These plasmablasts can give rise to a spectrum of abnormalities [8] including progression to microlymphoma (microscopic clusters of plasmablast cells) or clinical lymphoma . [3] : 1248–1249 [5] [7] : 513 [9] [10] : 1786 and 1836 [11] This type of lymphoma is predominantly seen in acquired immunodeficiencies , including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [4] [11] but it can also occur in immunosuppression [8] such as with organ transplantation or the elderly. [4] The plasmablasts do not show rearranged immunoglobulin genes, [2] : 380 [7] : 513 and typically lack EBV infection. [8] The disease predominantly affects lymph nodes and the spleen , [2] : 380 a pattern dissimilar to plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity of AIDS which is not associated with HHV-8 infection. [7] : 513 [12] Despite traditional chemotherapy with CHOP ( cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , prednisone , vincristine ), and the possible addition of antiviral therapy and inhibition of specific cellular targets including the use of rituximab , the prognosis in this lymphoma has been poor. [8] [13] This lymphoma subtype has sometimes been confused with plasmablastic lymphoma in the literature, although that is a dissimilar specific entity. [2] : 380 Similarly, this subtype is considered distinct from other lymphomas which have a plasmablastic immunophenotype such as primary effusion lymphoma , ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma , and extracavitary HHV–8-positive lymphoma . [2] : 378–380 HHV8 is also associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and with another subtype of lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma , previously called body cavity-based lymphoma. [4] [14] See also [ edit ] Lymphoma References [ edit ] ^ Swerdlow, Steven H. (2008).
CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Taboo on topic of AIDS handicaps health care / Low caseload makes getting affordable medications difficult v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region v t e HIV/AIDS in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal
To begin with, some demylelinating disorders include: multiple sclerosis , Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and Guillain–Barré syndrome . Although science has yet to offer up conclusive evidence that Schwann cell transplantation is an effective treatment for demylelinating disorders, it is possible that this could be applied in clinical practice in the future.
In particular, genetic studies have demonstrated that the loss of the enzymes BLM (Bloom's Syndrome Helicase) or FANCM each result in a dramatic increase in the number of chromatin bridges.
Rates and incidence of infection decline dramatically the further away from the greenhouses the wild bees are located. [9] [10] Instances of spillover between bumblebees are well documented across the world but particularly in Japan, North America and the United Kingdom. [11] [12] See also [ edit ] Viruses portal Medicine portal 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak Cross-species transmission Epidemic Infection List of Legionellosis outbreaks Outbreak Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 References [ edit ] ^ Power, AG; Mitchell, CE (Nov 2004).
Purcell and atheist Sam Harris have each compared doctrines promoting the fear of God to living under the Stockholm syndrome , where hostages feel a misplaced sense of connection and affection for the hostage taker. [13] See also [ edit ] Fear appeal God-fearer Taqwa References [ edit ] ^ "The Fear of the Lord" .
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . v t e HIV/AIDS in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini (Swaziland) Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
Schneider et al. (2009) suggested that the PDZD7 gene can cause nonsyndromic autosomal recessive deafness and is also a prime candidate gene for Usher syndrome (see 276900). Molecular Genetics By targeted genomic enrichment and massively parallel sequencing in 4 unrelated Iranian families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss, Booth et al. (2015) identified homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for mutations in the PDZD7 gene (612971.0003-612971.0007) that segregated fully with disease in each family and were not found in 300 ethnically matched controls.
. ^ https://news.vice.com/article/were-testing-about-20-people-a-day-inside-the-cambodian-village-devastated-by-an-hiv-outbreak v t e HIV/AIDS in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 2.6% (2003 est.)
at Harvard Health Low back pain at MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Back Pain at UW Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Low Back Pain – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment at American Association of Neurological Surgeons v t e Spinal disease Deforming Spinal curvature Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Other Scheuermann's disease Torticollis Spondylopathy inflammatory Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Discitis Spondylodiscitis Pott disease non inflammatory Spondylosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Retrolisthesis Spinal stenosis Facet syndrome Back pain Neck pain Upper back pain Low back pain Coccydynia Sciatica Radiculopathy Intervertebral disc disorder Schmorl's nodes Degenerative disc disease Spinal disc herniation Facet joint arthrosis v t e Pain By region/system Head and neck Headache Neck Odynophagia (swallowing) Toothache Respiratory system Sore throat Pleurodynia Musculoskeletal Arthralgia (joint) Bone pain Myalgia (muscle) Acute Delayed-onset Neurologic Neuralgia Pain asymbolia Pain disorder Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder Allodynia Chronic pain Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Hyperpathia Phantom pain Referred pain Congenital insensitivity to pain congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis Other Pelvic pain Proctalgia Back Low back pain Measurement and testing Pain scale Cold pressor test Dolorimeter Grimace scale (animals) Hot plate test Tail flick test Visual analogue scale Pathophysiology Nociception Anterolateral system Posteromarginal nucleus Substance P Management Analgesia Anesthesia Cordotomy Pain eradication Related concepts Pain threshold Pain tolerance Suffering SOCRATES Philosophy of pain Cancer pain Drug-seeking behavior
See ILFS1 (615438) for information on syndromic infantile liver failure. Clinical Features Lev et al. (2002) reported an infant, born of unrelated Yemenite Jewish parents, who had fulminant lactic acidosis in the neonatal period.
A very rare mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency characterized clinically by transient but life-threatening liver failure with elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, vomiting, coagulopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and lactic acidemia.
A form previously designated SCAR5 has been reclassified as Galloway-Mowat syndrome-1 (GAMOS1; 251300). Animal Model Weiner and Konigsmark (1971) noted that infection of the fetal rat by rat virus (Margolis and Kilham, 1968) and of the fetal kitten by panleukopenia virus (Kilham and Margolis, 1966) can result in granule cell hypoplasia.
The disorders involving primarily the cerebellar parenchyma have been classified into six forms. In cerebelloparenchymal disorder III, cerebellar ataxia is congenital (non-progressive) and characterized by cerebellar symptoms such as incoordination of gait often associated with poor coordination of hands, speech and eye movements. The other features are congenital mental retardation and hypotonia, in addition to other neurological and non-neurological features. MRI or CT scan show marked atrophy of the vermis and hemispheres. A severe loss of granule cells with heterotopic Purkinje cells is observed. The mode of inheritance in the few reported families is autosomal recessive.
Aceruloplasminemia causes a build-up of iron in the brain and the organs of the body. Signs and symptoms begin in adulthood. People with aceruloplasminemia develop anemia, diabetes, and eye problems. Over time, difficulty controlling movements may occur. These include tremors, chorea , ataxia, eyelid twitching, and grimacing. Some experience psychiatric problems and dementia in their 40's and 50's. An eye examination may reveal changes in the retina, but these changes typically do not affect vision.
Summary Clinical characteristics. Aceruloplasminemia is characterized by iron accumulation in the brain and viscera. The clinical triad of retinal degeneration, diabetes mellitus (DM), and neurologic disease is seen in individuals ranging from age 30 years to older than 70 years. The neurologic findings of movement disorder (blepharospasm, grimacing, facial and neck dystonia, tremors, chorea) and ataxia (gait ataxia, dysarthria) correspond to regions of iron deposition in the brain. Individuals with aceruloplasminemia often present with anemia prior to onset of DM or obvious neurologic problems. Cognitive dysfunction including apathy and forgetfulness occurs in more than half of individuals with this condition.
A rare adult-onset disorder of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) characterized by anemia, retinal degeneration, diabetes and various neurological symptoms. Epidemiology To date 56 cases have been reported and prevalence has been estimated at about 1/1,000,000-1/1,200,000. Clinical description Aceruloplasminemia presents in adulthood with neurological symptoms including ataxia, involuntary movements (blepharospasm, grimacing, facial and neck dystonia, tremors, and chorea), parkinsonism, depression, and cognitive dysfunction accompanied by retinal degeneration, diabetes mellitus, and iron-refractory anemia. Etiology Aceruloplasminemia is caused by a complete absence of ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity caused by homozygous mutation of the ceruloplasmin ( CP ) gene (3q23-q24). Diagnostic methods Diagnosis is based on the absence of serum ceruloplasmin and some combination of low serum copper concentration, low serum iron concentration, high serum ferritin concentration as well as hepatic iron overload.
Aceruloplasminemia is a disorder in which iron gradually accumulates in the brain and other organs. Iron accumulation in the brain results in neurological problems that generally appear in adulthood and worsen over time. People with aceruloplasminemia develop a variety of movement problems. They may experience involuntary muscle contractions (dystonia) of the head and neck, resulting in repetitive movements and contortions. Other involuntary movements may also occur, such as rhythmic shaking (tremors), jerking movements (chorea), eyelid twitching (blepharospasm), and grimacing.
Blepharospasm has been related to abnormality of the basal ganglia, as in blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia (Meige syndrome); see Casey (1980) and Tanner et al. (1982).
If cranial nerve V-1 is damaged, the patient will have pain and altered sensation over the front and top of the head. Horner's syndrome may occur if nearby sympathetic fibers are involved.