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Hallucination
Wikipedia
For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously". [3] Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Visual 1.2 Auditory 1.3 Command 1.4 Olfactory 1.5 Tactile 1.6 Gustatory 1.7 General somatic sensations 2 Cause 2.1 Hypnagogic hallucination 2.2 Peduncular hallucinosis 2.3 Delirium tremens 2.4 Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia 2.5 Migraine coma 2.6 Charles Bonnet syndrome 2.7 Focal epilepsy 2.8 Drug-induced hallucination 2.9 Sensory deprivation hallucination 2.10 Experimentally-induced hallucinations 2.11 Non-celiac gluten sensitivity 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Dopaminergic and serotoninergic hallucinations 3.2 Neuroanatomy 4 Treatments 5 Epidemiology 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Classification [ edit ] Hallucinations may be manifested in a variety of forms. [4] Various forms of hallucinations affect different senses, sometimes occurring simultaneously, creating multiple sensory hallucinations for those experiencing them. ... Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in musical ear syndrome , the auditory version of Charles Bonnet syndrome ), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy, [10] arteriovenous malformation, [11] stroke, lesion , abscess , or tumor. [12] The Hearing Voices Movement is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment. ... It has been noted that ataxic lesions accompany the migraine coma. [25] Charles Bonnet syndrome [ edit ] Charles Bonnet syndrome is the name given to visual hallucinations experienced by a partially or severely sight impaired person. ... The talk page may contain suggestions. ( January 2019 ) Several recent studies on the prevalence of hallucinations in the general population have appeared. [44] , [ clarification needed ] A recent US study indicated a lifetime prevalence of 10-15% for vivid sensory hallucinations. [45] Compared with the English Sidgewick Study of 1894, relative frequencies of sensory modalities differed in the US with fewer visual hallucinations. [46] See also [ edit ] Phantosmia Pseudohallucination Closed-eye hallucination Dimethyltryptamine Folie à deux Ganzfeld effect Hallucinogenic fish Anomalous experiences Hypnagogia Microwave auditory effect Phantom eye syndrome Prisoner's cinema Psychedelic experience Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder HPPD Psychotic depression Simulated reality Vision (spirituality) Schizophrenia Bicameralism (psychology) Apparitional experience Phantom limb References [ edit ] ^ Leo P. ... PMID 7042917 . ^ a b c Panayiotopoulos CP (2007). A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment (2nd ed.).HOMER1, COMT, HTR2A, C9orf72, PSEN1, NDP, HARS1, SNCA, HLA-DQB1, DAOA, PSAP, SLC25A13, SQSTM1, PPT1, DNAJC6, MED12, DNM1L, USH1C, ABCA7, WFS1, TOMM40, CIB2, PODXL, PMS2, PARK7, ALDH5A1, VCP, PSEN2, CLRN1, USH2A, UCHL1, ZNF365, TGFBR2, TBP, SYN2, SORL1, PRNP, SCN8A, SCN2A, RPS20, PSMD12, TNFSF4, FAN1, ARSG, PINK1, UPF3B, PCDH15, SLC52A2, PDZD7, DCAF17, APOL4, ADGRV1, CEP78, PRRT2, SLC52A3, LRRK2, USH1G, SLC6A19, CHCHD10, CISD2, RTN4R, SEMA4A, PIK3CA, CDH23, SPART, ATP13A2, TARDBP, APOL2, WHRN, MLH3, DISC2, HTRA2, TBK1, ZDHHC9, TREM2, VPS13C, TTC19, PRDM8, JPH3, PMS1, AKT1, HMBS, KRAS, COX2, COX1, FUS, BPTF, MSH2, MOG, CHI3L1, MLH1, ECM1, EPCAM, KCNQ3, MTHFR, KCNQ2, GRN, CPOX, CTSH, PRKN, HLA-DRB1, DRD3, HCRT, CYP27A1, DBT, MSH6, COX3, ND1, ND4, APOE, P2RY11, APP, OPA1, ARSA, MYO7A, BCKDHA, TRNW, TRNS2, BCKDHB, BCS1L, TRNS1, TRNQ, TRNL1, BMPR1A, TRNH, TRNF, ND6, ND5, CCK, MAPT, IGFALS, CCKAR, SOD1, DRD2, ELK3, ERBB4, CDR1, DRD1, DNASE1L3, CYP19A1, CHRM3, LYST, DTNBP1, EBPL, FOXP2, CRLS1, ABCB1, FLNB, TNFSF14, PAH, OPRK1, NOTCH3, ALDH3B1, PVALB, RPS6KA3, CCL11, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, VEGFA, VWF, WAS, USO1, MAOB, FMR1, IL1B, NXF1, HTR6, HLA-DQB2, HAL, TBC1D9, ARHGEF9, SYNM, GSTA1, SEC14L2, GRIA1, GNAO1, GABRB3, ECT
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Aortic Insufficiency
Wikipedia
As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal. [4] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Physical examination 4.2 Classification 5 Treatment 5.1 Medical treatment 5.2 Surgery 6 Prognosis 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Symptoms of aortic insufficiency are similar to those of heart failure and include the following: [1] Dyspnea on exertion Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Palpitations Angina pectoris Cyanosis (in acute cases) Causes [ edit ] In terms of the cause of aortic insufficiency, is often due to the aortic root dilation ( annuloaortic ectasia ), which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging , syphilitic aortitis , osteogenesis imperfecta , aortic dissection , Behçet's disease , reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension . [1] Aortic root dilation is the most common cause of aortic insufficiency in developed countries. [5] Additionally, aortic insufficiency has been linked to the use of some medications, specifically medications containing fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine isomers and dopamine agonists . [6] [7] Other potential causes that affect the valve directly include Marfan syndrome , Ehlers–Danlos syndrome , ankylosing spondylitis , and systemic lupus erythematosus . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : I06 , I35 , Q23.1 ICD - 9-CM : 395.1 , 746.4 MeSH : D001022 DiseasesDB : 829 SNOMED CT : 60234000 External resources MedlinePlus : 000179 eMedicine : med/156 emerg/39 ped/2487 Scholia has a topic profile for Aortic insufficiency . v t e Congenital heart defects Heart septal defect Aortopulmonary septal defect Double outlet right ventricle Taussig–Bing syndrome Transposition of the great vessels dextro levo Persistent truncus arteriosus Aortopulmonary window Atrial septal defect Sinus venosus atrial septal defect Lutembacher's syndrome Ventricular septal defect Tetralogy of Fallot Atrioventricular septal defect Ostium primum Consequences Cardiac shunt Cyanotic heart disease Eisenmenger syndrome Valvular heart disease Right pulmonary valves stenosis insufficiency absence tricuspid valves stenosis atresia Ebstein's anomaly Left aortic valves stenosis insufficiency bicuspid mitral valves stenosis regurgitation Other Underdeveloped heart chambers right left Uhl anomaly Dextrocardia Levocardia Cor triatriatum Crisscross heart Brugada syndrome Coronary artery anomaly Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery Ventricular inversionCCN2, LOX, TGFB2, NPPB, NPPA, FN1, FSTL1, COL3A1, COL1A1, TIMP1, TGFB1, IL10, MAPK1, NOTCH1, COL1A2, TLR4, TGFBR2, CRKL, FBN1, SLC2A10, STAT4, PDSS1, MYLK, FLNA, FOXE3, ARFGEF2, SKIV2L, IL12A, GNPTAB, TMTC3, CYP19A1, HLA-B, IL23R, GATA5, YY1AP1, EHMT1, TGFBR1, TGFB3, SH2B1, C12orf57, ERAP1, CCNQ, ACTA2, CEP57, GNPTG, IDUA, ERMARD, ESR1, ELN, MYH11, SLC35A1, NEDD4L, FAS, AR, ARF1, IL12A-AS1, MEFV, ATP6V1E1, D2HGDH, BCR, BUB3, TRIP13, PRKG1, BUB1, BUB1B, C4A, NKX2-5, PCGF2, KLRC4, CHST3, MFAP5, MAT2A, MAP1B, SMAD6, SMAD3, UBAC2, TTC37, TAB2, CCR1, PTEN, AKT1, KLK3, CTNNB1, ADRB2, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, SGTA, PIK3CD, HSPB1, PSAT1, PIK3CG, HSPB2, PROS1, PLAG1, IGF1, NPEPPS, HSPB3, TMPRSS2, GRK2, FKBP4, STAT3, NLRP6, IL6, CXCL8, TNF, MAPK14, LPAR2, EGR2, BRS3, TWIST1, VEGFA, MIR204, MIR21, EDNRA, AMH, ADRA1A, REN, ERG, SSTR4, AGT, EZH2, ADRA2B, GPR42, CXCR6, NR3C1, ACKR3, HIF1A, CDK5R1, HEY1, BRD4, NR1I2, HEY2, PLA2G15, GRAP2, MBD2, LPAR3, ARHGEF7, NDRG1, PHB2, PHF8, CLOCK, ATP6AP2, PDPN, KHDRBS1, PTGES3, ENAM, CCL27, JTB, SRA1, TMED10, SLC38A3, GREB1, AHSA1, DKK1, KDM4A, MDC1, HDAC6, SERPINA3, RNF19A, MRGPRX4, GPRC6A, OXER1, SLC5A8, SRARP, PDIK1L, GPR151, SLCO6A1, MRGPRX3, POLDIP2, LRG1, TIMD4, ACCS, MIXL1, FSD1L, MAP1LC3B, PANK2, MRGPRX1, ALRH, TMED10P1, GSTK1, H3P17, LOC102724971, CBSL, LOC102723407, PRNCR1, MIR2909, NCF1, MIR449A, MIR429, GPR166P, VN1R17P, MIR17HG, MIR27A, MIR19A, MIR155, LIN28A, FSD1, FRTS1, MOCOS, TET2, ZBTB7A, TNFRSF12A, JPT1, LINC00328, COPS4, ASCC1, SOST, PCA3, IL22, IL20, IGHV3-52, HPGDS, IL17B, AGO2, SARS2, AKIRIN2, PINK1, QRSL1, IL25, PCGEM1, LGR6, HRH4, ACE2, CIP2A, DUSP22, PMEPA1, MYDGF, ZC4H2, ACSS2, PBK, CAMK2N1, LGR4, TNFSF9, TNFRSF11A, SFRP4, AKR1C3, ERBB2, FGF11, FGF8, FGF2, PTK2B, ESRRA, ESR2, EPHB2, FGFR3, EPHA3, EPAS1, SLC29A1, ELK1, EIF4E, EGR1, FGF13, FKBP5, EGF, FOXA1, IDH1, ICAM1, HSP90AA1, HSPA4, HSD3B1, HOXA10, NR4A1, FOXC1, HMGB1, H2BC5, GJA1, GATA2, FOSB, FOS, EGFR, EDN1, UXT, CCND1, CBS, RUNX2, CAV1, CAT, BRCA1, DST, ASCL1, CD40, STS, ARRB2, APEX1, ANK3, AHR, ADORA1, CD3E, CDK1, DMBT1, CTH, ACE, DAO, CYP17A1, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, CYBB, CRK, CDK2, COL17A1, COL7A1, CNP, CCR5, CLU, CDK5, IDH2, IFNG, IGF1R, CCL11, TCF7, STAT5A, SREBF1, SOX9, SOD2, SLC2A1, CCL5, TEAD1, SARS1, RRAS, ROS1, RNASEL, PXN, PRSS2, MLX, TFPI, IGF2, FZD4, SPOP, H2BC4, H2BC10, H2BC6, H2BC7, H2BC8, AXIN2, TP53, CDK2AP1, TFPI2, AIMP2, WFS1, TTN, TPT1, PRL, MAPK8, MAPK3, KDR, MDM2, SMCP, MCL1, MBL2, MAZ, MAS1, JUND, PTPA, JUNB, JUN, CXCL10, IL18, IL13, IL1A, MET, MME, MMP1, MMP13, MS, MUC5AC, MYC, NCF2, NFKB1, TNFRSF11B, PDGFRB, PGR, PLA2G4A, PLCL1, PLK1, FXYD1, PPP1R1A, H3P40
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Palpitations
Wikipedia
It has been hypothesized that these pathways include different structures located both at the intra-cardiac and extra-cardiac level. [1] Palpitations are a widely diffused complaint and particularly in subjects affected by structural heart disease. [1] The list of etiologies of palpitations is long, and in some cases, the etiology is unable to be determined. [1] In one study reporting the etiology of palpitations, 43% were found to be of cardiac etiology, 31% of psychiatric etiology and approximately 10% were classified as miscellaneous (medication induced, thyrotoxicosis , caffeine, cocaine, anemia , amphetamine , mastocytosis ). [1] The cardiac etiologies of palpitations are the most life-threatening and include ventricular sources ( premature ventricular contractions (PVC) , ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation ), atrial sources ( atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter ) high output states ( anemia , AV fistula , Paget's disease of bone or pregnancy ), structural abnormalities ( congenital heart disease , cardiomegaly , aortic aneurysm , or acute left ventricular failure ), and miscellaneous sources ( postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome abbreivated as POTS, Brugada syndrome , and sinus tachycardia ). [1] Palpitation can be attributed to one of four main causes: Extra-cardiac stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (inappropriate stimulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic, particularly the vagus nerve , (which innervates the heart), can be caused by anxiety and stress due to acute or chronic elevations in glucocorticoids and catecholamines . [1] Gastrointestinal distress such as bloating or indigestion , along with muscular imbalances and poor posture , can also irritate the vagus nerve causing palpitations) Sympathetic overdrive ( panic disorder , low blood sugar , hypoxia , antihistamines ( levocetirizine ), low red blood cell count , heart failure , mitral valve prolapse ). [4] Hyperdynamic circulation ( valvular incompetence , thyrotoxicosis , hypercapnia , high body temperature , low red blood cell count, pregnancy ). ... Palpitations can occur during times of catecholamine excess, such as during exercise or at times of stress. [1] The cause of the palpitations during these conditions is often a sustained supraventricular tachycardia or ventricular tachyarrhythmia. [1] Supraventricular tachycardias can also be induced at the termination of exercise when the withdrawal of catecholamines is coupled with a surge in the vagal tone . [1] Palpitations secondary to catecholamine excess may also occur during emotionally startling experiences, especially in patients with a long QT syndrome . [1] Psychiatric problems [ edit ] Anxiety and stress elevate the body's level of cortisol and adrenaline , which in turn can interfere with the normal functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system resulting in overstimulation of the vagus nerve. [5] Vagus nerve induced palpitation is felt as a thud, a hollow fluttery sensation, or a skipped beat, depending on at what point during the heart's normal rhythm the vagus nerve fires. ... Evaluation [ edit ] A 12-lead electrocardiogram must be performed on every patient complaining of palpitations. [1] The presence of a short PR interval and a delta wave ( Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome ) is an indication of the existence of ventricular pre-excitation. [1] Significant left ventricular hypertrophy with deep septal Q waves in I, L, and V4 through V6 may indicate hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy . [1] The presence of Q waves may indicate a prior myocardial infarction as the etiology of the palpitations, and a prolonged QT interval may indicate the presence of the long QT syndrome. [1] Laboratory studies should be limited initially. [1] Complete blood count can assess for anemia and infection . [1] Serum urea , creatinine and electrolytes to assess for electrolyte imbalances and renal dysfunction . [1] Thyroid function tests may demonstrate a hyperthyroid state. [1] Most patients have benign conditions as the etiology for their palpitations. [1] The goal of further evaluation is to identify those patients who are at high risk for an arrhythmia. [1] Recommended laboratory studies include an investigation for anemia, hyperthyroidism and electrolyte abnormalities. [1] Echocardiograms are indicated for patients in whom structural heart disease is a concern. [1] Further diagnostic testing is recommended for those in whom the initial diagnostic evaluation (history, physical examination, and EKG) suggest an arrhythmia, those who are at high risk for an arrhythmia, and those who remain anxious to have a specific explanation of their symptoms. [1] People considered to be at high risk for an arrhythmia include those with organic heart disease or any myocardial abnormality that may lead to serious arrhythmias. [1] These conditions include a scar from myocardial infarction, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy , clinically significant valvular regurgitant, or stenotic lesions and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. [1] An aggressive diagnostic approach is recommended for those at high risk and can include ambulatory monitoring or electrophysiologic studies. [1] There are three types of ambulatory EKG monitoring devices: Holter monitor , continuous-loop event recorder, and an implantable loop recorder . [1] People who are going to have these devices checked should be made aware of the properties of the devices and the accompanying course of the examination for each device. [1] The Holter monitor is a 24-hour monitoring system that is worn by exam takers themselves and records and continuously saves data. [1] Holter monitors are typically worn for a few days. [1] The continuous-loop event recorders are also worn by the exam taker and continuously record data, but the data is saved only when someone manually activates the monitor. [1] The continuous-loop recorders can be long worn for longer periods of time than the Holter monitors and therefore have been proven to be more cost-effective and efficacious than Holter monitors. [1] Also, because the person triggers the device when he/she feel the symptoms, they are more likely to record data during palpitations. [1] An implantable loop recorder is a device that is placed subcutaneously and continuously monitors for cardiac arrhythmias. [1] These are most often used in those with unexplained syncope and can be used for longer periods of time than the continuous loop event recorders. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : R00.2 ICD - 9-CM : 785.1 DiseasesDB : 29231 SNOMED CT : 80313002 External resources MedlinePlus : 003081 eMedicine : aaem/337 Patient UK : Palpitations MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, NIH v t e Symptoms and signs relating to the circulatory system Chest pain Referred pain Angina Levine's sign Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Functional murmur Still's murmur Diastolic Pulmonary insufficiency Graham Steell murmur Continuous Carey Coombs murmur Mitral insufficiency Presystolic murmur Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Obstructive Hypovolemic Distributive See further Template:Shock Cardiovascular disease Aortic insufficiency Collapsing pulse De Musset's sign Duroziez's sign Müller's sign Austin Flint murmur Mayne's sign Other endocardium endocarditis : Roth's spot Janeway lesion / Osler's node Bracht–Wachter bodies Pericardium Cardiac tamponade / Pericardial effusion : Beck's triad Ewart's sign Other rheumatic fever : Anitschkow cell Aschoff body EKG J wave Gallavardin phenomenon Vascular disease Arterial aortic aneurysm Cardarelli's sign Oliver's sign pulmonary embolism Right heart strain radial artery sufficiency Allen's test pseudohypertension thrombus Lines of Zahn Adson's sign arteriovenous fistula Nicoladoni sign Venous Friedreich's sign Caput medusae Kussmaul's sign Trendelenburg test superior vena cava syndrome Pemberton's sign Medicine portalSLC25A4, CNBP, POLG2, BVES, AGPAT2, KCNE2, TMEM94, SLC25A11, VHL, ISCU, TTN, TP53, NR2F2, SLC12A3, SDHD, SDHC, KIF1B, BSCL2, ATRX, JPH2, KCNJ18, CAVIN1, TMEM43, FKRP, CRELD1, CDH23, CPA6, STRN4, TWNK, TMEM127, SDHAF2, TET2, PRKAG2, RRM2B, SDHB, SDHA, SCN9A, DSC2, GATA6, GATA4, GABRA3, FOS, FH, DSG2, DLST, SCN5A, DAXX, CLCNKB, CAV3, CAV1, CACNA2D1, CACNA1S, GYG1, KCNA5, KCND3, KCNH2, KCNJ2, KCNQ1, MAX, MDH2, MEN1, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, NPPA, PKP2, POLG, PPARG, RET, TTN-AS1
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Torticollis
Wikipedia
Ear infections and surgical removal of the adenoids can cause an entity known as Grisel's syndrome , a subluxation of the upper cervical joints, mostly the atlantoaxial joint, due to inflammatory laxity of the ligaments caused by an infection. [15] The use of certain drugs, such as antipsychotics , can cause torticollis. [16] Antiemetics - Neuroleptic Class - Phenothiazines There are many other rare causes of torticollis. ... Differential diagnosis for torticollis includes [10] [19] Cranial nerve IV palsy Spasmus nutans Sandifer syndrome Myasthenia gravis Cerebrospinal fluid leak Cervical dystonia appearing in adulthood has been believed to be idiopathic in nature, as specific imaging techniques most often find no specific cause. [20] Treatment [ edit ] Initially, the condition is treated with physical therapies, such as stretching to release tightness, strengthening exercises to improve muscular balance, and handling to stimulate symmetry. ... Although the Back to Sleep campaign promotes infants sleeping on their backs to avoid sudden infant death syndrome during sleep, parents should still ensure that their infants spend some waking hours on their stomachs. [22] Microcurrent therapy [ edit ] A Korean study has recently [ when? ... Vestibulocochlearis through trauma, infection, inflammation or neoplasia Disease of the brain stem through either stroke, trauma or neoplasia Damage to the vestibular organ due to toxicity, inflammation or impaired blood supply Geriatric vestibular syndrome in dogs Notes [ edit ] ^ Not be confused with the genus Loxia covering those bird species known as " crossbills ", which was assigned by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner because of the obvious similarities. ... S2CID 999791 . ^ Bocciolini, C; Dall’Olio, D; Cunsolo, E; Cavazzuti, PP; Laudadio, P (August 2005). "Grisel's syndrome: a rare complication following adenoidectomy" .DRD5, CACNA1A, PRRT2, TOR1A, ACTA1, APTX, SGCE, KMT2B, TUBB3, TUBB4A, KIF1C, EXOC6B, ATP13A2, CIZ1, PNKD, GDAP2, ARID1B, THAP1, CDK10, TRPV4, ANO3, COLEC11, KCTD17, NEK9, TBCK, EBF3, FLG-AS1, PRKRA, PCGF2, NAA10, GCH1, ATP1A3, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL12A1, CP, DRD2, ACTL6A, FLI1, FLG, GNAL, HPCA, KCNC3, MAPT, MECP2, MYF5, SCP2, TBP, ZNF142, TGM6, DYT7, DNM2, DBH, SRCIN1
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Wheat Allergy
Wikipedia
Common symptoms of a wheat allergy include sacroiliitis , eczema ( atopic dermatitis ), hives (urticaria) , asthma , "hay fever" (allergic rhinitis) , angioedema (tissue swelling due to fluid leakage from blood vessels), abdominal cramps, nausea , and vomiting . [16] Rarer symptoms include [ citation needed ] anaphylactic shock , anxiety, arthritis , bloated stomach, chest pains, depression or mood swings , diarrhea , dizziness , headache , joint and muscle aches and pains (may be associated with progressive arthritis), palpitations , psoriasis , irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), swollen throat or tongue, tiredness and lethargy, and unexplained cough. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D MeSH : D021182 v t e Gluten sensitivity Conditions general Wheat allergy Oat sensitivity nervous system GS idiopathic neuropathies digestive system Coeliac disease GSE associated conditions integumentary system Dermatitis herpetiformis Antibodies Anti-gliadin antibodies Anti-transglutaminase antibodies HLA-DQ HLA-DQ2 HLA-DQ8 Other Gluten immunochemistry Gluten-free diet Gluten challenge test List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease v t e Allergic conditions Respiratory system Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) Asthma Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Eosinophilic pneumonia Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Farmer's lung Laboratory animal allergy Skin Angioedema Urticaria Atopic dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis Hypersensitivity vasculitis Blood and immune system Serum sickness Circulatory system Anaphylaxis Digestive system Coeliac disease Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Eosinophilic esophagitis Food allergy Egg allergy Milk intolerance Nervous system Eosinophilic meningitis Genitourinary system Acute interstitial nephritis Other conditions Drug allergy Allergic conjunctivitis Latex allergy v t e Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases Type I / allergy / atopy ( IgE ) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include: Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II / ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome " Type V "/ receptor Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III ( Immune complex ) Foreign Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV / cell-mediated ( T cells ) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant-cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/ multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease
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Iron Deficiency
Wikipedia
Symptoms of iron deficiency include: fatigue dizziness / lightheadedness pallor hair loss twitches irritability weakness pica brittle or grooved nails hair thinning Plummer–Vinson syndrome : painful atrophy of the mucous membrane covering the tongue , the pharynx and the esophagus impaired immune function [5] pagophagia restless legs syndrome [6] Continued iron deficiency may progress to anemia and worsening fatigue. ... Signs and symptoms in children [ edit ] pale skin fatigue slowed growth and development poor appetite behavioral problems abnormal rapid breathing frequent infection Iron requirements in young children to teenagers [ edit ] Age group Recommended amount of iron a day [7] 7 – 12 months 11 mg 1 – 3 years 7 mg 4 – 8 years 10 mg 9 – 13 years 8 mg 14 – 18 years, girls 15 mg 14 – 18 years, boys 11 mg Causes [ edit ] blood loss ( hemoglobin contains iron) donation excessive menstrual bleeding non-menstrual bleeding bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract ( ulcers , hemorrhoids , ulcerative colitis , stomach or colon cancer , etc.) rarely, laryngological bleeding or from the respiratory tract inadequate intake (see below) substances (in diet or drugs) interfering with iron absorption Fluoroquinolone antibiotics [8] malabsorption syndromes inflammation where it is adaptive to limit bacterial growth in infection, but is also present in many other chronic diseases such as Inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis parasitic infection Though genetic defects causing iron deficiency have been studied in rodents, there are no known genetic disorders of human iron metabolism that directly cause iron deficiency. ... PMID 17726308 . ^ Rangarajan, Sunad; D'Souza, George Albert. (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital". ... Mayo clinic External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : E61.1 DiseasesDB : 6947 Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States NHS.UK v t e Malnutrition Protein-energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B 1 Beriberi Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff's syndrome B 2 Riboflavin deficiency B 3 Pellagra B 6 Pyridoxine deficiency B 7 Biotin deficiency B 9 Folate deficiency B 12 Vitamin B 12 deficiency Other A: Vitamin A deficiency Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Harrison's groove E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium Keshan disease Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic General Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia UnderweightEPO, TMPRSS6, SLC11A2, HFE, TFRC, HAMP, CRP, FGF23, HBA2, CHMP2B, DMRT1, HIF1A, IL1B, SLC40A1, EPAS1, HEPH, PMCH, BDNF, HBA1, CP, AIF1, RET, IREB2, IL6, SLC39A1, ATF4, PARP3, RN7SL263P, HMOX1, TNF, ALB, IDUA, FECH, LCN2, ACAD8, FXN, ERFE, BDH2, CYBRD1, RLS1, TFR2, TDGF1P3, ACO1, RPP14, ZFP36, SUB1, PPARGC1A, AHSA1, AIMP2, KHSRP, STK16, AKR1A1, CDKL1, BCAP31, CDK2AP2, GRAP2, DNALI1, HDAC3, EIF2S2, SLC39A7, NOL3, GOSR1, XPR1, MLLT10, PSIP1, GSTO1, ABCG2, ABO, SETD2, SIRT2, SLC36A1, ZGPAT, COX19, SLC46A1, CYGB, OLIG1, HJV, IL27, XYLT2, COPD, SLC39A5, CYCSP51, NUP43, H3P8, H3P24, HHIP, NLN, JMJD6, UBE2D1, CRTC1, CDK20, RNF19A, POLDIP2, SIGLEC7, LAMTOR2, TMED5, SLC39A10, SLC25A37, NCKIPSD, SF3B6, NANS, AHI1, SMARCAD1, VHL, SST, TYS, CUX1, DNAH8, EBF1, EDN1, EIF2S1, EIF2S3, ESR1, ETV3, G6PD, GATA1, GPI, HCLS1, HP, PRMT1, IFNG, IGF1, DAPK3, CTSL, TTR, MAPK14, ACP5, APEX1, ARG1, ARSA, ATP4A, BACH1, BSG, CAT, CCK, CDKN2A, CENPF, CLN3, SLC31A1, CRK, CRYGD, IL1A, IL2RB, CXCL8, SMAD1, RPL29, S100A9, TSPAN31, SAT1, SLC2A1, SLC11A1, SOD1, ST13, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, CNTN2, TCF3, TNFRSF1B, TST, REN, PRPH2, PVALB, PDE7A, SMAD7, MMP9, MPO, NGF, NUCB2, REG3A, CFP, PTH, PPARG, MAPK1, PRNP, RELN, PSMC6, PSMD10, H3P30
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Pituitary Adenoma 1, Multiple Types
Omim
Familial isolated somatotropinoma (FIS) is defined as the occurrence of at least 2 cases of acromegaly or gigantism in a family that does not exhibit features of other endocrine syndromes. FIS patients tend to have onset about 4 to 10 years earlier than patients with sporadic disease (Gadelha et al., 1999; Horvath and Stratakis, 2008). ... Patients with the chromosome Xq26.3 microduplication syndrome (300942) have growth hormone-secreting adenomas. Familial acromegaly can also occur in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1; 131100), Carney complex (CNC1; 160980), and the McCune-Albright syndrome (174800). Rostomyan et al. (2015) performed a retrospective analysis of 208 patients with pituitary gigantism due to pituitary adenoma or hyperplasia. ... Other endocrine values were normal in both patients, excluding endocrine syndromes. Their father had acromegalic features confirmed by family pictures; he had died of an unrelated cause at the age of 40 years without endocrine evaluation. ... Eight patients had GH-secreting tumors and acromegaly, and 1, a 26-year-old Polish patient, had Cushing syndrome due to an ACTH-secreting tumor (see 605555.0008).GH1, AIP, GNAS, PRL, GPR101, MEN1, SST, IGF1, GHRH, SSTR2, SSTR5, SLC20A1, POU1F1, PRKAR1A, POMC, AHR, ESRP1, EGF, GHR, MIR185, MIR410, MIR423, STAT3, SYT1, TRH, TRHR, MIR21, CXCR4, WIF1, ZACN, RASSF3, USP8, PTTG1, KL, COASY, SSTR3, BCL2L11, BRD2, SFRP4, SDHD, ARG2, CDKN2A, ESR2, FGFR4, MTOR, GDNF, GHRHR, GHSR, GSM1, IL6, JAK2, NF1, PITX2, PKD1, PLAGL1, PRKACB, PTPRF, APCS, RORC, HEPN1
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Starvation
Wikipedia
These include: Poverty reduction Prevention of wars and political instability Food aid [12] Agricultural sustainability Reduction of economic inequality Supporting farmers in areas of food insecurity through such measures as free or subsidized fertilizers and seeds increases food harvest and reduces food prices . [13] Treatment [ edit ] Patients that suffer from starvation can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid refeeding syndrome . [14] Rest and warmth must be provided and maintained. ... PMID 11068570 . ^ Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts ^ Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J (June 2008). "Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it" . ... Classification D ICD - 10 : T73.0 ICD - 9-CM : 994.2 MeSH : D013217 DiseasesDB : 12415 v t e Consequences of external causes Temperature Elevated Hyperthermia Heat syncope Reduced Hypothermia Immersion foot syndromes Trench foot Tropical immersion foot Warm water immersion foot Chilblains Frostbite Aerosol burn Cold intolerance Acrocyanosis Erythrocyanosis crurum Radiation Radiation poisoning Radiation burn Chronic radiation keratosis Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy Radiation acne Radiation-induced cancer Radiation recall reaction Radiation-induced erythema multiforme Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar Radiation-induced keloid Radiation-induced morphea Air Hypoxia / Asphyxia Barotrauma Aerosinusitis Decompression sickness High altitude Altitude sickness Chronic mountain sickness Death zone HAPE HACE Food Starvation Maltreatment Physical abuse Sexual abuse Psychological abuse Travel Motion sickness Seasickness Airsickness Space adaptation syndrome Adverse effect Hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis Angioedema Allergy Arthus reaction Adverse drug reaction Other Electrical injury Drowning Lightning injuries Ungrouped skin conditions resulting from physical factors Dermatosis neglecta Pinch mark Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules Sclerosing lymphangitis Tropical anhidrotic asthenia UV-sensitive syndrome environmental skin conditions Electrical burn frictional/traumatic/sports Black heel and palm Equestrian perniosis Jogger's nipple Pulling boat hands Runner's rump Surfer's knots Tennis toe Vibration white finger Weathering nodule of ear Wrestler's ear Coral cut Painful fat herniation Uranium dermatosis iv use Skin pop scar Skin track Slap mark Pseudoacanthosis nigricans Narcotic dermopathy
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Vaginal Bleeding
Wikipedia
Hormonal causes include central precocious puberty , or peripheral precocious puberty ( McCune-Albright syndrome ), or primary hypothyroidism . [ citation needed ] While the symptom is typically alarming to parents, most causes are benign, although sexual abuse or tumor are particularly important to exclude. ... Endocrine causes of ovulatory disorders include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders , hyperprolactinemia , obesity, eating disorders including anorexia nervosa or bulimia , or to an imbalance between exercise and caloric intake. [ citation needed ] E ndometrial causes of abnormal bleeding include infection of the endometrium , endometritis , which may occur after a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) or a delivery, or may be related to a sexually-transmitted infection of the uterus , fallopian tubes or pelvis generally termed pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : N92-N93, N93.8 External resources MedlinePlus : 007496 v t e Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals Internal Adnexa Ovary Endometriosis of ovary Female infertility Anovulation Poor ovarian reserve Mittelschmerz Oophoritis Ovarian apoplexy Ovarian cyst Corpus luteum cyst Follicular cyst of ovary Theca lutein cyst Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Ovarian torsion Fallopian tube Female infertility Fallopian tube obstruction Hematosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Uterus Endometrium Asherman's syndrome Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial polyp Endometriosis Endometritis Menstruation Flow Amenorrhoea Hypomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Pain Dysmenorrhea PMS Timing Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Female infertility Recurrent miscarriage Myometrium Adenomyosis Parametrium Parametritis Cervix Cervical dysplasia Cervical incompetence Cervical polyp Cervicitis Female infertility Cervical stenosis Nabothian cyst General Hematometra / Pyometra Retroverted uterus Vagina Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge Vaginitis Atrophic vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Candidal vulvovaginitis Hydrocolpos Sexual dysfunction Dyspareunia Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual arousal disorder Vaginismus Urogenital fistulas Ureterovaginal Vesicovaginal Obstetric fistula Rectovaginal fistula Prolapse Cystocele Enterocele Rectocele Sigmoidocele Urethrocele Vaginal bleeding Postcoital bleeding Other / general Pelvic congestion syndrome Pelvic inflammatory disease External Vulva Bartholin's cyst Kraurosis vulvae Vestibular papillomatosis Vulvitis Vulvodynia Clitoral hood or clitoris Persistent genital arousal disorder
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Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Wikipedia
Short cycle and excessive menses due to ovarian dysfunction and may be secondary to blockage of blood vessels by tumours. Polycystic ovary syndrome . [3] Systemic causes: thyroid disease, excessive emotional/physical stress. [3] Sexually transmitted infection . [3] Omega 6 and prostaglandins [ edit ] HMB is associated with increased omega-6 AA in uterine tissues. [8] The endometrium of women with HMB have higher levels of prostaglandin (E2, F2alpha and others) when compared with women with normal menses. [9] It is thought that prostaglandins are a by product of omega 6 build up. [10] Diagnosis [ edit ] The NICE guidelines states that: "Many women presenting to primary care with symptoms of HMB can be offered treatment without the need for further examination or investigation. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : N92.0 ICD - 9-CM : 627.0 MeSH : D008595 DiseasesDB : 22575 External resources eMedicine : med/1449 Patient UK : Heavy menstrual bleeding v t e Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals Internal Adnexa Ovary Endometriosis of ovary Female infertility Anovulation Poor ovarian reserve Mittelschmerz Oophoritis Ovarian apoplexy Ovarian cyst Corpus luteum cyst Follicular cyst of ovary Theca lutein cyst Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Ovarian torsion Fallopian tube Female infertility Fallopian tube obstruction Hematosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Uterus Endometrium Asherman's syndrome Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial polyp Endometriosis Endometritis Menstruation Flow Amenorrhoea Hypomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Pain Dysmenorrhea PMS Timing Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Female infertility Recurrent miscarriage Myometrium Adenomyosis Parametrium Parametritis Cervix Cervical dysplasia Cervical incompetence Cervical polyp Cervicitis Female infertility Cervical stenosis Nabothian cyst General Hematometra / Pyometra Retroverted uterus Vagina Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge Vaginitis Atrophic vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Candidal vulvovaginitis Hydrocolpos Sexual dysfunction Dyspareunia Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual arousal disorder Vaginismus Urogenital fistulas Ureterovaginal Vesicovaginal Obstetric fistula Rectovaginal fistula Prolapse Cystocele Enterocele Rectocele Sigmoidocele Urethrocele Vaginal bleeding Postcoital bleeding Other / general Pelvic congestion syndrome Pelvic inflammatory disease External Vulva Bartholin's cyst Kraurosis vulvae Vestibular papillomatosis Vulvitis Vulvodynia Clitoral hood or clitoris Persistent genital arousal disorder v t e Menstrual cycle Events and phases Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Life stages Menarche Menopause Tracking Signs Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz Systems Fertility awareness Calendar-based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model Suppression Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive Lactational amenorrhea Disorders Amenorrhea Anovulation Dysmenorrhea Hypomenorrhea Irregular menstruation Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Related events Folliculogenesis Menstrual synchrony Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder / Menstrual psychosis Sexual activity In culture and religion Chhaupadi Feminine hygiene Sanitary napkin Tampon Menstrual cup Menstrual Hygiene Day Menstrual taboo Menstruation hut Niddah Authority control GND : 4232119-0
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Chromothripsis
Wikipedia
Chromothripsis occurs early in tumour development and leads to cellular transformation by loss of tumour suppressors and oncogene amplifications. [3] In 2015, it was found that chromothripsis can also be curative: a woman who had WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome, an extremely rare autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency disease, found her symptoms disappeared during her 30s after chromothripsis of chromosome 2 deleted the disease allele. [4] Chromothripsis is a neologism that comes from the Greek words chromo which means color (and represents chromosomes because they are strongly stained by particular dyes) and thripsis which means 'shattering into pieces'. [2] Contents 1 First observation 2 Characteristic features 3 Breakage and repair of chromosomes 4 Mechanism 4.1 Micronuclei model 4.2 Ionising radiation during mitosis 4.3 Aborted apoptosis 4.4 Telomeric dysfunction 5 Predispositions 6 Relationship to carcinogenesis 7 Prognostics and diagnostics 8 Etymology 9 Criticism 10 Experimental evidence for chromothripsis 11 See also 12 References First observation [ edit ] Chromothripsis was first observed in sequencing the genome of a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia . ... There are numerous examples of how DDR pathways affect chromothripsis and hence cause tumour development and cancers. [3] Bloom's syndrome : Mutations in BLM gene which encodes a family of RecQ DNA Helicases cause accumulation of micronuclei that give rise to Blooms syndrome which predisposes patients to cancer . [19] Fanconi anaemia : Fanconi Anaemia is a disorder that predisposes patients to cancer due to its effect on DNA repair pathways. [20] Mutations in FANCM gene cause increased micronucleus formation and hence extreme chromothripsis. [21] As well as cells encompassing DDR defects, they are likely to have repressed apoptotic mechanisms which will further enhance the occurrence of mutations and aneuploidy . [3] Prognostics and diagnostics [ edit ] Research in patients with chromothripsis-associated cancers may provide some information about prognosis. ... Murphy (2015). "Chromothriptic Cure of WHIM Syndrome" . Cell . 160 (4): 686–699. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.014 . ... "Evidence for chromosome instability in vivo in bloom syndrome: Increased numbers of micronuclei in exfoliated cells".
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Placental Insufficiency
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : P02.2 ICD - 9-CM : 762.2 MeSH : D010927 DiseasesDB : 10107 SNOMED CT : 237292005 External resources MedlinePlus : 001485 Orphanet : 439167 v t e Conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease Maternal factors complicating pregnancy, labour or delivery placenta Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery presentation Breech birth Asynclitism Shoulder presentation Growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postterm pregnancy Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalohematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus injury Erb's palsy Klumpke paralysis Affected systems Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome Pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson–Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Bleeding and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency bleeding HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Gastrointestinal Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infections Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection rubella herpes simplex mycoplasma hominis ureaplasma urealyticum Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal
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Feline Zoonosis
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : A82 , W84 , B08.0 , B66.4 University of California Davis v t e Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079 ) Arthropod -borne Mosquito -borne Bunyavirales Arbovirus encephalitides : La Crosse encephalitis LACV Batai virus BATV Bwamba Fever BWAV California encephalitis CEV Jamestown Canyon encephalitis Tete virus Tahyna virus TAHV Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Rift Valley fever RVFV Bunyamwera fever BUNV Ngari virus NRIV Flaviviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Japanese encephalitis JEV Australian encephalitis MVEV KUNV Saint Louis encephalitis SLEV Usutu virus West Nile fever WNV Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Dengue fever DENV-1-4 Yellow fever YFV Zika fever Zika virus Togaviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Eastern equine encephalomyelitis EEEV Western equine encephalomyelitis WEEV Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEEV Chikungunya CHIKV O'nyong'nyong fever ONNV Pogosta disease Sindbis virus Ross River fever RRV Semliki Forest virus Reoviridae Banna virus encephalitis Tick -borne Bunyavirales Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Bhanja virus Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV) Heartland virus Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( Huaiyangshan banyangvirus ) Tete virus Flaviviridae Arbovirus encephalitides : Tick-borne encephalitis TBEV Powassan encephalitis POWV Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Omsk hemorrhagic fever OHFV Kyasanur Forest disease KFDV AHFV Langat virus LGTV Orthomyxoviridae Bourbon virus Reoviridae Colorado tick fever CTFV Kemerovo tickborne viral fever Sandfly -borne Bunyavirales Adria virus (ADRV) Oropouche fever Oropouche virus Pappataci fever Toscana virus Sandfly fever Naples virus Rhabdoviridae Chandipura virus Mammal -borne Rodent -borne Arenaviridae Viral hemorrhagic fevers : Lassa fever LASV Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever GTOV Argentine hemorrhagic fever JUNV Brazilian hemorrhagic fever SABV Bolivian hemorrhagic fever MACV LUJV CHPV Bunyavirales Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome DOBV HTNV PUUV SEOV AMRV THAIV Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ANDV SNV Herpesviridae Murid gammaherpesvirus 4 Bat -borne Filoviridae BDBV SUDV TAFV Marburg virus disease MARV RAVV Rhabdoviridae Rabies ABLV MOKV DUVV LBV CHPV Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus encephalitis HeV NiV Coronaviridae SARS-related coronavirus SARS-CoV MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2 Primate -borne Herpesviridae Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 Retroviridae Simian foamy virus HTLV-1 HTLV-2 Poxviridae Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus Multiple vectors Rhabdoviridae Rabies RABV Mokola virus Poxviridae Monkeypox v t e Tick-borne diseases and infestations Diseases Bacterial infections Rickettsiales Anaplasmosis Boutonneuse fever Ehrlichiosis ( Human granulocytic , Human monocytotropic , Human E. ewingii infection ) Scrub typhus Spotted fever rickettsiosis Pacific Coast tick fever American tick bite fever rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever ) Spirochaete Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome Lyme disease Relapsing fever borreliosis Thiotrichales Tularemia Viral infections Bhanja virus Bourbon virus Colorado tick fever Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever Heartland bandavirus Kemerovo tickborne viral fever Kyasanur Forest disease Omsk hemorrhagic fever Powassan encephalitis Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Tete orthobunyavirus Tick-borne encephalitis Protozoan infections Babesiosis Other diseases Tick paralysis Alpha-gal allergy Southern tick-associated rash illness Infestations Tick infestation Species and bites Amblyomma Amblyomma americanum Amblyomma cajennense Amblyomma triguttatum Dermacentor Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes Ixodes cornuatus Ixodes holocyclus Ixodes pacificus Ixodes ricinus Ixodes scapularis Ornithodoros Ornithodoros gurneyi Ornithodoros hermsi Ornithodoros moubata Other Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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Exercise Addiction
Wikipedia
Addiction and dependence glossary [1] [2] [3] [4] addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical– somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens ) psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia ) reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose v t e Exercise addiction is a state characterized by a compulsive engagement in any form of physical exercise, despite negative consequences. ... Key differences between healthy and addictive levels of exercise include the presence of withdrawal symptoms when exercise is stopped as well as the addictive properties exercise may have leading to a dependence on exercise. [14] Those who succumb to exercise addiction may experience overtraining, which is best defined as a “condition of poor adaptation to a chronic period of excessive stress caused by a physical exertion, resulting in the development of the syndrome, compromising the health and sports performance”. [17] Overtraining includes one or more of the following: [18] Persistent muscle soreness Elevated resting heart rate Increased susceptibility to infections Increased incidence of injuries Insomnia Decreased appetite Weight loss Impaired performance Decreased motor coordination and force production Exercise addiction may also lead to mood disturbances. ... Motricidade . 13 (3): 69–78. doi : 10.6063/motricidade.10049 . ^ Lee, David Jonathan (2010). "Adrenal Fatigue Syndrome, Part 2: Adrenal Function and Overtraining". ... International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology . 10 (2): 135–148. doi : 10.1080/1612197X.2012.666399 . ^ Lee, David Jonathan (2010). "Adrenal Fatigue Syndrome, Part 2: Adrenal Function and Overtraining". ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Drugs Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Non-drug stimuli Tanning dependence Treatment and management Detoxification Alcohol detoxification Drug detoxification Behavioral therapies Cognitive behavioral therapy Relapse prevention Contingency management Community reinforcement approach and family training Motivational enhancement therapy Motivational interviewing Motivational therapy Physical exercise Treatment programs Drug rehab Residential treatment center Heroin-assisted treatment Intensive outpatient program Methadone maintenance Smoking cessation Nicotine replacement therapy Tobacco cessation clinics in India Twelve-step program Support groups Addiction recovery groups List of twelve-step groups Harm reduction Category:Harm reduction Drug checking Reagent testing Low-threshold treatment programs Managed alcohol program Moderation Management Needle exchange program Responsible drug use Stimulant maintenance Supervised injection site Tobacco harm reduction See also Addiction medicine Allen Carr Category:Addiction Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Cognitive control Inhibitory control Motivational salience Incentive salience Sober companion Category
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Open Bite Malocclusion
Wikipedia
Sometimes lateral tongue thrust may also prevent the eruption of the posterior teeth, thus eliminating this habit maybe key to eruption in those instances. [2] Skeletal open bite [ edit ] Patient with skeletal open bites that accompany dental open bites may have Adenoid faces or Long face syndrome . [5] They are said to have what is known as Hyperdivergent Growth Pattern which includes characteristics such as: [ citation needed ] Increased Lower Anterior Facial Height Occlusal plane diverges after the 1st molar contact May accompany dental open bite Narrow nostrils with upturned nose Dolicofacial or Leptoprosopic face pattern Constricted maxillary arch Bilateral Posterior Crossbite High and narrow palatal vault Presence of crowding in teeth Mentalis muscle strain upon forcibly closing of lips Possible gummy smile with increased interlabial gap Cephalometric analysis features of skeletal open bite may include: [ citation needed ] Increased Frankfurt-Mandibular Plane angle Steep Occlusal Plane Angle Increased SN-MP Angle Short Mandibular ramus Increased mandibular body length Downward and backward position of mandible Increased gonial angle Proclined upper incisors, retroclined or upright lower incisors Posterior part of maxilla is tipped downwards Posterior facial height equals 1/2 of anterior facial height Increased hard tissue Lower Anterior Facial Height Increased total anterior facial height Short mandibular ramus Viken Sassouni developed Sassouni analysis which indicates that patient's with long face syndrome have 4 of their bony planes (mandibular plane, occlusal plane, palatal plane, SN plane) steep to each other. [6] Dental open bite [ edit ] Dental open bite occurs in patients where the anterior teeth fail to touch. ... These patients have normal jaw growth and do not have the long face syndrome. The anterior open bite in these patients may be caused by Macroglossia, Tongue thrusting habit or digit sucking habits. [ citation needed ] Some of the characteristics of a dental open bite include: [ citation needed ] Normal lower anterior facial height Horizontal/Hypodivergent growth pattern Occlusal plane diverges after the premolar contact Under-eruption of the anterior incisors Over-eruption of the posterior molars Proclined upper and lower incisors No vertical maxillary excess or gummy smile Presence of habits such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting Spacing between anterior incisors due to their proclination Open bite correction [ edit ] Primary/mixed dentition [ edit ] Behavior modification [ edit ] Main article: Behavior modification Behavior therapy is important especially when children are in their primary dentition in the pre-adolescent age. ... They concluded that majority of the relapse occurred during first year of treatment. [21] See also [ edit ] Cephalometric analysis Intrusion (orthodontics) Long face syndrome MEAW Technique Malocclusion References [ edit ] ^ Proffit, W. ... J. (1976-10-01). "The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess". American Journal of Orthodontics . 70 (4): 398–408. doi : 10.1016/0002-9416(76)90112-3 .
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Viral Meningitis
Wikipedia
. ^ a b Cho TA, Mckendall RR (2014-01-01). "Clinical approach to the syndromes of viral encephalitis, myelitis, and meningitis". ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : G0.2 ICD - 10-CM : A87 ICD - 9-CM : 321.2 MeSH : D008587 External resources eMedicine : article/1168529 v t e Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases Oncovirus DNA virus HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma HPV Cervical cancer Anal cancer Penile cancer Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Oropharyngeal cancer KSHV Kaposi's sarcoma EBV Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type MCPyV Merkel-cell carcinoma RNA virus HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma Splenic marginal zone lymphoma HTLV-I Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Immune disorders HIV AIDS Central nervous system Encephalitis / meningitis DNA virus Human polyomavirus 2 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus MeV Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis LCV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Arbovirus encephalitis Orthomyxoviridae (probable) Encephalitis lethargica RV Rabies Chandipura vesiculovirus Herpesviral meningitis Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 Myelitis Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome HTLV-I Tropical spastic paraparesis Eye Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus retinitis HSV Herpes of the eye Cardiovascular CBV Pericarditis Myocarditis Respiratory system / acute viral nasopharyngitis / viral pneumonia DNA virus Epstein–Barr virus EBV infection / Infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus RNA virus IV : Human coronavirus 229E / NL63 / HKU1 / OC43 Common cold MERS coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus 2 Coronavirus disease 2019 V , Orthomyxoviridae : Influenza virus A / B / C / D Influenza / Avian influenza V, Paramyxoviridae : Human parainfluenza viruses Parainfluenza Human orthopneumovirus hMPV Human digestive system Pharynx / Esophagus MuV Mumps Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus esophagitis Gastroenteritis / diarrhea DNA virus Adenovirus Adenovirus infection RNA virus Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Coronavirus Hepatitis DNA virus HBV ( B ) RNA virus CBV HAV ( A ) HCV ( C ) HDV ( D ) HEV ( E ) HGV ( G ) Pancreatitis CBV Urogenital BK virus MuV Mumps v t e Meningitis and other diseases of meninges Meningitis Arachnoiditis Bacterial Tuberculous Haemophilus Pneumococcal Viral Herpesviral Fungal Cryptococcal Aseptic Drug-induced Other Meningoencephalitis
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Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Wikipedia
Nervous system problems , Cushing syndrome and SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) can also be associated with small cell lung cancer. [6] Unlike extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma is potentially curable. [4] Standard treatments consist of surgery , platinum-based combination chemotherapy , thoracic irradiation, and prophylactic cranial irradiation . ... For instance, patients with bilateral supraclavicular adenopathy are included in the limited-disease category in some cases, [12] others include only those with ipsilateral adenopathy. [10] Similarly, the presence of contralateral hilar adenopathy frequently, though not uniformly, includes patients in the limited-disease category. [13] [14] The traditional TNM classification system is preferred over the 2-stage system when surgery is the recommended treatment option. [4] Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Similar to other lung cancers, according to the American Cancer Society , the most common symptoms of limited-stage of lung cancer are: [6] Progressive and persistent cough Coughing up blood or rust-coloured sputum Shortness of breath Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing Weight loss and loss of appetite Fatigue New onset of wheezing Recurrent respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis In addition, patients diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma has an increased vulnerability to nervous system problems (i.e. Lambert-Eaton syndrome , paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration ), Cushing syndrome and Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH) and can demonstrate relevant symptoms . [6] Diagnosis [ edit ] Microscopic photograph of small cell lung carcinoma under high power.
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Sickle Cell Trait
Wikipedia
This enzyme produces carbon monoxide which has been proven to protect against cerebral malaria. [5] Established associations [ edit ] Hematuria [6] Hyposthenuria [7] Renal medullary carcinoma , a cancer affecting the kidney , is a very rare complication seen in patients with sickle cell trait. [8] Renal papillary necrosis [6] (only considered "possible" by some sources) [9] Splenic infarcts at high altitude. [10] Surgery may not always be necessary. [11] Sudden deaths during physical exertion in African-American US army recruits [12] [13] Urinary tract infection [14] Suggested [ edit ] Probable: [15] complicated hyphema , venous thromboembolic events , fetal loss , neonatal deaths , and preeclampsia Possible: [15] acute chest syndrome , asymptomatic bacteriuria , and anemia in pregnancy Insufficient evidence: [15] retinopathy , cholelithiasis , priapism , [16] leg ulcers , liver necrosis , avascular necrosis of the femoral head , and stroke . ... Retrieved 6 May 2010 . ^ Sheikha Anwar (2005). "Splenic syndrome in patients at high altitude with unrecognized sickle cell trait: splenectomy is often unnecessary" . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : D57.3 ICD - 9-CM : 282.5 OMIM : 603903 MeSH : D012805 External resources MedlinePlus : 000527 eMedicine : search/Sickle%20cell v t e Diseases of red blood cells ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro- : Iron-deficiency anemia Plummer–Vinson syndrome Macro- : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary enzymopathy : Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency glycolysis pyruvate kinase deficiency triosephosphate isomerase deficiency hexokinase deficiency hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle cell disease / trait Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired AIHA Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia membrane paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombotic microangiopathy Hemolytic–uremic syndrome Drug-induced autoimmune Drug-induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond–Blackfan anemia Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests Mean corpuscular volume normocytic microcytic macrocytic Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normochromic hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia ReticulocytopeniaHBG2, HBB, G6PD, ALK, HBA2, ABO, F5, HP, VCL, HBA1, TPM3, NOS2, IL10, HBG1, HBFQTL2, APOL1, MTHFR, RN7SL263P, F2, CSF3, FCGR2A, FCGR2C, SCT, SLC16A1, SMARCB1, STRN, TERT, TNF, APOE, VCAM1, ANXA7, AMPD1, ACTN3, TAB1, AP5Z1, SCD, HBS1L, LAMP3, EML4, IL17RD, ADI1, HAMP, ATAD1, KRT90P, IL17RE, OR10A4, SCN2A, PSMA5, PTH, CXCL8, EPO, ACE, HBD, CKM, CD36, HBZ, HFE, CD34, HSPA1B, IGHG3, IL6, CCT, FCGR2B, IL17A, LSAMP, ACTB, KITLG, MPO, CAT, MYB, MYH9, MYLK, FAS, SERPINE1, MEFV
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Low Sperm Count
Mayo_clinic
Inherited disorders such as Klinefelter's syndrome — in which a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y — cause abnormal development of the male reproductive organs. Other genetic syndromes associated with infertility include cystic fibrosis, Kallmann's syndrome and Kartagener's syndrome. ... Genetic testing might also be ordered to diagnose various congenital or inherited syndromes. Testicular biopsy. This test involves removing samples from the testicle with a needle.NR0B1, FSHB, NOS3, PIWIL3, PIWIL4, BRWD1, TPCN1, CDC14A, CGA, ESR1, DICER1, BSCL2, DAZ1, CFTR, SPATA20, DDX3Y, DAZ2, USP9Y, DAZ3, DAZ4, RBMY1A1, ARMC2, BRD2, NR3C1, LHCGR, STRC, ANTXR1, SUN5, CATSPER1, CATSPER2, HOXD13, PMFBP1, CNBP, CEP19, AZF1, TSPY1, POC1A, ADGRG2, MTHFR, AR, FSHR, BOLL, GSTM1, PRM1, USP26, CDY1, MLH1, IGF2, PRM2, DAZL, GSTT1, MSH5, SPO11, CCNA1, BPY2, MLH3, ARTN, TNF, PGAM1, POLG, AGRP, DDX4, MEG3, SOD1, MAEL, CASP3, BPY2C, MEST, DNMT1, GSTP1, EGF, SLC10A6, SEPTIN12, NR5A1, BPY2B, FASLG, STS, MIR19B1, MIR139, TBC1D9, GOLGA2P3Y, MIR210, ANO1, PRMT6, GSTK1, RBMY1D, DDX25, MIR34C, UHRF1, RBMY2DP, FAM47C, HPGDS, PABPC1, CD24, PRPF31, MIR1260A, HOTTIP, LINC01672, COMETT, NCAPD3, SIRPG, STRA8, HAUS7, IFT74, HSFY1, HORMAD1, PYGO2, WDR20, CYP2R1, SLCO6A1, JAM3, TEX101, SIRPA, ESX1, VPS13B, TET1, WLS, PRDM9, H2BW1, HSFY2, MARCKSL1, CASD1, TDRD6, IZUMO1, TUSC1, PERP, TTTY2, AICDA, NLRP14, GOLGA2P2Y, UBR2, PARP1, SETX, IFNA13, GNRHR, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HMOX1, IFNA1, IGF1, ATXN3, IL2, INSL3, KCNK3, KIT, LCT, LDHC, SMAD4, MAGEB4, GNAS, EPHX2, EGR4, DNMT3B, AMH, ANK2, ANXA5, APCS, FAS, BRCA1, BRCA2, DDR1, CDK2, CLU, CREM, CSNK2A2, CYP2D6, CYP17A1, DMRT1, DMWD, DNMT3A, KITLG, ABCC1, RABL2B, PROM1, TP53, UBE2B, WNT3, XIST, XPC, ZNF214, ZNF215, DLK1, SNURF, MSH2, DIRAS3, SLC16A7, SLC22A6, REC8, KATNB1, CARM1, CTCF, GTF2A1L, SRD5A2, SPINK2, SOX5, SOD2, MTR, RNR2, OAT, CLDN11, OTSC1, PABPC3, PGR, ABCB1, PMS2, PRB3, SRGN, PRL, PRPS2, RPS6KA2, ATXN1, SEMG1, SOAT1, H19-ICR
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Mucopolysaccharidoses, Unclassified Types
Omim
Valvular heart disease has been a problem in both sibs, who presumably have the Scheie syndrome (Horton, 1980). Brown and Kuwabara (1970) observed 2 sisters, aged 5 and 13 years, with Hurler-like facies, swollen fingers, dwarfed stature, severe progressive joint destruction and peculiar progressive peripheral annular corneal opacification.