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Hysteria
Wikipedia
Augustine's writings suggested that human suffering resulted from sin, and thus, hysteria became perceived as satanic possession. [6] With the shift in perception of hysteria came a shift in treatment options. [6] Instead of admitting patients to a hospital, the church began treating patients through prayers, amulets, and exorcisms . [6] Furthermore, during the medieval and Renaissance periods many patients of hysteria were prosecuted as witches and underwent interrogations, torture, and execution. [6] However, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries activists and scholars worked to change the perception of hysteria back to a medical condition. [3] Particularly, French physician Charles Lepois insisted that hysteria was a malady of the brain. [7] In addition, in 1697, English physician Thomas Sydenham theorized that hysteria was an emotional condition, instead of a physical condition. [3] Many physicians followed Lepois and Sydenham's lead and hysteria became disassociated with the soul and the womb. [7] During this time period science started to focalize hysteria in the central nervous system. [7] As doctors developed a greater understanding of the human nervous system, the neurological model of hysteria was created, which further propelled the conception of hysteria as a mental disorder. [7] In 1859, Paul Briquet defined hysteria as a chronic syndrome manifesting in many unexplained symptoms throughout the body's organ systems. [8] What Briquet described became known as Briquet's syndrome, or Somatization disorders , in 1971. [9] Over a ten year period, Briquet conducted 430 case studies of patients with hysteria. [8] Following Briquet, Jean-Martin Charcot studied women in an asylum in France and used hypnosis as treatment. [3] He also mentored Pierre Janet , another French psychologist, who studied five of hysteria's symptoms (anesthesia, amnesia, abulia, motor control diseases, and character change) in depth and proposed that hysteria symptoms occurred due to a lapse in consciousness. [10] Both Charcot and Janet inspired Sigmund Freud 's work. [11] Freud theorized hysteria stemmed from childhood sexual abuse or repression, and was also one of the first to apply hysteria to men. [11] During the 20th century, as psychiatry advanced in the West, anxiety and depression diagnoses began to replace hysteria diagnoses in Western countries. [3] For example, from 1949 to 1978, annual admissions of hysteria patients in England and Wales decreased by roughly two thirds. [3] With the decrease of hysteria patients in Western cultures came an increase in anxiety and depression patients. [3] Although declining in the West, in Eastern countries such as Sudan, Egypt, and Lebanon hysteria diagnoses remained consistent. [3] Theories for why hysteria diagnoses began to decline vary, but many historians infer that World War II, westernization, and migration shifted Western mental health expectations. [3] [11] Twentieth century western societies expected depression and anxiety manifest itself more in post World War II generations and displaced individuals; and thus, individuals reported or were diagnosed accordingly. [3] In addition, medical advancements explained ailments that were previously attributed to hysteria such as epilepsy or infertility. [9] In 1980, after a gradual decline in diagnoses and reports, hysteria was removed from the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which had included hysteria as a mental disorder from its second publication in 1968. [9] Historical symptoms [ edit ] Historically, the symptoms of hysteria have a large range. [12] [13] [10] Hysteria Patient For example: Shortness of breath Anxiety Insomnia Fainting Amnesia Paralysis Pain Spasms Convulsive fits Vomiting Deafness Bizarre movements Seizures Hallucinations Inability to speak [12] [13] [10] Notable figures [ edit ] Jean-Martin Charcot [ edit ] In the late nineteenth century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot , attempted to tackle what he referred to as, "the great neurosis" or hysteria. [14] Charcot theorized that hysteria was a hereditary, physiological disorder. [14] He believed hysteria impaired areas of the brain which provoked the physical symptoms displayed in each patient. [14] While Charcot believed hysteria was hereditary, he also thought that environmental factors such as stress could trigger hysteria in an individual. [15] Charcot published over 120 case studies of patients who he diagnosed with hysteria, including Marie "Blanche" Whittman. [16] Whittman was referred to as the "Queen of Hysterics," and remains the most famous patient of hysteria. [16] To treat his patients, Charcot used hypnosis, which he determined was only successful when used on hysterics. [16] Using patients as props, Charcot executed dramatic public demonstrations of hysterical patients and his cures for hysteria, which many suggest produced the hysterical phenomenon. [16] Furthermore, Charcot noted similarities between demon possession and hysteria, and thus, he concluded "demonomania" was a form of hysteria. [3] Sigmund Freud [ edit ] In 1896, Sigmund Freud , who was an Austrian psychiatrist, published " The Aetiology of Hysteria ". [17] The paper explains how Freud believes his female patients' neurosis, which he labels hysteria, resulted from sexual abuse as children. [17] Freud named the concept of physical symptoms resulting from childhood trauma: hysterical conversion. [17] Freud hypothesized that in order to cure hysteria the patient must relive the experiences through imagination in the most vivid form while under light hypnosis . [17] However, Freud later changed his theory. [17] His new theory claimed that his patients imagined the instances of sexual abuse, which were instead repressed childhood fantasies. [17] By 1905, Freud retracted the theory of hysteria resulting from repressed childhood fantasies.
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Cerebellar Abiotrophy
Wikipedia
Pronunciation cerebeller abiotrophy Specialty Veterinary medicine, genetic diseases Symptoms ataxia, hyperreactivity, inability to judge distance Complications death due to injuries sustain Usual onset at or shortly after birth Duration lifelong Causes genetic mutation causing loss of purkinje cells in the cerebellum Risk factors falls, colliding with objects Diagnostic method DNA test, post-mortem examination of brain tissue Differential diagnosis Wobbler syndrome , EHV-1 , Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis , concussion Prevention Avoid breeding carrier animals Treatment None Medication None Prognosis Varies by severity, severely disabled animals may be euthanized for humane reasons. ... Though the symptoms are quite distinguishable from other neurological conditions, it has been confused with Wobbler's syndrome , equine protozoal myeloencephalitis , and injury-related problems such as a concussion .
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Irritant Diaper Dermatitis
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : L22 ICD - 9-CM : 691.0 MeSH : D003963 DiseasesDB : 23119 External resources MedlinePlus : 000964 eMedicine : ped/2755 Medicine portal v t e Dermatitis and eczema Atopic dermatitis Besnier's prurigo Seborrheic dermatitis Pityriasis simplex capillitii Cradle cap Contact dermatitis ( allergic , irritant ) plants: Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Tulip fingers other: Abietic acid dermatitis Diaper rash Airbag dermatitis Baboon syndrome Contact stomatitis Protein contact dermatitis Eczema Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Breast eczema Ear eczema Eyelid dermatitis Topical steroid addiction Hand eczema Chronic vesiculobullous hand eczema Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis Autosensitization dermatitis / Id reaction Candidid Dermatophytid Molluscum dermatitis Circumostomy eczema Dyshidrosis Juvenile plantar dermatosis Nummular eczema Nutritional deficiency eczema Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome Xerotic eczema Pruritus / Itch / Prurigo Lichen simplex chronicus / Prurigo nodularis by location: Pruritus ani Pruritus scroti Pruritus vulvae Scalp pruritus Drug-induced pruritus Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus Senile pruritus Aquagenic pruritus Aquadynia Adult blaschkitis due to liver disease Biliary pruritus Cholestatic pruritus Prion pruritus Prurigo pigmentosa Prurigo simplex Puncta pruritica Uremic pruritus Other substances taken internally: Bromoderma Fixed drug reaction Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis alba Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
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Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Wikipedia
Furthermore, muscle biopsy does not reveal any deficiency. [1] Walker–Warburg syndrome at the beginning a progressive weakness and low muscle tone at birth or during early infancy; small muscles; the majority of affected children do not live more than 3 years of age. ... Retrieved 2016-04-26 . ^ "Error 403" . ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "Walker-Warburg syndrome" . Genetics Home Reference . Retrieved 2016-04-26 . ^ Quijano-Roy, Susana; Sparks, Susan; Rutkowski, Anne (1993-01-01).
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Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 15
Gene_reviews
Physical and occupational therapy, as used for ataxic syndromes of any etiology, may be employed. ... Agents/Circumstances to Avoid Because individuals with ataxic syndromes in general have abnormal sensitivity to the motor effects of alcohol, it is reasonable to limit alcohol intake to lessen the risk of falls.
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Adult Still Disease
Mayo_clinic
When this happens, it can be hard to take deep breaths. Macrophage activation syndrome. This is a rare but serious complication of adult Still disease.IL1B, IL18, TNF, IL1A, IL6, MEFV, IFNG, RBM45, NLRP3, HLA-DRB1, CXCL10, IL18BP, IL10, SMUG1, HMOX1, MIF, MAP4K3, GCK, TNFRSF1A, CRP, CD68, CASP1, CXCR4, SQSTM1, TP53, FCGR2C, TLR4, STAT3, AIM2, KHDRBS1, ATG5, RTN3, CXCL12, NUP62, IL37, DCTN4, PLAC8, IL23A, NOD2, CLEC7A, IL33, NLRP12, MIR134, MIR141, SELL, ACR, CCL2, SAFB, FAS, FASLG, BAG1, CLU, FCGR1A, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, GNAO1, CXCR3, GTF2H1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQB2, ICAM1, IFI16, CCN1, IL1RN, IL4, CXCL8, IL15, IL17A, ITGAM, ALB, MPO, RARB, SAA1, SAA2, MIR29A
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Nonsyndromic Disorders Of Testicular Development
Gene_reviews
Nonsyndromic 46,XY DSD and 46,XY CGD must be distinguished from syndromic forms, in which additional organ systems, growth, and cognitive development may also be affected.
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Sex Headaches
Mayo_clinic
Sex headaches that come on suddenly are more likely to be associated with: A widening or bubble in the wall of an artery inside your head (intracranial aneurysm) An irregular connection between arteries and veins in the brain (arteriovenous malformation) that bleeds into the spinal fluid-filled space in and around the brain Bleeding into the wall of an artery leading to the brain (dissection) Narrowing of the arteries in the brain (reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome) Stroke Coronary artery disease Use of some medications, such as birth control pills Inflammation from certain infections Sex headaches associated with loss of consciousness, vomiting, stiff neck, other neurological symptoms and severe pain lasting more than 24 hours are more likely to be due to an underlying cause.
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Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)
Mayo_clinic
Medications Substances linked to secondary intracranial hypertension include: Growth hormone Tetracycline Too much vitamin A Health problems Conditions and diseases that have been linked to secondary intracranial hypertension include: Addison's disease Anemia Blood-clotting disorders Kidney disease Lupus Polycystic ovary syndrome Sleep apnea Underactive parathyroid glands Complications For some people with pseudotumor cerebri, their vision continues to worsen, leading to blindness.
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Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count)
Mayo_clinic
This is a rare condition that occurs when small blood clots suddenly form throughout your body, using up large numbers of platelets. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. This rare disorder causes a sharp drop in platelets, destruction of red blood cells and impairs kidney function.
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 2 (Men 2)
Mayo_clinic
This also is known as classical MEN 2A or Sipple syndrome. It causes medullary thyroid cancer and noncancerous tumors of the parathyroid glands and adrenal glands.
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Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Mayo_clinic
Risk factors Besides obesity, other risk factors for pediatric sleep apnea include having: Down syndrome. Birth defects in the skull or face.
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Protein Z Deficiency
Omim
Kemkes-Matthes and Matthes (1995) concluded that protein Z deficiency is a new type of bleeding tendency that cannot be detected by routine coagulation tests and could be the cause for the 'capillary fragility syndrome.' The latter disorder is characterized by positive Rumpel Leed tests and normal routine coagulation tests.
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Encephalopathy, Acute, Infection-Induced, Susceptibility To, 3
Omim
Neilson et al. (2003) distinguished the disorder from Leigh syndrome (256000), which has a chronic course, but suggested that the pathologic mechanism in this disorder may also involve abnormalities in oxidative phosphorylation.
- Gaze Palsy, Familial Horizontal, With Progressive Scoliosis 1 Omim
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Meatal Stenosis
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 9-CM : 598.9 MeSH : D014525 DiseasesDB : 13562 External resources MedlinePlus : 001599 v t e Diseases of the urinary tract Ureter Ureteritis Ureterocele Megaureter Bladder Cystitis Interstitial cystitis Hunner's ulcer Trigonitis Hemorrhagic cystitis Neurogenic bladder dysfunction Bladder sphincter dyssynergia Vesicointestinal fistula Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis Non-gonococcal urethritis Urethral syndrome Urethral stricture Meatal stenosis Urethral caruncle Any/all Obstructive uropathy Urinary tract infection Retroperitoneal fibrosis Urolithiasis Bladder stone Kidney stone Renal colic Malakoplakia Urinary incontinence Stress Urge Overflow
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Sitosterolemia
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : E78.0 OMIM : 210250 MeSH : C537345 C537345, C537345 DiseasesDB : 29796 External resources eMedicine : ped/2110 Orphanet : 2882 v t e Genetic disorder , membrane: ABC-transporter disorders ABCA ABCA1 ( Tangier disease ) ABCA3 ( Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 3 ) ABCA4 ( Stargardt disease 1 , Retinitis pigmentosa 19 ) ABCA12 ( Harlequin-type ichthyosis , Lamellar ichthyosis 2 ) ABCB ABCB4 ( Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 3 ) ABCB7 ( ASAT ) ABCB11 ( Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 ) ABCC ABCC2 ( Dubin–Johnson syndrome ) ABCC6 ( Pseudoxanthoma elasticum ) ABCC7 ( Cystic fibrosis ) ABCC8 ( HHF1 , TNDM2 ) ABCC9 ( Dilated cardiomyopathy 1O ) ABCD ABCD1 ( Adrenoleukodystrophy , Adrenomyeloneuropathy ) ABCG ABCG5 ( Sitosterolemia ) ABCG8 ( Gallbladder disease 4, Sitosterolemia ) see also ABC transporters
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Myopathy, Myofibrillar, 2
Omim
Sacconi et al. (2012) reported a family of North African origin in which 5 members over 2 generations presented a syndrome characterized by myofibrillar myopathy, posterior polar cataracts, and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Chronic Somogyi Rebound
Wikipedia
See also [ edit ] Idiopathic postprandial syndrome Reactive hypoglycemia References [ edit ] ^ http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/centers/BarbaraDavis/Documents/book-understandingdiabetes/ud06.pdf , Understanding Diabetes a.k.a.
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Clear-Cell Ovarian Carcinoma
Wikipedia
Journal of Gynecologic Oncology, 27(3), 1-14. v t e Tumors of the female urogenital system Adnexa Ovaries Glandular and epithelial / surface epithelial- stromal tumor CMS: Ovarian serous cystadenoma Mucinous cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma Krukenberg tumor Endometrioid tumor Clear-cell ovarian carcinoma Brenner tumour Sex cord–gonadal stromal Leydig cell tumour Sertoli cell tumour Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour Thecoma Granulosa cell tumour Luteoma Sex cord tumour with annular tubules Germ cell Dysgerminoma Nongerminomatous Embryonal carcinoma Endodermal sinus tumor Gonadoblastoma Teratoma / Struma ovarii Choriocarcinoma Fibroma Meigs' syndrome Fallopian tube Adenomatoid tumor Uterus Myometrium Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Adenomyoma Endometrium Endometrioid tumor Uterine papillary serous carcinoma Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia Uterine clear-cell carcinoma Cervix Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Clear-cell carcinoma SCC Glassy cell carcinoma Villoglandular adenocarcinoma Placenta Choriocarcinoma Gestational trophoblastic disease General Uterine sarcoma Mixed Müllerian tumor Vagina Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia Vaginal cysts Vulva SCC Melanoma Papillary hidradenoma Extramammary Paget's disease Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Bartholin gland carcinoma