliary diseases include gallbladder disease and biliary tract diseases . In 2013 they resulted in 106,000 deaths up from 81,000 deaths in 1990. [1] Types [ edit ] malignant neoplasm of the gallbladder malignant neoplasm of other parts of biliary tract extrahepatic bile duct ampulla of Vater cholelithiasis cholecystitis others (excluding postcholecystectomy syndrome ), but including other obstructions of the gallbladder (like strictures) hydrops , perforation , fistula cholesterolosis biliary dyskinesia K83: other diseases of the biliary tract : cholangitis (including ascending cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis ) obstruction, perforation , fistula of biliary tract spasm of sphincter of Oddi biliary cyst biliary atresia References [ edit ] ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" . Lancet . 385 (9963): 117–71. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 .
A rare neurologic disease characterized by significant visual dysfunction that cannot be explained by ocular abnormalities alone and is due to damage to post-chiasmatic visual pathways and structures during early perinatal development. Signs and symptoms include decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, and impairments in visual processing and attention.
Overview Swimmer's itch is a rash that can occur after you go swimming or wading outdoors. It's most common after being in freshwater lakes and ponds, but you can get it in saltwater too. Swimmer's itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you're swimming or wading in warm, calm water. These parasites can't survive in people, so they soon die. Swimmer's itch usually clears on its own within a few days. In the meantime, you can control itching with medicine. Symptoms Swimmer's itch symptoms include an itchy rash that looks like pimples or blisters.
