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Cold Agglutinin Disease
Wikipedia
Primary cold agglutinin disease [ edit ] The primary form is caused by excessive cell proliferation [12] of B lymphocytes , [13] characterized by clonal lymphoproliferative disorder . [14] [15] [16] Primary cold agglutinin disease occurs after the fifth decade of life and peaks prevalence in a person's 70s and 80s. [16] Secondary cold agglutinin disease [ edit ] Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome occurs when autoantibodies bind to red blood cells , rendering them subject to attack by the complement system . [17] It is a result of an underlying condition potentially associated with either monoclonal cold-reacting autoantibodies or polyclonal cold-reacting autoantibodies [16] predominantly caused by infection or lymphoproliferative disorders. [16] In adults, this is typically due to: Bacterial infections such as mycoplasma , Legionnaires' disease , syphilis , listeriosis , or E. coli . [4] Viral infections such Epstein-Barr virus , cytomegalovirus , mumps , varicella , rubella , adenovirus , HIV , influenza , or hepatitis C . [4] Parasitic infections such as malaria or trypanosomiasis . [4] Other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus . [4] Certain types of cancers such as lymphoma , chronic lymphocytic leukemia , Waldenström macroglobulinemia , multiple myeloma , and Kaposi sarcoma . [4] In children, cold agglutinin disease is often secondary to an infection, such as Mycoplasma pneumonia , mononucleosis , and HIV . ... "Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA): Cold antibody syndromes I: Idiopathic types: Clinical presentation and haematological and serological findings.". ... A. (2006-01-01). "Cold Hemolytic Syndrome" . Hematology. American Society of Hematology. ... PMID 7873920 . ^ RØRVIK, K (1954). "The syndrome of high-titre cold haemagglutination; a survey and a case report". ... ", Haematologica , 91 (4): 439–41, ISSN 0390-6078 , PMID 16585009 External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : D59.1 ICD - 9-CM : 283.0 MeSH : D000744 DiseasesDB : 2949 External resources eMedicine : med/408 v t e Diseases of red blood cells ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro- : Iron-deficiency anemia Plummer–Vinson syndrome Macro- : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary enzymopathy : Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency glycolysis pyruvate kinase deficiency triosephosphate isomerase deficiency hexokinase deficiency hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle cell disease / trait Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired AIHA Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia membrane paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombotic microangiopathy Hemolytic–uremic syndrome Drug-induced autoimmune Drug-induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond–Blackfan anemia Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests Mean corpuscular volume normocytic microcytic macrocytic Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normochromic hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia
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Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Wikipedia
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Other names Sacroiliac joint disorder, sacroiliac joint disease, sacroiliac joint syndrome, sacroiliac syndrome, sacroilliac dysfunction and instability The sacroiliac joint, posterior view Sacroiliac joint dysfunction generally refers to pain in the sacroiliac joint region that is caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint, either too much motion or too little motion. ... The deep anterior , posterior, and interosseous ligaments resist the load of the sacrum relative to the ilium. [1] More superficial ligaments (e.g., the sacrotuberous ligament ) react to dynamic motions (such as straight-leg raising during physical motion). [1] The long dorsal sacroiliac ligament can become stretched in periods of increased lumbar lordosis (e.g., during pregnancy ). [19] Affected muscle groups [ edit ] Many large and small muscles have relationships with the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint including the piriformis (see “ piriformis syndrome ”, a condition often related with sacroiliac joint dysfunction), rectus femoris , gluteus maximus and minimus , erector spinae , latissimus dorsi , thoracolumbar fascia , and iliacus . [1] Any of these muscles can be involved or spasm with a painful and dysfunctional sacroiliac joint. [1] [8] [2] [3] [18] [11] The SI joint is a pain-sensitive structure richly innervated by a combination of unmyelinated free nerve endings and the posterior primary rami of spinal segments L2-S3. The wide possibility of innervation may explain why pain originating from the joint can manifest in so many various ways, with different and unique referral patterns (see “ referred pain ”) for individual patients. [1] [17] Patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction can also develop tightness and dysfunction in the hamstring , quadriceps , iliotibial tract (see “ iliotibial band syndrome ”) and hip flexors , including the psoas muscle . ... "Symptom-giving Pelvic Girdle Relaxation of Pregnancy, Postnatal Pelvic Joint Syndrome and Developmental Dysplasia of Hip". ... "Value of quantitative radionucleotide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain" .
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Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies
Wikipedia
The three most common neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities seen in mitochondrial disorders are bilateral optic neuropathy , ophthalmoplegia with ptosis , and pigmentary retinopathy . [1] Contents 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Nutritional optic neuropathies 2.2 Toxic optic neuropathies (TON) 2.3 Combined Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies 2.3.1 Tobacco Alcohol Ambylopia (TAA) 2.3.2 Cuban Epidemic of Optic Neuropathy 2.4 Hereditary Optic Neuropathies 2.4.1 Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) 2.4.2 Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) 2.4.3 Behr’s syndrome 2.4.4 Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) 2.4.5 Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) 2.4.6 Friedreich's ataxia (FA) 2.4.7 Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies 2.4.8 Overlapping phenotypes 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Epidemiology 7 References Signs and Symptoms [ edit ] The generalized, common presentation for this broad and inclusive group of diseases is painless, bilateral loss of visual acuity and pallor of the optic disc accompanied with varying degrees of dyschromatopsia and central/cecocentral scatomas. ... Examination of these patients shows loss of visual acuity, temporal pallor of the optic discs, centrocecal scotomas with peripheral sparing, and subtle impairments in color vision. [ citation needed ] Behr’s syndrome [ edit ] Main article: Behr syndrome This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset optic atrophy, ataxia, and spasticity. [ citation needed ] Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) [ edit ] Main article: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease This disease is a heterogenous group of inherited neuropathies, stemming from a MFN2 mutation, in which both motor and sensory nerves are affected, resulting in distal limb weakness, sensory loss, decreased deep tendon reflexes, and foot deformities. ... For example, in some OPA1 carriers, patients will develop neurological features indistinguishable from HSP while others develop a pattern of peripheral neuropathy with a similar disease course to CMT, and still others will develop a prominent cerebellar syndrome consistent with FRDA. [21] Pathophysiology [ edit ] Even though dysfunction of the mitochondria can be either congenital or acquired, both causes share a common pathophysiology : an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria, which leads to a decrease of ATP production and a simultaneous increase in ROS . [28] These mitochondria are made within the central somata of the retinal ganglion cell, transported down axons , and distributed where they are needed. ... For example, 90% of cases of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) are associated with three common mtDNA point mutations (m.3460G>A/MT-ND1, m.11778G>A/MT-ND4, m.14484T>C/MT-ND6) while a wider range of mtDNA mutations (MT-ND1, MT-ND5, MT-ND6; http://www.mitomap.org/ ) have been associated with overlapping phenotypes of LHON, MELAS, and Leigh syndrome. [29] [30] Treatment [ edit ] Treatment is dependent upon diagnosis and the stage at which the diagnosis is secured. ... Often treatment is relegated to lifestyle alterations and accommodations and supportive measures. [ citation needed ] Epidemiology [ edit ] Those diseases understood as congenital in origin could either be specific to the ocular organ system ( LHON , DOA ) or syndromic ( MELAS , multiple sclerosis ).
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Skewed X-Inactivation
Wikipedia
Contents 1 Causes 1.1 Primary nonrandom inactivation 1.1.1 Xce 1.1.2 Parent-of-origin 1.1.3 Promoter mutations 1.2 Secondary skewing 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Cancer predisposition 2.2 Rett syndrome 2.3 Autoimmunity 2.4 Autism 2.5 Klinefelter syndrome 2.6 Metabolism 2.7 Recurrent miscarriages 3 Studying skewed X-inactivation 3.1 Potential problems 4 References Causes [ edit ] Primary nonrandom inactivation [ edit ] Nonrandom X-inactivation leads to skewed X-inactivation. ... Instead, the researchers proposed that the cause of cancer and skewed inactivation could potentially be separate events, or both be caused by an unknown source. [4] Rett syndrome [ edit ] Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation of the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome. ... Asymptomatic carriers can pass on the mutated allele to their daughters, who can show full symptoms if skewing does not occur. Most Rett syndrome cases show no skewing. [11] Autoimmunity [ edit ] Skewed X-inactivation has been correlated with several autoimmune diseases , including autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) and scleroderma . ... The reason behind this is currently unknown, as no mutations in the Xist promoter were detected. [15] Klinefelter syndrome [ edit ] Klinefelter 47,XXY and 48,XXYY patients were found to have significantly skewed X-chromosome levels in 31% of the patients examined, with researchers predicting that this skewing might be responsible for the mental deficiencies and abnormalities present. ... (October 2006). "Very mild cases of Rett syndrome with skewed X inactivation" . Journal of Medical Genetics . 43 (10): 814–816. doi : 10.1136/jmg.2006.042077 .
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Indolent Lymphoma
Wikipedia
These include cutaneous T-cell lymphoma ( mycosis fungoides and sézary syndrome ), follicular lymphoma (FL), marginal zone lymphoma , small cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/ Waldenström macroglobulinemia . [2] Follicular Lymphoma (FL) is the most common subtype. [2] Indolent lymphoma accounts for 41 percent of all NHL cases in North America and North Europe, white people have higher incidence rates than black and Asian people. [4] The cause of the racial, ethnic and geographical disparities is poorly understood. [4] It mainly affects older adults and it affects both men and women almost equally. [5] Indolent lymphoma is considered incurable most of the time, unless the disease is localised, but due to its slow growing nature and response to effective treatment, patients often have prolonged survival. [4] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Risk Factors 2.1 Age 2.2 Infection 2.3 Other factors 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Classification 3.1.1 Follicular lymphoma 3.1.2 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome) 3.1.3 Marginal Zone Lymphoma 3.1.4 Small cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 3.2 Staging 4 Treatment 4.1 Treatment of Indolent lymphoma by Stage 4.1.1 Treatment options for stage I and contiguous stage II adult indolent lymphoma: [2] 4.1.2 Treatment options for noncontiguous stage II, III, or IV adult indolent lymphoma: [2] 4.2 Treatment of Indolent lymphoma by sub-type 4.2.1 Follicular lymphoma (FL) 4.2.2 Marginal Zone Lymphoma (MZL) 5 Prognosis 6 Epidemiology 7 Research 8 References Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Patients with indolent lymphoma normally present with painless, swollen lymph nodes , often in the neck, armpit or groin. [1] Sometimes patients have swollen lymph nodes inside their body, such as the chest or abdomen, which can stay undetected until they become very large and cause symptoms like cough and abdominal pain. [1] Risk Factors [ edit ] The cause of indolent lymphoma is still unknown, however research has identified a number of factors that increase the risk of developing indolent lymphoma. ... Higher body mass index (BMI) as a young adult, occupation as a spray painter, sedentary lifestyle , high level of dietary animal protein intake are associated with risk of follicular lymphoma . [8] [9] Residence on farm are associated with an increased risk of mantle cell lymphoma . [8] Sjögren's syndrome , systemic lupus erythematosus , tobacco smoking for more than 40 years are linked to an increased risk of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia . Diagnosis [ edit ] Classification [ edit ] Indolent lymphomas encompasses a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) that are slowly progressive. [10] [11] Except for a few exceptions, indolent lymphomas are almost entirely of B cell origin. [10] They are classified based on pathological and cytological features. [10] Types of indolent lymphomas include follicular lymphoma , marginal zone lymphoma , lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma , small cell lymphocytic lymhoma/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia , and hairy cell leukemia . [12] Follicular lymphoma [ edit ] Main article: Follicular lymphoma Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a type of B cell lymphoproliferative disorder and is generally associated with an indolent course. [13] It originates from the follicular center B cells. [13] About 85% of the cases show t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation, which causes the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. [14] FL is the most prevalent form of indolent lymphoma, accounts for 70% of indolent cases and 20~30% of all NHL cases, with an incidence of 1.6 to 3.1 per 100 000 persons/year. [14] [15] It is most frequently diagnosed among people in their 50s and 60s, and is more common among white populations than black or Asian populations. [16] It is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy , bone marrow involvement, and splenomegaly . [13] Involvement of areas outside the lymphatic sites is less common. [13] Cytopenias are relatively common but constitutional symptoms of fever, night sweats , and weight loss are uncommon in the absence of transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma . [13] The 5-year survival rate in the United States is 88.4%. [16] Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome) [ edit ] Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - very high mag CTCL is a subtype of NHL that mainly attacks the skin, but it can also involve lymph nodes, blood and other organs. ... Mycosis Fungoides is the most common form of CTCL, and the disease typically attacks the skin. [17] When cancer cells infiltrates into the blood and accumulates in the blood, it becomes what is called the Sézary syndrome . [17] Diagnosis of CTCL is often delayed due to the presence of multiple clinical presentations and the lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. ... Retrieved 2020-02-25 . v t e Leukaemias , lymphomas and related disease B cell ( lymphoma , leukemia ) (most CD19 CD20 ) By development/ marker TdT+ ALL ( Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma ) CD5 + naive B cell ( CLL/SLL ) mantle zone ( Mantle cell ) CD22 + Prolymphocytic CD11c+ ( Hairy cell leukemia ) CD79a + germinal center / follicular B cell ( Follicular Burkitt's GCB DLBCL Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma ) marginal zone / marginal zone B-cell ( Splenic marginal zone MALT Nodal marginal zone Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma ) RS ( CD15 +, CD30 +) Classic Hodgkin lymphoma ( Nodular sclerosis ) CD20+ ( Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma ) PCDs / PP ( CD38 +/ CD138 +) see immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders By infection KSHV ( Primary effusion ) EBV Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Classic Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma HCV Splenic marginal zone lymphoma HIV ( AIDS-related lymphoma ) Helicobacter pylori ( MALT lymphoma ) Cutaneous Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma Primary cutaneous immunocytoma Plasmacytoma Plasmacytosis Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma T/NK T cell ( lymphoma , leukemia ) (most CD3 CD4 CD8 ) By development/ marker TdT+ : ALL ( Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma ) prolymphocyte ( Prolymphocytic ) CD30+ ( Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A ) Cutaneous MF+variants indolent: Mycosis fungoides Pagetoid reticulosis Granulomatous slack skin aggressive: Sézary disease Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Non-MF CD30 -: Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type B CD30 +: CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A Other peripheral Hepatosplenic Angioimmunoblastic Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified ( Lennert lymphoma ) Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma By infection HTLV-1 ( Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma ) NK cell / (most CD56 ) Aggressive NK-cell leukemia Blastic NK cell lymphoma T or NK EBV ( Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma / Angiocentric lymphoma ) Large granular lymphocytic leukemia Lymphoid+ myeloid Acute biphenotypic leukaemia Lymphocytosis Lymphoproliferative disorders ( X-linked lymphoproliferative disease Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome ) Leukemoid reaction Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with bandlike and perivascular patterns with nodular pattern Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin General Hematological malignancy leukemia Lymphoproliferative disorders Lymphoid leukemias
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Melanocytic Nevus
Wikipedia
Genetics [ edit ] Genes can have an influence on a person's moles. Dysplastic nevus syndrome is a largely hereditary condition which causes a person to have a large quantity of moles (often 100 or more) with some larger than normal or atypical. ... Dysplastic nevi are markers of risk when they are numerous, such as in people with dysplastic nevus syndrome . According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), doctors believe that, when part of a series or syndrome of multiple moles, dysplastic nevi are more likely than ordinary moles to develop into the most virulent type of skin cancer called melanoma. [22] In this case, the central portion is a complex papule, and the periphery is macular, irregular, indistinct and slightly pink. ... People with a personal or family history of skin cancer or of dysplastic nevus syndrome (multiple atypical moles) should see a dermatologist at least once a year to be sure they are not developing melanoma. [32] Management [ edit ] This article needs additional citations for verification . ... "Inheritance of nevus number and size in melanoma and dysplastic nevus syndrome kindreds" . J. Natl. Cancer Inst . 83 (23): 1726–1733. doi : 10.1093/jnci/83.23.1726 . ... Retrieved 2020-09-18 . ^ "Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome" . Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) .NRAS, BRAF, NF1, SUZ12, HRAS, PTEN, RAF1, FGFR3, RIT1, ERCC2, KRAS, TYR, AKT1, PTCH1, DDB2, RASA2, PIK3CA, PTPN11, RRAS, PRKAR1A, PDE4D, TNFRSF11B, SDHC, MPL, MC1R, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERF, IGF2, HPS1, SDHB, SOS2, SDHD, SOS1, KLLN, A2ML1, FKBP10, RBM28, SUFU, SMARCAL1, KAT6B, MRAS, SEC23B, SYNGAP1, TNFRSF11A, EED, PTCH2, TP63, CDH3, LZTR1, XPC, XPA, CDKN2A, LYST, CHRNA7, TP53, COL3A1, FGFR2, H3P10, BAP1, BCL2, CCND1, RREB1, KIT, IRF4, MITF, TERT, MYC, SLC2A1, GNAQ, KDM5B, NGFR, TRPM1, MYB, MTAP, PAX3, MKI67, KITLG, MCAM, MAP2, NID1, EIF4E, PRAME, PCNA, EDN1, PPARG, PRKCB, CTNND1, CTNNB1, BCAR1, CSE1L, SOCS1, TP73, CDKN2B, VDR, CDKN1A, MIB1, PLA2G6, ARHGAP24, MLANA, MIR21, NLRP7, HSDL1, TMX2-CTNND1, KHDC3L, UBE2C, METAP2, CLOCK, ZHX2, PHLDA1, MIR34A, GAB2, RBX1, KIF20A, TSPO, MRPL28, KHDRBS1, NES, MIR210, MIR373, MIR211, PPP1R13L, RASSF1, SUB1, SHCBP1, ABCG2, MIR510, MS4A1, RECK, NOP14, CDH1, CD44, H3P9, LOC110806263, MTCO2P12, CD34, NRP2, UCA1, CASP6, AD12, SQSTM1, MCM3AP, HSPB3, CD163, ADRB2, MAGED4, CARD8, SYNE1, PLXND1, ALCAM, DCTN4, SIRT6, IL23A, STS, KRT20, CKS1BP7, SLAMF9, ESPN, XAF1, AMN, AQP3, PAG1, SLC12A9, CTNNBIP1, PCBP4, SLURP1, MAGED4B, CLPTM1L, AQP1, LINC00328, NSDHL, MIR200C, LINC00032, BIRC7, DICER1, MIR155, BAD, MIR143, MIRLET7C, HAGLR, AMACR, RTL1, NUP62, CADM1, POT1, LRIT1, NXT1, PYCARD, ERVW-1, DPH3, ATP2A2, SASS6, FGF2, STK11, CDK4, ITGAX, IFNA2, IFNA13, IFNA17, ESR2, IGFBP7, IL1B, CXCL8, IL10, IL18, IRF6, KISS1, IFN1@, ERBB2, LGALS3, LGALS9, LRP2, MAGEA1, MAOA, EPHB2, MMP1, MMP9, ELAVL2, IFNA1, ICAM1, MIA, HCCS, G6PD, GABPA, GALK1, GH1, GJB2, GPC3, GLB1, GSN, GTF2H1, GZMB, HCL2, HSP90AA1, HDAC1, HIF1A, HLA-E, HLA-G, HOXA1, EZH2, ETS1, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPB2, CITED1, MSH2, MT1A, CREBBP, DDIT3, RAG2, GADD45A, OPN1LW, RHCE, CYP24A1, CTSD, S100A6, VCAN, SHOX, SOX10, COX2, SPARC, PTK2B, TFAP2A, TGFBR2, TLR4, TSPAN8, CKS1B, CDK6, XRCC3, COIL, RAC1, PVT1, NQO1, PTGS2, NFE2L2, NME1, NOS2, EIF2S1, NRF1, OCA2, EGFR, PAM, PAX4, PAX9, DUSP3, PKD1, PKM, PLP2, PARP1, MAPK1, MAP2K7, HTRA1, PTAFR, DNM1, DMBT1, PLIN2
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Dysfibrinogenemia
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : D68.2 OMIM : 616004 External resources Orphanet : 98881 v t e Disorders of bleeding and clotting Coagulation · coagulopathy · Bleeding diathesis Clotting By cause Clotting factors Antithrombin III deficiency Protein C deficiency Activated protein C resistance Protein S deficiency Factor V Leiden Prothrombin G20210A Platelets Sticky platelet syndrome Thrombocytosis Essential thrombocythaemia DIC Purpura fulminans Antiphospholipid syndrome Clots Thrombophilia Thrombus Thrombosis Virchow's triad Trousseau sign of malignancy By site Deep vein thrombosis Bancroft's sign Homans sign Lisker's sign Louvel's sign Lowenberg's sign Peabody's sign Pratt's sign Rose's sign Pulmonary embolism Renal vein thrombosis Bleeding By cause Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenic purpura : ITP Evans syndrome TM TTP Upshaw–Schulman syndrome Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia May–Hegglin anomaly Platelet function adhesion Bernard–Soulier syndrome aggregation Glanzmann's thrombasthenia platelet storage pool deficiency Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Gray platelet syndrome Clotting factor Haemophilia A/VIII B/IX C/XI von Willebrand disease Hypoprothrombinemia/II Factor VII deficiency Factor X deficiency Factor XII deficiency Factor XIII deficiency Dysfibrinogenemia Congenital afibrinogenemia Signs and symptoms Bleeding Bruise Haematoma Petechia Purpura Nonthrombocytopenic purpura By site head Epistaxis Haemoptysis Intracranial haemorrhage Hyphaema Subconjunctival haemorrhage torso Haemothorax Haemopericardium Pulmonary haematoma abdomen Gastrointestinal bleeding Haemobilia Haemoperitoneum Haematocele Haematosalpinx joint Haemarthrosis
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Executive Dysfunction
Wikipedia
In the case of acquired brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases there is a clear neurological etiology producing dysexecutive symptoms. Conversely, syndromes and disorders are defined and diagnosed based on their symptomatology rather than etiology. ... Clinical presentation of severe executive dysfunction that is unrelated to a specific disease or disorder is classified as a dysexecutive syndrome , and often appears following damage to the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex . [44] As a result, Executive dysfunction is implicated etiologically and/or co-morbidly in many psychiatric illnesses, which often show the same symptoms as the dysexecutive syndrome. ... "The Development of an Ecologically Valid Test for Assessing Patients with a Dysexecutive Syndrome". Neuropsychological Rehabilitation . 8 (3): 213–228. doi : 10.1080/713755570 . ^ Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara (April 1988). "Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome". Brain and Cognition . 7 (2): 212–230. doi : 10.1016/0278-2626(88)90031-0 . ... Oxford University Press. [ page needed ] ^ Stuss, Donald T; Alexander, Michael P (3 April 2007). "Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 666 (1481): 901–915. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2007.2096 .
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C9orf72 Frontotemporal Dementia And/or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Gene_reviews
Also incl vascular dementia & dementia not otherwise specified Atypical parkinsonian syndromes 1 Based on Moore et al [2020] ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; FTD = frontotemporal dementia; PPA = primary progressive aphasia 1. ... FTD The three main FTD clinical syndromes are behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), and nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA (nfvPPA). ... In addition to MND, motor manifestations may also include extrapyramidal signs, most commonly as a symmetric akinetic-rigid syndrome. Clinical diagnoses of atypical parkinsonian syndromes are also relatively common. ... The association of C9orf72 G 4 C 2 pathogenic repeat expansions with AD, PD, and atypical parkinsonian syndromes may be due to relatively common AD or PD co-pathology occurring in an individual with primary C9orf72 -related disease. ... Rarely, C9orf72 -related corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, and olivopontocerebellar degeneration have also been reported [Snowden et al 2012, Lesage et al 2013, Lindquist et al 2013, Schottlaender et al 2015, Wilke et al 2016, Bourinaris & Houlden 2018, Cali et al 2019].
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X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
Gene_reviews
Secretion of FGF23 by slow-growing mesenchymal tumors known as "phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors, mixed connective tissue type" McCune-Albright syndrome GNAS See footnote 7. Hypophosphatemic rickets Fibrous dysplasia of the bone; precocious puberty; café au lait lesions Overproduction of FGF23 by the fibrous dysplastic bone resulting in renal phosphate wasting 6 Cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome 8 (OMIM 163200) HRAS KRAS NRAS See footnote 7. ... In vitamin D-deficient rickets: 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum concentration is ↓; calcium concentration may be ↓ or normal. Raine syndrome 11 FAM20C AR Osteosclerotic skeletal changes; hypophosphatemia Severe form is neonatal lethal. ... Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a paraneoplastic syndrome. 6. Riminucci et al [2003] 7. Caused by postzygotic somatic activating variant in GNAS 8. Previously referred to as linear sebaceous nevus syndrome or epidermal nevus syndrome 9. ... See OMIM Phenotypic Series: Fanconi renotubular syndrome and related OMIM entries to view associated genes (and information about MOI). 11.PHEX, CLCN5, PTCHD1-AS, FGF23, L1CAM, PTH, GH1, DMP1, VDR, SOST, SPP1, RAPGEF5, BGLAP, SLC22A12, SKA1, SLC34A1, SOX9, TBX1, POTEF, VEGFA, KL, SELENBP1, PRRT2, SLC34A3, SLC9A3R1, SLC9A3, DKK1, CCHCR1, MEPE, SLC17A1, ACTB, SHBG, FRZB, BPI, CALCA, CALCR, COX8A, CTNNB1, CTSK, CYP24A1, DBP, ETFA, GLRA2, SCG5, MMP13, MUC1, NT5E, ENPP1, PRKCA, PRKCB, RELB, AR, SFRP1, CXCL12
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Male Infertility
Wikipedia
Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele , infections, prostatitis , testicular cancer , failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. [8] [9] Genetics Chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations account for nearly 10–15% of all male infertility cases. [10] Klinefelter syndrome One of the most commonly known causes of infertility is Klinefelter syndrome , affecting 1 out of 500–1000 newborn males [11] Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal defect that occurs during gamete formation due to a non-disjunction error during cell division. Resulting in males having smaller testes, reducing the amount of testosterone and sperm production. [12] Males with this syndrome carry an extra X chromosome (XXY), meaning they have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal 46 in each cell. ... There are varieties in Klinefelter syndrome, where some cases may have the extra X chromosome in some cells but not others, referred to as mosaic Klinefelter syndrome, or where individuals have the extra X chromosome in all cells. ... A blood sample can reveal genetic causes of infertility, e.g. Klinefelter syndrome , a Y chromosome microdeletion , or cystic fibrosis . ... PMID 16806807 . ^ a b Reference, Genetics Home. "Klinefelter syndrome" . Genetics Home Reference . Retrieved 2018-11-23 . ^ Arai, T.; Kitahara, S.; Horiuchi, S.; Sumi, S.; Yoshida, K.CFTR, NR5A1, AURKC, FSHB, ESR1, CYP1A1, MTHFR, LHCGR, AR, NOS3, POLG, MTR, MTRR, TP53, AHR, PON1, ACE, OGG1, SOD2, BCL2, PMFBP1, CYP17A1, NSUN7, ARMC2, GPX4, MDM2, DNAAF4, NANOS2, HOXD11, DROSHA, TSC22D3, ELOVL2, GNRH1, ENO1, STX2, TDRD7, KMT2D, CST8, NR1H4, SELENOP, CDC14A, ALDH2, LDHC, BAX, RAD23B, LHB, ENO4, CBL, TAS1R3, GNAT3, KIT, BSCL2, FAS, SPATA16, ARL2BP, FKBP6, CSNK2A2, ADAMTS16, SMAD1, AGFG1, CNOT7, TCTE1, CABYR, DAZ1, CYP19A1, USP9Y, CATSPER1, DAZ2, DDX3Y, SUN5, CATSPER2, TEX11, TSPY1, DAZ4, WT1, ADGRG2, DNAI2, DNAI1, SRY, PTPN11, DAZ3, RBMY1A1, HOXD13, VAMP7, GSTT1, POLR2F, MAP2K1, SOX10, SOX9, PRM1, GSTM1, TGFB1, MAP3K1, WWOX, AMHR2, AZF1, MORC4, DMRT3, TEX15, CLDN2, CTNS, PPP2R3C, DNAAF5, DAZL, USP26, STRC, BRAF, NR0B1, ZFPM2, GCM2, FCGR2A, GATA4, AMH, FSHR, BRD2, PRM2, SNRPN, HPGDS, ESR2, GSTP1, XRCC1, SLCO6A1, AGRP, SEPTIN12, GSTK1, H2BW1, ARTN, DNAH1, MLH3, STAG3, TEX101, QRICH2, DCAF17, BOLL, SEMG1, PIWIL2, THEG, DDX25, SPO11, MEST, PIWIL1, SHBG, NAT2, CAT, CSTF2T, CLOCK, HSPA4L, CRISP2, CLUAP1, TBC1D9, IL1B, IL1RN, IL6, TARDBP, TSPYL1, IL18, ADAMTS1, UBE2B, TDRD1, PICK1, SPEF2, IGF2, ERCC2, TNP1, CDY1B, WDR66, CGA, THRB, AGBL5, TTTY2, APOB, HSPA2, SOD1, TIMP2, CREM, ADAMTS5, GBA2, FANCM, TNF, AHRR, AGT, GGCT, CFAP44, DNMT1, KITLG, H19-ICR, MMP2, COMETT, MMP9, BGLAP, DNAH17, MSH5, DNMT3L, NFE2L2, GH1, BPY2, DPF3, HFE, CDY1, DEFB126, DNMT3B, MNS1, EGR4, VEGFA, VIP, HLA-A, CYP2B6, ABCB1, YBX2, MIR34B, BRDT, BRCA2, CFAP69, CASP9, CFAP43, GGNBP2, SPATA9, ACSBG2, CLC, SLC25A31, CETN2, CDC25A, SPAG16, MAGEB4, CRK, SPATA20, SEMA5B, CYP2D6, DDX3X, ALKBH5, DDX4, RNF216, TAF7L, MOV10L1, DEFB1, CYP1B1, CMPK1, OAZ3, AZIN1, VPS54, PHF7, HOOK1, NME8, PARPBP, MTPAP, CLEC7A, EPPIN, CPEB1, COMT, PERP, LGR6, NCOA5, RPTOR, TTC29, CRP, RNF220, CRYGD, PRDM9, FAM20C, LRRC8A, MAPK14, CST3, MEG3, BRCA1, SLC26A8, TSSK1B, NANOS3, MIR10A, GOLGA2P3Y, ACTB, PICSAR, DNAJB13, PARP1, BMP8A, DNAAF3, H1-7, MIR145, SLC25A5, KLHL10, TUSC1, FBXO43, RNF212, EMC10, IZUMO1, LAMA1, MIR125B2, MIR196A2, KATNAL1, MIR486-1, SPGF2, HOTTIP, TSPY10, IZUMO3, TSPY3, GMNC, SPATA31A1, RAD21L1, MIR509-1, MIR210, MIR525, MIR383, BPY2C, BPY2B, PRY2, PGAM4, MIR93, MIR320A, TSSK4, NPHP4, IS1, NLRP3, TBC1D20, ATP2B1, AK7, CPXM2, CFAP70, ATP2B4, BDNF, CCDC151, SAT2, CFAP65, PYGO2, FATE1, PLCZ1, HSFY1, CCDC62, GOLGA2P2Y, CCDC115, BMPR1B, CMPK2, ATM, PRSS37, ARNTL, PXT1, GPRC6A, LRWD1, TDRD6, TYSND1, ANXA5, APEX1, GALNTL5, APOE, PATE1, HSFY2, KLK3, CMTM4, PIWIL4, PSMA8, RSS, RPL10L, DMRT1, RNF19A, PDE11A, HSPA1B, SOD3, HSPB1, SMN2, SMN1, SLC22A5, SLCO2A1, SLC19A1, SLC1A1, HTC2, SET, IGF1, RPL10, RNF4, IGFALS, IL1A, RAG1, PRPS2, SOX3, HSPA1A, ASAP1, SOX11, XPA, VDAC3, VDAC2, USF1, TXN, HLA-B, HLA-DQB1, NR2E1, TGFB3, HMOX1, TERT, TEP1, DYNLT1, HRG, SULT2A1, HSF1, HSF2, PROS1, IL11, MAPK1, PRKDC, OXTR, KRT18, ODF1, NRF1, NPR2, STMN1, NOS2, NOS1, LEP, LEPR, LIG4, MTHFD1, MSH2, MRC1, MPG, MMP7, MLH1, REG3A, PCBD1, PDHA2, PMS2, SRGN, PRB3, PPP1CC, INHA, POMC, INSL3, KDR, PLAU, PDZK1, PLAG1, PIP, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, PIK3CB, PIK3CA, PGR, HIF1A, XRCC3, AIMP2, KCNQ1OT1, MKRN2, ERCC1, ATP6V0A2, ERCC4, SIRT1, DICER1, PUM2, SLC9A8, ACSL6, AGTPBP1, CEP131, CLCA4, TUSC2, PDAP1, PARK7, RABL2A, RABL2B, TSSK1A, PRDX5, POC1A, DNASE1, SYCP3, PSAT1, DMWD, DNAH5, DNAH9, SETD2, POLL, RBMXL2, LIPE, IL37, DKKL1, PELP1, DNMT3A, SLC26A3, POLDIP2, E2F1, SOX30, PAPOLA, GSTM2, GADD45G, PRC1, GOLGA2, HAP1, SNURF, CCNA1, ASAP2, AKAP4, BECN1, EIF4G3, NR3C1, TP63, ACP3, ELP1, RANBP3, PPM1D, PDIA3, STK24, RGN, SLC16A7, ZMYM3, FOXO3, MRPS30, FKBP4, AHSA1, GNLY, CIB1, FOXO1, DNM1L, GAS6, GDNF, IFT140, UTP14C, PRDX6, NPEPPS, GRAP2, ADIPOQ, GBA, LOC110408762
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Nicotine Dependence
Wikipedia
Nicotine dependence Other names tobacco dependence; tobacco use disorder Play media Video explanation Nicotine dependence [notes 1] is a state of dependence upon nicotine . [1] Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite harmful social consequences. [5] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [6] Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. [6] Nicotine dependence is a serious public health concern due to it being one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths worldwide. [7] There are different ways of measuring nicotine dependence. [3] The five common dependence assessment scales are the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , the Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. [3] The long use of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is supported by the existence of significant preexisting research, and its conciseness. [3] There are approximately 976 million smokers in the world. [8] There is an increased frequency of nicotine dependence in people with anxiety disorders. [9] Nicotine is a sympathomimetic stimulant [10] that attaches to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. [11] Neuroplasticity within the brain's reward system occurs as a result of long-term nicotine use, leading to nicotine dependence. [1] There are genetic risk factors for developing dependence. [12] For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of nicotinic receptor (the α5-α3-β4 nicotine receptors) have been linked to increased risk for dependence. [12] Evidence-based medicine can double or triple a smoker's chances of quitting successfully. [13] Contents 1 Definition 2 Diagnosis 3 Mechanisms 3.1 Biomolecular 3.2 Psychosocial 4 Treatment 4.1 Medication 4.2 Psychosocial 5 Epidemiology 6 Concerns 7 Notes 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Definition [ edit ] Play media A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs . [14] Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested behaviorally by highly controlled or compulsive use; psychoactive effects such as tolerance, physical dependence, and pleasant effect; and nicotine-reinforced behavior, including an inability to quit despite harmful effects, a desire to quit, and repeated cessation attempts. [15] Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite harmful social consequences; inability to control drug use; and onset of withdrawal-like symptoms when the drug is discontinued. [5] A 1988 Surgeon General report states, "Tolerance" is another aspect of drug addiction [dependence] whereby a given dose of a drug produces less effect or increasing doses are required to achieve a specified intensity of response. Physical dependence on the drug can also occur, and is characterized by a withdrawal syndrome that usually accompanies drug abstinence. After cessation of drug use, there is a strong tendency to relapse." [6] Nicotine dependence leads to heavy smoking and causes severe withdrawal symptoms and relapse back to smoking. [6] Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine . [6] Teenagers do not have to be daily or long-term smokers to show withdrawal symptoms . [16] Relapse should not frustrate the nicotine user from trying to quit again. [13] A 2015 review found "Avoiding withdrawal symptoms is one of the causes of continued smoking or relapses during attempts at cessation, and the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal symptoms predict relapse." [17] Symptoms of nicotine dependence include irritability, anger, impatience, and problems in concentrating. [18] Diagnosis [ edit ] There are different ways of measuring nicotine dependence. [3] The five common dependence assessment scales are the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , the Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. [3] The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence focuses on measuring physical dependence which is defined "as a state produced by chronic drug administration, which is revealed by the occurrence of signs of physiological dysfunction when the drug is withdrawn; further, this dysfunction can be reversed by the administration of drug". [3] The long use of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is supported by the existence of significant preexisting research, and its conciseness. [3] The 4th edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV) had a nicotine dependence diagnosis which was defines as "...a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms..." [3] In the updated DSM-5 there is no nicotine dependence diagnosis, but rather Tobacco Use Disorder, which is defined as, "A problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2 of the following [11 symptoms], occurring within a 12-month period." [19] The Cigarette Dependence Scale was developed "to index dependence outcomes and not dependence mechanisms". [3] The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, "a 19-item self-report measure, was developed as a multidimensional scale to assess nicotine dependence". [3] The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives "is a 68-item measure developed to assess dependence as a motivational state". [3] Mechanisms [ edit ] Traditional cigarettes are the most common delivery device for nicotine. [ citation needed ] However, electronic cigarettes are becoming more popular. [20] Nicotine can also be delivered via other tobacco products such as chewing tobacco, snus, pipe tobacco, hookah, all of which can produce nicotine dependence. [ citation needed ] Biomolecular [ edit ] Dopamine Pre-existing cognitive and mood disorders may influence the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence. [21] Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant [10] that binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, [11] which subsequently causes the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters , such as norepinephrine , acetylcholine , serotonin , gamma-aminobutyric acid , glutamate , endorphins , [22] and several neuropeptides . [23] Repeated exposure to nicotine can cause an increase in the number of nicotinic receptors, which is believed to be a result of receptor desensitization and subsequent receptor upregulation . [22] This upregulation or increase in the number of nicotinic receptors significantly alters the functioning of the brain reward system . [24] With constant use of nicotine, tolerance occurs at least partially as a result of the development of new nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. [22] After several months of nicotine abstinence, the number of receptors go back to normal. [11] Nicotine also stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the adrenal medulla , resulting in increased levels of adrenaline and beta-endorphin . [22] Its physiological effects stem from the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems . [25] Chronic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation from repeated nicotine exposure can induce strong effects on the brain, including changes in the brain's physiology, that result from the stimulation of regions of the brain associated with reward, pleasure, and anxiety. [26] These complex effects of nicotine on the brain are still not well understood. [26] When these receptors are not occupied by nicotine, they are believed to produce withdrawal symptoms. [27] These symptoms can include cravings for nicotine, anger, irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. [28] Neuroplasticity within the brain's reward system occurs as a result of long-term nicotine use, leading to nicotine dependence. [1] There are genetic risk factors for developing dependence. [12] For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of nicotinic receptor (the α5-α3-β4 nicotine receptors) have been linked to increased risk for dependence. [12] [29] The most well-known hereditary influence related to nicotine dependence is a mutation at rs16969968 in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5 , resulting in an amino acid alteration from aspartic acid to asparagine. [30] The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6474413 and rs10958726 in CHRNB3 are highly correlated with nicotine dependence. [31] Many other known variants within the CHRNB3–CHRNA6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are also correlated with nicotine dependence in certain ethnic groups. [31] There is a relationship between CHRNA5 - CHRNA3 - CHRNB4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and complete smoking cessation. [32] Increasing evidence indicates that the genetic variant CHRNA5 predicts the response to smoking cessation medicine. [32] Psychosocial [ edit ] In addition to the specific neurological changes in nicotinic receptors, there are other changes that occur as dependence develops. [ citation needed ] Through various conditioning mechanisms ( operant and cue/classical ), smoking comes to be associated with different mood and cognitive states as well as external contexts and cues. [24] Treatment [ edit ] There are treatments for nicotine dependence, although the majority of the evidence focuses on treatments for cigarette smokers rather than people who use other forms of tobacco (e.g., chew , snus , pipes , hookah , e-cigarettes). [ citation needed ] Evidence-based medicine can double or triple a smoker's chances of quitting successfully. [13] Medication [ edit ] There are eight major evidence-based medications for treating nicotine dependence: bupropion , cytisine (not approved for use in some countries, including the US), nicotine gum , nicotine inhaler , nicotine lozenge/mini-lozenge , nicotine nasal spray , nicotine patch , and varenicline . [33] These medications have been shown to significantly improve long-term (i.e., 6-months post-quit day) abstinence rates, especially when used in combination with psychosocial treatment. [13] The nicotine replacement treatments (i.e., patch, lozenge, gum) are dosed based on how dependent a smoker is—people who smoke more cigarettes or who smoke earlier in the morning use higher doses of nicotine replacement treatments. [ citation needed ] There is no consensus for remedies for tobacco use disorder among pregnant smokers who also use alcohol and stimulants. [4] Psychosocial [ edit ] Psychosocial interventions delivered in-person (individually or in a group) or over the phone (including mobile phone interventions) have been shown to effectively treat nicotine dependence. [33] These interventions focus on providing support for quitting and helping with smokers with problem-solving and developing healthy responses for coping with cravings, negative moods, and other situations that typically lead to relapse. [ citation needed ] The combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions has been shown to be especially effective. [13] Epidemiology [ edit ] First-time nicotine users develop a dependence about 32% of the time. [34] There are approximately 976 million smokers in the world. [8] Estimates are that half of smokers (and one-third of former smokers) are dependent based on DSM criteria, regardless of age, gender or country of origin, but this could be higher if different definitions of dependence were used. [35] Recent data suggest that, in the United States, the rates of daily smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day are declining, suggesting a reduction in population-wide dependence among current smokers. [36] However, there are different groups of people who are more likely to smoke than the average population, such as those with low education or low socio-economic status and those with mental illness. [36] There is also evidence that among smokers, some subgroups may be more dependent than other groups. [ citation needed ] Men smoke at higher rates than do women and score higher on dependence indices; however, women may be less likely to be successful in quitting , suggesting that women may be more dependent by that criterion. [36] [37] There is an increased frequency of nicotine dependence in people with anxiety disorders. [9] 6% of smokers who want to quit smoking each year are successful at quitting. [7] Nicotine withdrawal is the main factor hindering smoking cessation. [38] A 2010 World Health Organization report states, "Greater nicotine dependence has been shown to be associated with lower motivation to quit, difficulty in trying to quit, and failure to quit, as well as with smoking the first cigarette earlier in the day and smoking more cigarettes per day." [39] E-cigarettes may result in starting nicotine dependence again. [40] Greater nicotine dependence may result from dual use of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes. [40] Like tobacco companies did in the last century, there is a possibility that e-cigarettes could result in a new form of dependency on nicotine across the world. [41] Concerns [ edit ] Play media Nicotine use and addiction. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F17 .2 ICD - 10-CM : F17.2 ICD - 9-CM : 305 .1 OMIM : 188890 SNOMED CT : 56294008 Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton et al., 1991) Heaviness of Smoking Index (Heatherton et al., 1989) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-V) Tobacco Dependence Screener (Kawakami et al., 1999) Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS; Shiffman, Waters & Hickcox, 2004) Cigarette Dependence Scale (Etter et al., 2003) Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (Piper et al., 2004) v t e Reinforcement disorders: Addiction and Dependence Addiction Drug Alcohol Amphetamine Cocaine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine Opioid Behavioral Financial Gambling Shopping Palatable food Sex-related Intercourse Pornography Internet-related Internet addiction disorder Internet sex addiction Video game addiction Digital media addictions Cellular mechanisms Transcriptional ΔFosB c-Fos Cdk5 CREB GluR2 NF-κB Epigenetic G9a G9a-like protein HDAC1 HDAC2 HDAC3 HDAC4 HDAC5 HDAC9 HDAC10 SIRT1 SIRT2 ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Drugs Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Non-drug stimuli Tanning dependence Treatment and management Detoxification Alcohol detoxification Drug detoxification Behavioral therapies Cognitive behavioral therapy Relapse prevention Contingency management Community reinforcement approach and family training Motivational enhancement therapy Motivational interviewing Motivational therapy Physical exercise Treatment programs Drug rehab Residential treatment center Heroin-assisted treatment Intensive outpatient program Methadone maintenance Smoking cessation Nicotine replacement therapy Tobacco cessation clinics in India Twelve-step program Support groups Addiction recovery groups List of twelve-step groups Harm reduction Category:Harm reduction Drug checking Reagent testing Low-threshold treatment programs Managed alcohol program Moderation Management Needle exchange program Responsible drug use Stimulant maintenance Supervised injection site Tobacco harm reduction See also Addiction medicine Allen Carr Category:Addiction Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Cognitive control Inhibitory control Motivational salience Incentive salience Sober companion Category v t e Treatment of drug dependence ( N07B ) Nicotine dependence Bupropion Cytisine Lobeline Mecamylamine Varenicline AA ( Clonidine ) Alcohol dependence AD inhibitor ( Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Hydrogen cyanamide ) Acamprosate Opioid antagonists Naltrexone Nalmefene ) κ-Opioid receptor antagonists Aticaprant Topiramate AA ( Clonidine ) Baclofen Phenibut Opioid dependence AA ( Clonidine Lofexidine ) Ibogaine Opioids Buprenorphine ( +naloxone ) Levacetylmethadol Methadone Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Hydromorphone (extended-release) Morphine (extended-release) Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Benzodiazepine dependence AA ( Clonidine ) Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam ) Barbiturates ( Phenobarbital ) Research Salvia divinorum v t e Psychoactive substance-related disorder General SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal : Craving Neonatal withdrawal Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) SUD Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Combined substance use SUD Polysubstance dependence SID Combined drug intoxication (CDI) Alcohol SID Cardiovascular diseases Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction (AFR) Gastrointestinal diseases Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): Alcoholic hepatitis Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) Endocrine diseases Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) Nervous system diseases Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) Alcohol intoxication Hangover Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcoholic polyneuropathy Alcohol-related brain damage Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS): Alcoholic hallucinosis Delirium tremens (DTs) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Korsakoff syndrome Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS, Korsakoff psychosis) Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) Respiratory tract diseases Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions Alcoholic lung disease SUD Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD)) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder Caffeine-induced sleep disorder Caffeinism SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Cannabis arteritis Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) SUD Amotivational syndrome Cannabis use disorder (CUD) Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) Nicotine SID Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Opioids SID Opioid overdose SUD Opioid use disorder (OUD) Sedative / hypnotic SID Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) benzodiazepine : SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD) Benzodiazepine dependence barbiturate : SID Barbiturate overdose SUD Barbiturate dependence Stimulants SID Stimulant psychosis amphetamine : SUD Amphetamine dependence Volatile solvent SID Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) Toluene toxicity SUD Inhalant abuseCHRNA3, CHRNA5, DRD2, BDNF, CYP2A6, CHRNA7, LCP1, RPTOR, PLEKHG1, LYSMD3, CXCL8, AHR, IL6, MIR218-2, CHRNB4, CHRNB3, CHRNA4, CHRNA6, ANKK1, CHRNB2, OPRM1, COMT, SLC6A4, NRXN1, SLC6A3, CNR1, DBH, ERBB4, DRD1, MAOA, DDC, GRM5, CYP2B6, DRD4, DRD3, HTR3A, HTR2A, NCAM1, HCRT, GABBR1, GABBR2, CHRNB1, SAGE1, NRXN3, HTR3B, CHRNA2, TTC12, GABRA2, CPD, GABRA4, TAAR1, CHRNA9, WASF1, TAS2R38, COPD, GAL, TAS2R16, NRG3, HCRTR2, NTRK2, TPH1, TH, GRIN3A, ACHE, ACE, ALDH2, CHRND, CYP2E1, DRD5, CHAT, LINC01139, FRMD4A, ARSD, LINC02210-CRHR1, MEG3, CAD, SHC3, CAMK4, ASCC1, CCK, SLCO3A1, HPGDS, NAAA, KANK1, ZCCHC14, GABARAP, RAPGEF4, FTCD, CD40, RAPGEF3, STIN2-VNTR, AKR1A1, CARTPT, ARRB2, CCAR1, ADH1C, CACNA2D3, ADH7, OR2AG1, ADH1B, CD200R1, TPH2, APBB1, APP, EGLN2, CHRFAM7A, PPP1R1B, LINC00460, CLPTM1L, ANAPC1, CSMD1, SEMA6A, RHOA, ARRB1, PNPLA2, CHRNA10, TBPL1, AKR1B10, GABRE, CHRM2, CHRM1, HINT1, NF2, DLG4, DNM1, ACTB, KCNJ6, DNMT3B, IL1B, IKBKB, F2R, FAAH, FMO1, GALR1, FMO3, GSTT1, GSTM1, GRM7, FN1, GRM2, NR3C1, GRIK2, GRIA4, GM2A, NFKB1, NPY2R, OPRK1, CYP3A5, CHRNA1, CHRNG, ARHGEF7, KMO, PLA2G6, NR4A3, TYRP1, CRH, THAS, CRHR1, TCF7L2, TAC1, SLC18A2, CRP, CYP2A13, RGS2, PTEN, PPARA, PON1, PLG, PLA2G1B, H3P40
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Abscess
Wikipedia
Classification D ICD - 10 : L02 ICD - 9-CM : 682.9 , 324.1 MeSH : D000038 External resources MedlinePlus : 001353 v t e Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal Wart Callus Seborrheic keratosis Acrochordon Molluscum contagiosum Actinic keratosis Squamous-cell carcinoma Basal-cell carcinoma Merkel-cell carcinoma Nevus sebaceous Trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles Lentigo Melasma Nevus Melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous Epidermal inclusion cyst Hemangioma Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) Keloid Lipoma Neurofibroma Xanthoma Kaposi's sarcoma Infantile digital fibromatosis Granular cell tumor Leiomyoma Lymphangioma circumscriptum Myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous Contact dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Stasis dermatitis Lichen simplex chronicus Darier's disease Glucagonoma syndrome Langerhans cell histiocytosis Lichen sclerosus Pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling Psoriasis Tinea ( Corporis Cruris Pedis Manuum Faciei ) Pityriasis rosea Secondary syphilis Mycosis fungoides Systemic lupus erythematosus Pityriasis rubra pilaris Parapsoriasis Ichthyosis Blistering Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Varicella Bullous impetigo Acute contact dermatitis Pemphigus vulgaris Bullous pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis Porphyria cutanea tarda Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular Scabies Insect bite reactions Lichen planus Miliaria Keratosis pilaris Lichen spinulosus Transient acantholytic dermatosis Lichen nitidus Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular Acne vulgaris Acne rosacea Folliculitis Impetigo Candidiasis Gonococcemia Dermatophyte Coccidioidomycosis Subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented Tinea versicolor Vitiligo Pityriasis alba Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Tuberous sclerosis Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Leprosy Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized Drug eruptions Viral exanthems Toxic erythema Systemic lupus erythematosus Localized Cellulitis Abscess Boil Erythema nodosum Carcinoid syndrome Fixed drug eruption Specialized Urticaria Erythema ( Multiforme Migrans Gyratum repens Annulare centrifugum Ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular Thrombocytopenic purpura Actinic/solar purpura Papular Disseminated intravascular coagulation Vasculitis Indurated Scleroderma / morphea Granuloma annulare Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus Necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair Telogen effluvium Androgenic alopecia Alopecia areata Systemic lupus erythematosus Tinea capitis Loose anagen syndrome Lichen planopilaris Folliculitis decalvans Acne keloidalis nuchae Nail Onychomycosis Psoriasis Paronychia Ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis Oral candidiasis Lichen planus Leukoplakia Pemphigus vulgaris Mucous membrane pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Herpesvirus Coxsackievirus Syphilis Systemic histoplasmosis Squamous-cell carcinoma v t e Bacterial skin disease Gram +ve Firmicutes Staphylococcus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas / Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever Corynebacterium Erythrasma Listeriosis Clostridium Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa Mycoplasma Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Actinobacteria Mycobacterium-related: Aquarium granuloma Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer Erythema induratum Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy Lichen scrofulosorum Lupus vulgaris Miliary tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection Mycobacterium haemophilum infection Mycobacterium kansasii infection Papulonecrotic tuberculid Primary inoculation tuberculosis Rapid growing mycobacterium infection Scrofuloderma Tuberculosis cutis orificialis Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Tuberculous cellulitis Tuberculous gumma Tuberculoid leprosy Cutaneous actinomycosis Nocardiosis Cutaneous diphtheria infection Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Group JK corynebacterium sepsis Gram -ve Proteobacteria α: Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea-borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill–Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat-scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection β: Gonococcemia / Gonorrhea / Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection γ: Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma / Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome / Hot tub folliculitis / Ecthyma gangrenosum / Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection ε: Helicobacter cellulitis Other Syphilid Syphilis Chancre Yaws Pinta Bejel Chlamydia infection Leptospirosis Rat-bite fever Lyme disease Lymphogranuloma venereum Unspecified pathogen Abscess Periapical abscess Boil/furuncle Hospital furunculosis Carbuncle Cellulitis Paronychia / Pyogenic paronychia Perianal cellulitis Acute lymphadenitis Pilonidal cyst Pyoderma Folliculitis Superficial pustular folliculitis Sycosis vulgaris Pimple Ecthyma Pitted keratolysis Trichomycosis axillaris Necrotizing fascitis Gangrene Chronic undermining burrowing ulcers Fournier gangrene Elephantiasis nostras Blistering distal dactylitis Botryomycosis Malakoplakia Gram-negative folliculitis Gram-negative toe web infection Pyomyositis Blastomycosis-like pyoderma Bullous impetigo Chronic lymphangitis Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema Tick-borne lymphadenopathy Tropical ulcer Authority control BNC : 000000029 BNF : cb120434619 (data) GND : 4137515-4 LCCN : sh85000225 NDL : 00568732CRP, CAT, SLC9A6, IL6, IL1B, GAST, NOD2, TNF, PAGR1, LTB4R, GALNS, NT5E, ALB, CXCL8, SMUG1, STAM2, NES, TLR6, BET1, AGER, MSC, MYOM2, PSTPIP1, PDCD10, TLR4, TLR1, TFF1, ADAM17, SYT1, SLBP, PPIL2, FKBP9, MAPK8IP2, PPIL6, TIRAP, AZIN2, PPIL4, ACCS, SPNS1, WNK1, GORASP1, FKBP10, ACSS2, PPIL3, FKBP7, PPIL1, HEBP1, IL22, IGHV1-69, PANX1, SCO1, PLA2G15, STAT2, NUCB1, ROS1, F2R, FSHMD1A, FLNA, FKBP5, FKBP4, FKBP3, FKBP2, FKBP1B, FKBP1A, ESR1, RELA, DECR1, CTH, CHRM3, CEACAM8, CD44, TSPO, AZU1, AQP4, GABPA, CXCL2, HDLBP, HSPD1, PLG, SERPINE1, NM, NKTR, NHS, NFE2L2, NARS1, MYD88, MUC1, MMP9, CD46, LOX, IL17A, IL10, IL1A, IFNG, ICAM1, GADL1
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Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Wikipedia
VAP is especially common in people who have acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). [26] [27] Epidemiology [ edit ] Between 8 and 28% of patients receiving mechanical ventilation are affected by VAP. [28] VAP can develop at any time during ventilation, but occurs most often in the first week of mechanical ventilation. [2] There is some evidence for gender differences in the course of VAP: men have been found to get VAP more often, but women are more likely to die after contracting VAP. [29] Recent reports indicate that patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 who require mechanical ventilation in an Intensive care unit are at increased risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, compared to patients without COVID-19 ventilated in the same unit [30] and patients who had viral pneumonitis arising from viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 . [31] Why this increased susceptibility should be present remains uncertain, as the noted reports [30] [31] adjusted for duration of ventilation, it is likely that the increased susceptibility relates impaired innate immunity in the lungs. [32] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d Michetti CP, Fakhry SM, Ferguson PL, Cook A, Moore FO, Gross R (May 2012). ... "Risks of ventilator-associated pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with viral acute respiratory distress syndrome related or not to Coronavirus 19 disease" . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : J95.851 ICD - 9-CM : 997.31 MeSH : D053717 v t e Mechanical ventilation Fundamentals Modes of mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilation in emergencies Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation Modes IMV / SIMV CMV ACV CSV PAP BPAP /NIV CPAP APRV MMV PAV ASV HFV Related illness ARDS Atelectotrauma Biotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Pulmonary volutrauma Rheotrauma Ventilator-associated pneumonia Oxygen toxicity Ventilator-associated lung injury Pressure P EEP FiO 2 Δ P P IP P S P AW P plat Volumes V T V E V f Other C dyn C static P A O 2 V D /V T OI A-a gradient Mechanical power v t e Intensive care medicine Health science Medicine Medical specialities Respiratory therapy General terms Intensive care unit (ICU) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Coronary care unit (CCU) Critical illness insurance Conditions Organ system failure Shock sequence SIRS Sepsis Severe sepsis Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Other shock Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Anaphylaxis Obstructive shock Neurogenic shock Spinal shock Vasodilatory shock Organ failure Acute renal failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute liver failure Respiratory failure Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neonatal infection Polytrauma Coma Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency Decubitus ulcers Fungemia Stress hyperglycemia Stress ulcer Iatrogenesis Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxygen toxicity Refeeding syndrome Ventilator-associated lung injury Ventilator-associated pneumonia Dialytrauma Diagnosis Arterial blood gas Catheter Arterial line Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Blood cultures Screening cultures Life-supporting treatments Airway management Chest tube Dialysis Enteral feeding Goal-directed therapy Induced coma Mechanical ventilation Therapeutic hypothermia Total parenteral nutrition Tracheal intubation Drugs Analgesics Antibiotics Antithrombotics Inotropes Intravenous fluids Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Recombinant activated protein C Sedatives Stress ulcer prevention drugs Vasopressors ICU scoring systems APACHE II Glasgow Coma Scale PIM2 SAPS II SAPS III SOFA Physiology Hemodynamics Hypotension Level of consciousness Acid–base imbalance Water-electrolyte imbalance Organisations Society of Critical Care Medicine Surviving Sepsis Campaign European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Related specialties Anesthesiology Cardiology Internal medicine Neurology Pediatrics Pulmonology Surgery Traumatology v t e Pneumonia Infectious pneumonias Bacterial pneumonia Viral pneumonia Fungal pneumonia Parasitic pneumonia Atypical pneumonia Community-acquired pneumonia Healthcare-associated pneumonia Hospital-acquired pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia Severe acute respiratory syndrome Pneumonias caused by infectious or noninfectious agents Aspiration pneumonia Lipid pneumonia Eosinophilic pneumonia Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia Noninfectious pneumonia Chemical pneumonitis Idiopathic pneumonia syndromeCRP, PARP9, SLC27A5, CEL, LTF, TNF, RARB, CXCL8, RTN3, IL17A, MAPK14, IL6, TREM1, BAG1, SAFB, VEGFA, SFTPD, CCL2, SAT1, TLR4, ACTN1, VAPB, RAB3D, SAA1, SUMF2, PTPN22, FLVCR1, ATG16L1, ZC3HAV1, SLC2A10, BTBD8, UBAC1, PREP, S100A8, GPX3, ATP12A, ATP4A, TSPO, CAMP, CELP, CHRM3, COL4A5, DNASE1, ELANE, HOXD13, PTX3, HRG, ICAM1, IL1B, IL4, MDK, MPO, PAEP, ANGPT2, MAPK8, MIR1236
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Ear Pain
Wikipedia
Reactivation can produce pain and visible vesicles within the ear canal and, when combined with facial paralysis due to facial nerve involvement, is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome . [22] Tumors : the most common ear canal tumor is squamous cell carcinoma . ... Conditions causing irritation the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V): [3] Temporomandibular joint syndrome : inflammation or abnormal movements of the joint between the jaw and skull. These disorders are most common in women of childbearing age, and are uncommon in children younger than 10 years old. [25] [26] [14] Myofascial pain syndrome : pain in the muscles involved in chewing. ... Relapsing polychondritis is an autoimmune disease treated with immunomodulating medications (medications that help modulate the immune system). [33] Temporomandibular joint dysfunction can lead to secondary ear pain and can be initially treated with a soft food diet, NSAIDs , application of a heat pack, massage of local area, and a referral to a dentist. [33] [16] Myofascial pain syndromes are initially treated with NSAIDs and physical therapy. ... New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies. ^ Tsai, Vivian (2018-01-02). "Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology" .
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Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F52.0 ICD - 9-CM : 302.71 MeSH : D020018 SNOMED CT : 112096004 External resources MedlinePlus : 001952 v t e Mental and behavioral disorders Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learning Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Stuttering Cluttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomatic Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic , stress -related and somatoform Adjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Anxiety Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Fugue state Psychogenic amnesia Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder Physiological and physical behavior Eating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual dysfunction Arousal Erectile dysfunction Female sexual arousal disorder Desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia Pain Nonorganic dyspareunia Nonorganic vaginismus Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional Delusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis and schizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy v t e Outline of human sexuality Physiology and biology Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Nocturnal emission Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pelvic thrust Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Sexual stimulation Health and education Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy ( PLISSIT model ) Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Rape Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual slavery Sexual violence History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love/sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Free love Marriage Modesty Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sex-positive movement Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Conventional sex Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Creampie Edging Erotic sexual denial Fetishism Fingering Fisting Gang bang Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Forced orgasm Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex in space Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Erotic talk Wet T-shirt contest Sex industry Red-light district Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Survival sex Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy doll Strip club Webcam model Religion and sexuality Buddhism Christian demonology Daoism Islam Mormonism Sex magic Human sexuality portal v t e Human sexuality and sexology Sexual relationship phenomena Asexuality Gray asexuality Bisexuality Casual relationship Casual sex Celibacy Celibacy syndrome Herbivore men Committed relationship Conventional sex Free love Foreplay Heterosexuality Homosexuality Hypersexuality Marriage One-night stand Polyamory Promiscuity Female Romantic love Romantic orientation Flirting Sex life Sexual abstinence Sexual orientation Sexual partner Single person Swinging Sexual dynamics Hypergamy Intersex Physical attractiveness Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual frustration Sociosexuality See also Sexual addiction Sex Addicts Anonymous Sex-positive movement Sexual surrogate
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Wikipedia
Neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Other names Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, dementia pugilistica, [1] punch drunk syndrome A normal brain (left) and one with CTE (right) Specialty Neurology , psychiatry , sports medicine Symptoms Behavioral problems, mood problems , problems with thinking [1] Complications Brain damage , dementia , [2] aggression , depression , suicide [3] Usual onset Years after initial injuries [2] Causes Repeated head injuries [1] Risk factors Contact sports , military, domestic abuse, repeated banging of the head [1] Diagnostic method Autopsy [1] Differential diagnosis Alzheimer's disease , Parkinson's disease [3] Treatment Supportive care [3] Frequency Uncertain [2] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated blows to the head. ... Differentiating between prolonged post-concussion syndrome (PCS, where symptoms begin shortly after a concussion and last for weeks, months, and sometimes even years) and CTE symptoms can be difficult. ... One candidate is the tracer [ 18 F ]FDDNP, which is retained in the brain in individuals with a number of dementing disorders such as Alzheimer's disease , Down syndrome , progressive supranuclear palsy , corticobasal degeneration , familial frontotemporal dementia , and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease . [19] In a small study of 5 retired NFL players with cognitive and mood symptoms, the PET scans revealed accumulation of the tracer in their brains. [20] However, [ 18 F]FDDNP binds to beta-amyloid and other proteins as well. ... Harrison Stanford Martland , who was the chief medical examiner of Essex County in Newark, New Jersey in a Journal of the American Medical Association article, in which he noted the tremors, slowed movement, confusion and speech problems typical of the condition. [43] The initial diagnosis of dementia pugilistica was derived from the Latin word for boxer pugil (akin to pugnus ‘fist’, pugnāre ‘to fight’). [44] [45] Other terms for the condition have included chronic boxer's encephalopathy, traumatic boxer's encephalopathy, boxer's dementia, pugilistic dementia, chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing (CTBI-B), and punch-drunk syndrome. [3] The seminal work on the disease came from British neurologist Macdonald Critchley, who in 1949 wrote a paper titled "Punch-drunk syndromes: the chronic traumatic encephalopathy of boxers." [46] CTE was first recognized as affecting individuals who took considerable blows to the head, but was believed to be confined to boxers and not other athletes. ... Classification D ICD - 10 : G93.8 MeSH : D000070627 v t e Neurotrauma Traumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Intra-axial Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage Extra-axial Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Brain herniation Cerebral contusion Cerebral laceration Concussion Post-concussion syndrome Second-impact syndrome Dementia pugilistica Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Diffuse axonal injury Abusive head trauma Penetrating head injury Spinal cord injury Anterior spinal artery syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome Cauda equina syndrome Central cord syndrome Paraplegia Posterior cord syndrome Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia) Peripheral nerves Nerve injury Peripheral nerve injury classification Wallerian degeneration Injury of accessory nerve Brachial plexus injury Traumatic neuroma v t e Trauma Principles Polytrauma Major trauma Traumatology Triage Resuscitation Trauma triad of death Assessment Clinical prediction rules Revised Trauma Score Injury Severity Score Abbreviated Injury Scale NACA score Investigations Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Focused assessment with sonography for trauma Management Principles Advanced trauma life support Trauma surgery Trauma center Trauma team Damage control surgery Early appropriate care Procedures Resuscitative thoracotomy Pathophysiology Injury MSK Bone fracture Joint dislocation Degloving Soft tissue injury Resp Flail chest Pneumothorax Hemothorax Diaphragmatic rupture Pulmonary contusion Cardio Internal bleeding Thoracic aorta injury Cardiac tamponade GI Blunt kidney trauma Ruptured spleen Neuro Penetrating head injury Traumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Mechanism Blast injury Blunt trauma Burn Penetrating trauma Crush injury Stab wound Ballistic trauma Electrocution Region Abdominal trauma Chest trauma Facial trauma Head injury Spinal cord injury Demographic Geriatric trauma Pediatric trauma Complications Posttraumatic stress disorder Wound healing Acute lung injury Crush syndrome Rhabdomyolysis Compartment syndrome Contracture Volkmann's contracture Embolism air fat Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Subcutaneous emphysema
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Iodine Deficiency
Wikipedia
., the use of iodine has decreased over concerns of overdoses since mid-20th century, and the iodine antagonists bromine , perchlorate and fluoride have become more ubiquitous. [4] In particular, around 1980 the practice of using potassium iodate as dough conditioner in bread and baked goods was gradually replaced by the use of other conditioning agents [5] such as bromide . [ citation needed ] Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in 187 million people globally as of 2010 [update] (2.7% of the population). [6] It resulted in 2700 deaths in 2013 up from 2100 deaths in 1990. [7] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Goiter 1.2 Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome 1.3 Fibrocystic breast changes 2 Risk factors 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Deficient populations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Goiter [ edit ] Main article: Goiter A low amount of thyroxine (one of the two thyroid hormones) in the blood, due to lack of dietary iodine to make it, gives rise to high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical processes; the cellular growth and proliferation can result in the characteristic swelling or hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, or goiter. ... If goiter is untreated for around five years, however, iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because the thyroid is permanently damaged. Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome [ edit ] Main article: Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome , previously known as cretinism , is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goiter, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deafness, squint, disorders of stance and gait and stunted growth due to hypothyroidism . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : E00 – E02 DiseasesDB : 6933 External resources eMedicine : med/1187 v t e Thyroid disease Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Myxedema coma Euthyroid sick syndrome Signs and symptoms Queen Anne's sign Woltman sign Thyroid dyshormonogenesis Pickardt syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Thyroid storm Graves' disease Signs and symptoms Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter Boston's sign Dalrymple's sign Stellwag's sign lid lag Griffith's sign Möbius sign Pretibial myxedema Graves' ophthalmopathy Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain's Subacute lymphocytic Palpation Autoimmune /chronic Hashimoto's Postpartum Riedel's Enlargement Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Colloid nodule v t e Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble A α-Carotene β-Carotene Retinol # Tretinoin # D D 2 Ergosterol Ergocalciferol # D 3 7-Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D 3 Cholecalciferol # 25-hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) Calcitroic acid D 4 Dihydroergocalciferol D 5 D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol E Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan K Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone (K 1 ) # Menaquinones (K 2 ) Menadione (K 3 ) ‡ Various (K 4 ) 4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K 5 ) ‡ 2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K 6 ) 4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K 7 ) Water soluble B B 1 Thiamine # B 1 analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine B 2 Riboflavin # B 3 Niacin Nicotinamide # B 5 Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine B 6 Pyridoxine # , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol B 7 Biotin B 9 Folic acid # Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid B 12 Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin # Methylcobalamin C Ascorbic acid # Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins # WHO-EM ‡ Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : † Phase III § Never to phase III v t e Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids "Minerals" (Chemical elements) Proteins Vitamins Water v t e Malnutrition Protein-energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B 1 Beriberi Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff's syndrome B 2 Riboflavin deficiency B 3 Pellagra B 6 Pyridoxine deficiency B 7 Biotin deficiency B 9 Folate deficiency B 12 Vitamin B 12 deficiency Other A: Vitamin A deficiency Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Harrison's groove E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium Keshan disease Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic General Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Underweight v t e Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ("minerals") Retinol (Vitamin A) B vitamins Thiamine (B 1 ) Riboflavin (B 2 ) Niacin (B 3 ) Pantothenic acid (B 5 ) Pyridoxine (B 6 ) Biotin (B 7 ) Folic acid (B 9 ) Cyanocobalamin (B 12 ) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Authority control LCCN : sh87000668
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Voyeurism
Wikipedia
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Hyperthymesia
Wikipedia
Hyperthymesia Other names hyperthymestic syndrome, [1] highly superior autobiographical memory [2] Specialty Psychology Psychiatry , neurology Hyperthymesia is a condition that leads people to be able to remember an abnormally large number of their life experiences in vivid detail. ... This extensive and highly unusual memory does not derive from the use of mnemonic strategies; it is encoded involuntarily and retrieved automatically. [5] Despite perhaps being able to remember the day of the week on which a particular date fell, hyperthymestics are not calendrical calculators, like some people with savant syndrome . Rather, hyperthymestic recall tends to be constrained to a person's lifetime and is believed to be a subconscious process. ... The second verified case was Brad Williams , [19] [20] [21] [22] the third was Rick Baron, [23] and in 2009, Bob Petrella became the fourth person diagnosed with hyperthymestic syndrome. [24] On December 19, 2010, actress Marilu Henner was featured on the Australian television program 60 Minutes for her superior autobiographical memory ability. ... In October 2018, it was reported that teenager Tyler Hickenbottom, who is an identical twin, had the condition, which allowed him to "remember every day of his life like it was yesterday". [38] Controversies [ edit ] The debate as to whether hyperthymestic syndrome can be considered a distinct form of memory is ongoing. ... Retrieved 2 December 2011 . ^ Treffert, Darold. "Hyperthymestic Syndrome: Extraordinary Memory for Daily Life Events.