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Salmonellosis
Wikipedia
Infection caused by Salmonella bacteria Salmonellosis Electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Diarrhea , fever , abdominal cramps , vomiting [1] Complications Reactive arthritis , irritable bowel syndrome [2] Usual onset 0.5–3 days post exposure [1] Duration 4–7 days [1] Types Typhoidal, nontyphoidal [1] Causes Salmonella [1] Risk factors Old, young, weak immune system , bottle feeding , proton pump inhibitors [1] Diagnostic method Stool test , blood tests [3] [1] Differential diagnosis Other types of gastroenteritis [2] Prevention Proper preparation and cooking of food and supervising contact between young children and pets [4] Treatment Fluids by mouth , intravenous fluids , antibiotics [1] Frequency 1.2 million non–typhoidal cases per year (US) [1] Deaths 268,000 (2015) [5] Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. [1] The most common symptoms are diarrhea , fever , abdominal cramps , and vomiting . [1] Symptoms typically occur between 12 hours and 36 hours after exposure, and last from two to seven days. [4] Occasionally more significant disease can result in dehydration . [4] The old, young, and others with a weakened immune system are more likely to develop severe disease. [1] Specific types of Salmonella can result in typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever . [1] [3] There are two species of Salmonella : Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica with many subspecies . [4] Infection is usually spread by eating contaminated meat, eggs, or milk. [6] Other foods may spread the disease if they have come into contact with manure . [4] A number of pets including cats, dogs, and reptiles can also carry and spread the infection. [4] Diagnosis is by a stool test or blood tests . [1] [3] Efforts to prevent the disease include the proper washing, preparation, and cooking of food. [4] Mild disease typically does not require specific treatment. [4] More significant cases may require treatment of electrolyte problems and intravenous fluid replacement . [1] [4] In those at high risk or in whom the disease has spread outside the intestines, antibiotics are recommended. [4] Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea globally. [2] In 2015, 90,300 deaths occurred from nontyphoidal salmonellosis , and 178,000 deaths from typhoidal salmonellosis . [5] In the United States, about 1.2 million cases and 450 deaths occur from nontyphoidal salmonellosis a year. [1] In Europe, it is the second most common foodborne disease after campylobacteriosis . [2] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Enteritis 1.2 Typhoid fever 1.3 Long-term 2 Causes 3 Prevention 3.1 Vaccine 3.2 Industrial hygiene 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 5.1 United States 5.2 Europe 5.3 Elsewhere 6 History 6.1 Four-inch regulation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Enteritis [ edit ] See also: Enteritis § Infectious enteritis After a short incubation period of a few hours to one day, the bacteria multiply in the small intestine , causing an intestinal inflammation ( enteritis ). ... Oliguria and azotemia develop in severe cases as a result of renal involvement due to hypoxia and toxemia . [7] Long-term [ edit ] Salmonellosis is associated with later irritable bowel syndrome [10] and inflammatory bowel disease . [11] Evidence however does not support it being a direct cause of the latter. [11] A small number of people afflicted with salmonellosis experience reactive arthritis, which can last months or years and can lead to chronic arthritis. [12] In sickle-cell anemia, osteomyelitis due to Salmonella infection is much more common than in the general population. ... "Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: a long-term consequence of bacterial gastroenteritis" . ... CDC website, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Disease Listing: Salmonellosis v t e Proteobacteria -associated Gram-negative bacterial infections α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill–Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite-borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea-borne Rickettsia felis Flea-borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M− Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX− ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 O104:H4 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow/weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac− H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S− Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet-like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain–Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitisTNF, SPI1, IFNG, NLRC4, IL12RB1, TLR4, IL23A, IL1B, ACTB, IL18, IL15, IL12B, HAMP, RIPK3, HDAC11, PARP1, CASP1, CLDN2, IL24, LILRB4, EBNA1BP2, PDPN, RIPK1, LILRB2, LANCL1, KAT5, YAP1, OPTN, RABEPK, IFITM3, TRIM32, ARHGEF2, UCHL5, NT5C2, MPRIP, DEFB4B, MIR27B, MIR155, ARMH1, CLEC12A, IL23R, TMUB1, ASRGL1, NOD2, PERP, ATG16L1, KRT20, CYRIB, AXIN1, FOXP3, SLC40A1, SUMF2, TP63, SULT1A1, TRPV1, CXCR3, IL17A, IL9, CXCL8, IL2, IFN1@, HSPA8, HSPA4, CFH, EPO, VIM, DEFB4A, DEFB1, ABCC2, CEBPB, CD38, MS4A1, CALCA, ALPL, INSRR, ITGAE, ITGAM, RPSA, EZR, ADAR, STAT3, SNX1, RGS2, RASA1, PTGS2, PTEN, PSMD7, MAPK1, NT5E, NCAM1, MYD88, MUC2, SMAD7, SMAD2, LBP, H3P28
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Hepatitis B
Wikipedia
Hepatitis B virus has been linked to the development of membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). [19] Symptoms outside of the liver are present in 1–10% of HBV-infected people and include serum-sickness–like syndrome , acute necrotizing vasculitis ( polyarteritis nodosa ), membranous glomerulonephritis, and papular acrodermatitis of childhood ( Gianotti–Crosti syndrome ). [20] [21] The serum-sickness–like syndrome occurs in the setting of acute hepatitis B , often preceding the onset of jaundice. [22] The clinical features are fever, skin rash , and polyarteritis . ... John Finkbeiner in January 1983 warned it "might be contaminated with a pathogen responsible for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic." [132] Others believed the vaccine could contribute to AIDS.IFNG, IFNA2, SLC10A1, IFNB1, MIR122, IFNA1, HP, MIR192, IFNAR2, IL10RB, MIRLET7C, IFNGR1, MIR204, MIR148A, MIR193B, MIR100, LOX, LOXL2, MIR1468, MIR885, MIR365A, MIR365B, MIR6881, MIR378A, MIR378I, MIR28, MIR125B2, MIR99A, MIR190A, CYP2A6, MIR455, MIR194-2, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DPA1, HLA-A, HLA-B, KIF1B, PNPLA3, ALDH2, UBE2L3, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQB2, DLC1, GGT1, TAP2, TCF19, TRIM31, CCHCR1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DOB, CDSN, HLA-DRA, ALB, HLA-DQB3, HLA-DRB9, CDKN2A, VTN, HNF4A, CDKN1A, HLA-DRB1, IFNAR1, HSPG2, HLA-DPB2, EHMT2-AS1, HLA-DPA3, IFNA13, TLR7, TP53, TNF, TLR4, TLR3, LINC02571, TLR2, IFNL3, ERVK-32, SLC17A5, CHRNE, GGNBP1, SH2B3, ERG, FBL, CYP21A2, F2, HBS1L, APOBEC3B, EHMT2, GABRG3, CTNNB1, CTLA4, GCKR, HLA-DPA2, GP1BA, GPT, BRAP, COL11A2P1, SFTA2, AFP, HSD17B8, CCR5, IGF2, CD274, YDJC, CDK14, ITPR3, IL22, DDR1, KRT88P, MBL2, HAVCR2, MICD, ATXN2, PAEP, PDCD1, ERVK-6, GPSM3, IL21, RING1, BRD2, RPL32P1, RBM45, RBFOX1, IL17A, ZNF285B, IL10, IL1B, TERT, CXCL10, IL6, IL2, IL4, IL18, THPO, TGFB1, TLR9, APOB, OPN1SW, STAT3, HNF1A, APOBEC3G, VDR, STAT4, SMC5, ESR1, AR, PTGS2, KRT20, SLCO6A1, HSPA5, LINC01194, CXCL8, HFE, GSTK1, MS4A1, PPARG, LAMTOR5, MDM2, HPGDS, SLC26A5, LOC110806263, PTEN, HMGB1, HIF1A, EGF, SPP1, IL1A, RECQL4, SOCS3, PLAAT4, TNFSF10, ENOSF1, GPC3, SIRT1, HLA-C, MX1, MECP2, ISG20, GOLM1, H3P10, ABO, FAS, BCL2, FASLG, MICA, ERVW-4, KLRC4-KLRK1, PIK3CA, LGALS3BP, PIN1, CHP1, KLRK1, KIR3DL1, AICDA, MIR146A, SLC12A9, LTA, BRD4, DDB1, GSTP1, CCL5, VEGFA, IL27, IL37, SKP2, IL23A, APOE, TGFA, FOXP3, MIR125A, MMP9, DNA2, NOTCH1, IL33, ABCB6, SERPINB6, CCNA2, C4BPA, CCL2, GSTM1, SERPINB3, MUL1, KMT2D, CDR3, VWCE, CAV1, CBLL2, MIR29A, EGFR, ZC3HAV1, PARP1, GEM, CTAA1, CARD14, ARC, XRCC1, CREB1, IL1RN, HLA-DQA1, HMOX1, PRDX2, CDKN2B, HLA-G, MRC1, APOC3, ICOS, HSPD1, SRY, IFNL1, CCN2, GPT2, CD40, TSC1, TSC2, IL17D, MYD88, CAP1, AKT1, CD9, SORBS1, SOCS1, IL17F, MAPK8, MIR21, TPPP, TMED2, CCND1, KMT2B, PRKN, PIK3CG, PDLIM5, PIK3CD, KIR2DL3, ACE, MAPK1, FLNB, HACD1, LNPEP, TRBV20OR9-2, PRNP, H3P19, MTOR, ATG5, PIK3CB, NRSN1, SMYD3, MTHFR, PML, PLK1, CD28, PRDM6, CDA, MOV10, SPINK1, ROBO3, HSPA4, NLRP3, LGALS9, ICAM1, HSF4, IGFBP7, COX2, ERVK-11, IL34, MTDH, NCAM1, IL12B, ITIH4, BCHE, PELI1, SALL4, IL23R, RAF1, JUN, OCA2, PRDM1, RXRA, MAPK3, S100A9, IL12A, KRT19, SERPINB4, MAVS, PRKAA1, CCL4, ERVK-20, IL2RA, UGT1A7, KLRC1, AKR1B10, PPARA, CXCR5, KRT18, BTLA, APOA1, MIR149, MTCO2P12, FN1, URI1, USO1, MIR141, CST3, MIR130A, CSF2, GLB1, MAPK14, SEC14L2, DDX58, GSTM2, YY1, GZMB, AGT, CYP2C19, RASSF1, MTA1, ERBB2, NXF1, CXCL13, E2F1, EPAS1, FGL2, PPARGC1A, MIR22, ACTB, SUB1, AIM2, MIR499A, MIR210, XPR1, CYP2E1, AGO2, MMP3, HLA-DOA, HLA-E, ERVW-1, CEACAM5, TNFAIP3, SIAH1, HDAC9, LINC01672, PPIP5K1, ISG15, TLR8, APC, ANXA5, STAT1, SSB, GRAP2, IL32, PLA2G2A, PLAU, TP53COR1, BCL6, TRIM21, ERVK-19, TLR5, GAS5, ISYNA1, WDHD1, PPIA, SRPK1, DEPDC5, SETD1A, PER2, TNFSF13B, MMP14, IFITM3, ABCC4, KLRG1, PRMT5, COX3, IL21R, MTTP, MYC, PSME3, EBI3, ZNRD1ASP, NFKB1, NFKBIA, ABCA4, BATF, TREML2, TNFAIP8L2, TAP1, OAS1, PLCE1, MRPL28, OGG1, GNLY, AHSA1, SERPINE1, FARP2, ARTN, PROM1, HAMP, XRCC3, DLL1, S100A4, HSP90B1, SATB1, AIMP2, AGRP, MANF, ZMYM2, SMARCA1, RNF19A, CCL3L1, SLC25A1, XPO1, ERVK-9, CCL22, SELE, SET, POLDIP2, SFRP1, WNT5A, FGF21, TNFSF4, SFRP5, TNFRSF4, TM6SF2, UGT1A, RTEL1, SUZ12, MCS+9.7, SRC, SEMA6A, ALOX5, HDAC3, CFLAR, IL18R1, TNFRSF6B, SREBF1, EIF2AK2, TNFSF9, ADAR, SIRT2, RIPK1, PSMB6, SMARCE1, H3P9, ADH1B, MBL3P, NR0B2, NXT1, AXIN1, SETD2, URGCP, SNAI1, REG1A, LAPTM4B, ATM, IFNL4, DHX15, CEBPA, HSPA8, GSK3B, FCN2, CASP3, GSTT1, CD44, CD58, CD59, FASN, PTK2B, CALR, KIR2DS1, KIR3DL2, GGTLC5P, KIR3DS1, KIT, CDK1, IFN1@, KRAS, KRT8, APOA5, ETS2, CTHRC1, LAG3, IFI16, LASP1, DNAJB1, MIR7-3HG, IGF1, ITGAL, CD14, GNA12, IL13, IFNLR1, RUNX3, MIR145, MIR132, GLI1, ARID2, CCND2, MIR152, CAT, G6PD, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3F, MIR106B, INSRR, MIR126, MIR18A, CCNE1, FLNA, CD1D, CD24, FOXM1, MIR1231, CRP, RBM24, CRK, LEP, MIR143, DDB2, EIF5, GGTLC3, DNMT1, DDX5, MIR338, EPCAM, CIITA, CISH, CDKN2C, SMAD4, CPD, MIR34B, SLC26A3, STING1, ATN1, CR1, MIR17HG, BST2, C3, MIR29C, HOXD13, POTEF, MIR223, GGTLC4P, DNLZ, DMBT1, HDAC1, MIF, GGT2, HPN, CALCR, BEX2, MIR27A, MIR224, KMT2A, DDX3X, MMP2, MIR129-2, LILRA4, LOC110283621, LAMTOR2, CST12P, SCFV, KLF15, SNORD118, KRT8P3, IGHV1-3, NUP62, LY96, TARDBP, TBK1, LIN28B, KIF4A, UBE2S, NSG1, AGO1, FOXP1, CACYBP, CIDEB, LOC109286563, CCL4L1, MIR137, SNORA26, ST20, PTPN22, SH2D5, SNHG5, MIR545, CXADRP1, MIR106A, MIR101-1, MALAT1, MIR574, CNTNAP2, POLL, SAMHD1, MIR101-2, MIR602, MIR604, PART1, APOBEC3C, BAMBI, MIR92B, GCA, VHLL, SARNP, SIRT3, UTS2, MIR30C2, MIR30C1, KDM5B, PPP1R13L, HPSE, SMR3B, MRPS30, MIR222, JTB, PAPOLA, ASCC3, MIR221, H3P24, MIR219A1, MIR216A, SPIN1, APOBEC2, PRSS21, HCC, H3P23, DLL3, MIR30E, MIR34A, EBP, NDRG1, KIR2DP1, MIR449A, MIR384, MIR181D, PLF, C1orf61, KAT5, ZNRD2, MIR340, UBD, H3P31, HTATIP2, SLC35A1, MIR302C, XRCC6P5, MIR96, KHDRBS1, DCTN6, PNRC1, COPS5, PPP1R13B, MIR17, ZHX2, MIR199A2, MIR199A1, SNHG6, UPK3B, ATF6, RAB18, H3P16, MIR185, MIR15B, SLC38A3, MIR155, DKK1, SPEN, WFDC21P, TBC1D9, MIR150, ZCCHC14, JMJD6, USP22, PUF60, TUSC2, MIR19A, PDAP1, MIR212, GTF2A1L, MHB, STON1, MIR205, TENT4A, DNAJB4, RPP14, MIR203A, PTP4A3, MIR200C, MIR200A, CHEK2, H3P8, DCTN3, MIR20A, USP18, VSIG4, PHB2, MMRN1, MIR802, HULC, FCRL1, SFMBT2, CYP2R1, MORN4, HPSE2, ANIB1, IGAN1, CIDEC, MEG9, UHRF2, GOLPH3, PAG1, KCTD12, CDCA5, CYTOR, SFXN1, SMOC1, NOD2, FOXP2, XYLT2, IFIH1, PCDH10, KIDINS220, TPPP2, SCLT1, APOM, MYDGF, BTNL2, RETN, TICAM1, LY75-CD302, EXOSC5, MEPE, MIR1270, SLC38A6, PCBP4, TRIM69, DOCK11, MCOLN1, VANGL2, DBH-AS1, RAB22A, PPARGC1B, MIR1271, MIR323B, MIR1236, TENT4B, MFSD2A, HOTTIP, RIOX2, PDCD1LG2, CD276, TRIM52, MAP1LC3B, PYROXD2, TRIM7, HDGFL2, MIR3613, MED25, RAB33B, MIR3065, SOX7, SESN2, CREB3L3, HDAC10, DGAT2, ING5, HDAC11, AGMAT, GAS5-AS1, LIN28A, XPO4, CLEC7A, GORASP1, TRIM22, RSAD2, WNK1, MPPE1, ZNF479, CENPM, AHNAK, FTO, PRMT9, MBOAT7, TRIM5, TMED7-TICAM2, ATOH8, ZNF382, VTCN1, STEAP4, USE1, RCOR3, GPSM2, MIR216B, BANCR, WEE2-AS1, TNFRSF12A, CTBP1-AS, MIR675, ATRAID, POLK, HOTAIR, LYPD5, MIR942, TENM3, SIRT7, IFNL2, TDP2, GDE1, SF3B6, GHRL, CD244, KIR2DS2, ATP8A2, SCARA5, LEF1, DCTN4, APOBEC3A_B, HOOK2, MIR6126, IL19, TBX21, CYCSP38, PCNAP1, ZNRD1, CD209, IL20, MYMX, TICAM2, LINC01149, HLA-V, ACOD1, RAB7B, ASAP1, STON1-GTF2A1L, TMED5, TMED7, HS6ST3, RSF1, TINCR, CASZ1, LAMTOR1, MED9, MIR4717, GPATCH2, MTPAP, MSL2, INTS10, GPBAR1, VPS53, FBXW7, MIR1275, MEG3, ERVK-2, SAGE1, MAML3, RNF187, PDIK1L, GALNT10, UBE2Q1, PINX1, SWT1, H3P12, APOBEC3H, NANS, TAC4, ANLN, CADM2, CPVL, ERVK-22, DLL4, AD12, SAMD9L, UGT1A6, UGT1A1, MARCHF5, PTCRA, DNAJB1P1, DEFB4B, ERVK-12, CLEC4C, TET2, KCTD9, PJA1, NAT1, AKR1A1, NR4A1, GYS2, H2AX, HBB, HBE1, SERPIND1, HDAC2, HINT1, HIVEP2, HK2, HLA-DMA, HLF, HLA-F, MR1, HMMR, HOXA10, MNAT1, HOXA13, HRC, PRMT1, HSPA1B, HSP90AA1, IFI27, SP110, IFIT1, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNGR2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IGFBP1, GYPE, GYPB, GYPA, GUSB, FGF4, FGFR4, FHL1, FLT4, FOS, FOSB, NR5A2, FTL, FYB1, GABPA, GAPDH, GATA2, GATA3, GBA, GC, GCHFR, GFAP, GFER, GFPT1, CBLIF, GPI, CXCR3, UTS2R, GRN, GRIN2A, NR3C1, PDIA3, GTF2B, GTF2H1, IGHA1, IGHG3, IL4R, KRT14, LAMP1, STMN1, LCN2, LDLR, LEPR, LGALS3, LGALS4, LIPA, LMNA, LTB, LTBR, LTK, LY75, SH2D1A, SMAD3, MAFG, MAGEA3, MAT2A, MBP, MCC, MET, MFAP1, MGAT3, MIA2, MGMT, CXCL9, MKI67, FOXO4, MMP1, KRT35, KLRD1, IL6R, KLRB1, IL6ST, IL7R, CXCR1, IL9, IL10RA, IL15, IL16, TNFRSF9, INS, INPPL1, INSR, ITGA6, IRF1, IRF3, ITGA1, ITGA5, ITGAV, ITGAX, EIF6, ITK, IVL, JAK1, JUNB, JUND, CD82, KCNA5, KIF2A, KIR2DL2, KLK2, FGF2, FEN1, FDX1, ASL, ATF3, RERE, ATP1B3, ATP6V1E1, BCKDHB, BCL3, BGLAP, CEACAM1, BMI1, BSG, BTD, CA12, CALD1, CAPN2, CASP8, CASP10, CASR, CBFB, CCK, CCNG1, CD247, CD19, CD80, CD34, ENTPD1, CDC6, CDC42, CDH1, CDH17, ASS1, ARSA, CDKN1B, ARRB1, ABL1, ABL2, ACACA, ACP3, ADA, PLIN2, AP1G1, AFM, JAG1, AHR, ABCD1, ALDH1A1, ALDH3A2, ALK, AMBP, ANGPT2, ANPEP, ANXA1, ANXA2, ANXA13, APCS, XIAP, BIRC5, APOA2, APOC4, APRT, ABCC6, RHOA, ARR3, CDK4, CDO1, FCGR3B, DNMT3A, DTX1, EGR2, EGR3, EPHA2, EIF4E, EIF4EBP1, EIF4G2, ELANE, ELAVL2, ELAVL1, ELK1, ELK4, ENO1, EPHA1, EPHA3, EPHB2, EPHB6, EPHX1, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC2, ERN1, EXT1, EZH2, F11, FABP1, FAH, FCER1A, FCGR3A, DPT, DNM2, CDX1, DYNC1H1, CENPA, CFL1, CHI3L1, CHKA, CHUK, CLTC, CNR1, COL3A1, COX8A, CP, CPOX, CREBBP, CRHBP, CRHR2, CRYZ, VCAN, CXADR, CYBB, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP17A1, CYP27B1, DHX9, DEFB4A, DES, DIO3, DKC1, DNASE1, MMP8, MPI, TNIP1, LOH19CR1, XRCC5, ZFP36, TRIM25, DNALI1, CXCR4, RAB7A, MAFK, STAM, FOSL1, CUL5, SLC14A2, NCOA3, TKTL1, FZD7, SPARCL1, MSR1, CAVIN2, SMARCA5, IKBKG, LGR5, PLPP1, NCOA1, DYNLL1, EIF3A, EIF3H, BECN1, TNFSF14, TNFRSF10B, NRP1, SOCS2, XRCC4, XBP1, WNT1, CLIP2, NR2F1, TFPI, TFRC, NAT2, TGFBI, THBS1, THRA, TIA1, TIAM1, TKT, TNFAIP1, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, TNNI3, TOP2A, TP53BP2, TPP2, TRAF6, TUFM, UBE2I, UCP1, SLC35A2, UNG, UQCRH, VBP1, VCP, VIM, VIPR1, VWF, KAT2B, CDK5R1, ASAP2, PTGES, CHD1L, CCL4L2, CLOCK, RBM39, CREB5, RUBCN, RAPGEF5, MTSS1, SPATA2, ZEB2, SETDB1, SEC24D, MFN2, HS3ST3B1, USP15, MVP, NR1I3, NR1H4, TANK, SRA1, CHAF1A, TRAP1, BCAP31, NAMPT, ZNF197, TRIM13, EIF1, CDK2AP2, PAK4, CXCL14, GOSR1, NR1I2, EEF1E1, SPHK1, SQSTM1, CCNA1, AP1M1, P4HA2, SELENBP1, AIP, PAPSS1, RGN, NMI, CCNE2, PDCD5, EXO1, MYOM2, IL1RL1, DCLK1, MTA2, MSC, AIMP1, CD163, TCEAL1, SNAP29, TMPRSS11D, NCR1, GSTO1, MAP4K4, HOMER1, GAL3ST1, GDF15, TERF1, TMBIM6, TDG, SLC25A3, SERPINE2, PIGR, PIN4, PLSCR1, PMS2, POMC, PON1, POU2F1, PPP1R1A, PPP2CA, PTPA, SRGN, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKAR1A, PRKCSH, PRKDC, PROX1, KLK10, PSAP, PSMA1, PSMA3, PSMA7, PSMB8, PSMD8, PSMD9, PSMD10, PTH, PTK2, SERPINA1, ABCB4, PTPN3, ABCB1, MSRA, MTRR, MVK, NBN, NDUFB2, NEDD4, NFATC1, NFE2L2, NME1, NOTCH4, NPC1, NPM1, NPR2, NRF1, NUCB1, NUP88, OAS3, SIX6, ORM1, PEBP1, FURIN, PRDX1, PAK1, REG3A, PCNA, PCYT1A, PDE4A, PDR, PGF, PTN, PTPN6, TCF3, SRSF4, SHMT2, SKIV2L, SLA, SLC5A5, SLC6A2, SLC6A8, SLC12A3, SLC22A1, SMARCC1, SIGLEC1, SNCA, SOAT1, SP1, UAP1, SPG7, SPINT1, SRPK2, SSRP1, ST14, AURKA, STK11, SUV39H1, SYK, SYT1, ADAM17, MAP3K7, TAT, TBX1, TBP, SHBG, SRSF3, PTPN12, SFRP2, PTPRC, PTPRH, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAC1, RAD51, RAD52, RAG1, RAG2, RAP1A, OPN1LW, RELA, RFX1, RHEB, RNASE1, RNASE3, SNORA73A, RORA, RPS6KB1, RPS15A, RPS19, CLIP1, S100A6, SALL1, TSPAN31, CCL8, CCL13, CCL14, SDC2, TGFB3
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Miscarriage
Wikipedia
The use of chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat childhood cancer increases the risk of future miscarriage. [41] Pre-existing diseases [ edit ] Several pre-existing diseases in pregnancy can potentially increase the risk of miscarriage, including diabetes , polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism , certain infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. ... As an example, Celiac disease increases the risk of miscarriage by an odds ratio of approximately 1.4. [30] [31] A disruption in normal immune function can lead to the formation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This will affect the ability to continue the pregnancy, and if a woman has repeated miscarriages, she can be tested for it. [42] Approximately 15% of recurrent miscarriages are related to immunologic factors. [81] The presence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies is associated with an increased risk with an odds ratio of 3.73 and 95% confidence interval 1.8–7.6. [82] Having lupus also increases the risk for miscarriage. [83] Anatomical defects and trauma [ edit ] Fifteen percent of women who have experienced three or more recurring miscarriages have some anatomical defect that prevents the pregnancy from being carried for the entire term. [84] The structure of the uterus has an effect on the ability to carry a child to term. ... Often there is little a person can do to prevent a miscarriage. [11] Vitamin supplementation before or during pregnancy has not been found to affect the risk of miscarriage. [103] Progesterone has been shown to prevent miscarriage in women with 1) vaginal bleeding early in their current pregnancy and 2) a previous history of miscarriage. [104] Non-modifiable risk factors [ edit ] Preventing a miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies may be enhanced with assessments of: Immune status [9] [80] Chemical and occupational exposures [42] Anatomical defects [84] [29] Pre-existing or acuired disease in pregnancy [78] [34] Polycystic ovary syndrome [105] [106] [107] [108] [76] Previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation Medications [31] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] Surgical history [61] Endocrine disorders [41] [109] [ needs update ] Genetic abnormalities [28] [29] Modifiable risk factors [ edit ] Maintaining a healthy weight and good pre-natal care can reduce the risk of miscarriage. [32] Some risk factors can be minimized by avoiding the following: Smoking [38] [40] [32] Cocaine use [38] Alcohol [32] Poor nutrition Occupational exposure to agents that can cause miscarriage [42] Medications associated with miscarriage [68] [63] [32] Drug abuse [32] Management [ edit ] Women who miscarry early in their pregnancy usually do not require any subsequent medical treatment but they can benefit from support and counseling. [25] [110] Most early miscarriages will complete on their own; in other cases, medication treatment or aspiration of the products of conception can be used to remove remaining tissue. [111] While bed rest has been advocated to prevent miscarriage, this has not been found to be of benefit. [112] [23] Those who are or who have experienced an abortion benefit from the use of careful medical language.JAK2, MGP, AGTR1, IGF2, PGF, NCAM1, CSRNP3, MUC4, CEACAM6, ACE2, PAEP, MMP15, LGALS14, MMP26, PRLR, KLK10, MMP19, MMP11, MMP12, PTHLH, MMP7, MGAT2, MAP2, LIF, LGALS3, LAMA4, SDF2L1, CD82, ITGB6, ITGB4, PTGIS, RBP4, INHA, TNFSF10, MAPRE3, IL24, DIAPH2-AS1, CD226, SPAG5, IFI44, FST, CRISP3, FETUB, CHIA, CD163, CD84, CD164, TNFSF13, PCDHA3, ACKR4, IL20RA, TRAF1, TNR, TIMP3, TIMP2, TGFBR1, TGFBI, TGFB1, TFRC, SST, SERPINB4, SERPINB3, CXCL10, FLRT3, IL16, IFI6, CEACAM1, FGF7, CD7, EMP1, ECM1, ECM2, CD8A, CD68, DHFR, CD69, CEACAM5, CYP24A1, COL1A1, CYP1A1, CSF3, COL13A1, COL9A2, COL6A3, COL6A1, COL1A2, COL5A2, COL4A6, FN1, ARNT, IGF1, IL12B, IL11, IL9, IL6, AHR, IL5RA, IL1B, IGFBP6, IGFBP3, ALPG, IGFBP1, IFNA10, IFI35, HSD17B1, APOE, HABP2, GLS, COL5A1, MCIDAS, DNAAF3, NME8, DNAJB13, DNAH1, STK36, ZMYND10, DNAI1, RSPH4A, DNAAF2, HYDIN, CCDC151, CFAP300, RSPH1, DNAL1, DRC1, CCDC114, TTC25, DNAI2, LRRC56, MTMR14, DNAAF1, DNAAF5, CFAP298, PIH1D3, DNAAF4, RSPH9, CCDC65, GAS2L2, ARMC4, CCDC39, CCDC40, RSPH3, CCDC103, LRRC6, MPL, HOXA13, GAS8, FGG, FGB, FGA, RPGR, RYR1, SPAG1, THPO, DNM2, DNAH5, WRN, XIST, OFD1, DNAH11, BIN1, ALB, GPHN, CCNO, MYF6, MTHFR, HLA-G, ACP1, NOS3, SERPINE1, TYMS, NCR1, NCR2, AR, ASPH, CYP1B1, NCR3, ACE, GNLY, TNFRSF1A, MBL2, PGR, PAPPA, IL1RN, ITGB3, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, POMC
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Measles
Wikipedia
The vaccine should be given whether the child is HIV-infected or not. [63] The vaccine is less effective in HIV-infected infants than in the general population, but early treatment with antiretroviral drugs can increase its effectiveness. [64] Measles vaccination programs are often used to deliver other child health interventions as well, such as bed nets to protect against malaria , antiparasite medicine and vitamin A supplements, and so contribute to the reduction of child deaths from other causes. [65] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all adult international travelers who do not have positive evidence of previous measles immunity receive two doses of MMR vaccine before traveling, although birth before 1957 is presumptive evidence of immunity. [66] Those born in the United States before 1957 are likely to have been naturally infected with measles virus and generally need not be considered susceptible. [67] [24] There have been false claims of an association between the measles vaccine and autism ; this incorrect concern has reduced the rate of vaccination and increased the number of cases of measles where immunization rates became too low to maintain herd immunity . [15] Additionally, there have been false claims that measles infection protects against cancer. [16] Administration of the MMR vaccine may prevent measles after exposure to the virus (post-exposure prophylaxis). [68] Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines are specific to jurisdiction and population. [68] Passive immunization against measles by an intramuscular injection of antibodies could be effective up to the seventh day after exposure. [69] Compared to no treatment, the risk of measles infection is reduced by 83%, and the risk of death by measles is reduced by 76%. [69] However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active measles vaccine is not clear. [69] The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing measles after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if a second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children. [70] There is no evidence that the measles vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons. [71] Treatment There is no specific antiviral treatment if measles develops. [48] Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief. [48] Some groups, like young children and the severely malnourished, are also given vitamin A , which act as an immunomodulator that boosts the antibody responses to measles and decreases the risk of serious complications. [48] [72] [73] Medications Treatment is supportive , with ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting medication to dilate the airways for cough. [74] As for aspirin , some research has suggested a correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye syndrome . [75] [76] The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; [73] however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. [77] A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU ) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. [72] [78] It is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. [79] There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective. [80] Prognosis Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur. ... These estimates were slightly higher than that of 2017, when 124,000 deaths were reported due to measles infection globally. [104] In 2000, the WHO established the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) to provide laboratory surveillance for measles, rubella , and congenital rubella syndrome . [105] Data from 2016 to 2018 show that the most frequently detected measles virus genotypes are decreasing, suggesting that increasing global population immunity has decreased the number of chains of transmission. [105] Cases reported in the first three months of 2019, were 300% higher than in the first three months of 2018, with outbreaks in every region of the world, even in countries with high overall vaccination coverage where it spread among clusters of unvaccinated people. [106] The numbers of reported cases as of mid-November is over 413,000 globally, with an additional 250,000 cases in DRC (as reported through their national system),similar to the increasing trends of infection reported in the earlier months of 2019, compared to 2018. [104] In 2019, the total number of cases worldwide climbed to 869,770. ... In 2014 the CDC said endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome had not returned to the United States. [119] Occasional measles outbreaks persist, however, because of cases imported from abroad, of which more than half are the result of unvaccinated U.S. residents who are infected abroad and infect others upon return to the United States. [119] The CDC continues to recommend measles vaccination throughout the population to prevent outbreaks like these. [120] In 2014, an outbreak was initiated in Ohio when two unvaccinated Amish men harboring asymptomatic measles returned to the United States from missionary work in the Philippines. [121] Their return to a community with low vaccination rates led to an outbreak that rose to include a total of 383 cases across nine counties. [121] Of the 383 cases, 340 (89%) occurred in unvaccinated individuals. [121] From 4 January, to 2 April 2015, there were 159 cases of measles reported to the CDC. ... Retrieved 6 May 2018 . ^ Gowda VK, Sukanya V (November 2012). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis".CD46, SLAMF1, MRC1, NECTIN4, PLAAT4, IFNG, DDX58, TLR4, CEACAM5, IL2, ROBO3, MYBPH, PDR, MYOM2, IFI44L, IFNAR2, ADAR, STAT1, IL18R1, IL6, RBPMS, SLC5A5, PYCR1, MX1, HLA-DRB1, EBI3, IFIH1, KDELR2, SARS1, APOBEC3G, ERVK-6, CCL20, CCL1, SRL, CAMKMT, TFPI, AGBL2, CCDC115, TRIM5, RBM45, MIR31, PVR, STAT2, TLR2, WDR5, LAMP3, AGTPBP1, NXF1, SEC14L2, ATP2C1, NR1I2, PROM1, ERVW-1, TLR3, CD207, TLR8, USO1, TRIM25, MFSD6, SARS2, EIF2AK2, MS, PRDX1, CHEK1, GLB1, CBLIF, FOLR2, FOLR1, FLNB, ERBB2, EGFR, DPT, SARDH, CSF2, TNFRSF8, HLA-DQA1, MS4A1, CD19, KRIT1, CANX, CALM3, CALM2, CALM1, ASAH1, APRT, ALB, HLA-A, HPRT1, OCA2, IL13, MYD88, AKT1, MFAP1, LSAMP, LBR, LAMC2, KPNB1, IRF3, IDO1, IL17A, IL12B, HSPA5, IL10, CXCL8, IL7R, IL4R, IL4, IFNR, IFNAR1, IFNA13, IFNA1, IFN1@, ERVK-20
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Cardiovascular Disease
Wikipedia
Cardiomyopathy – diseases of cardiac muscle Hypertensive heart disease – diseases of the heart secondary to high blood pressure or hypertension Heart failure - a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood to the tissues to meet their metabolic requirements Pulmonary heart disease – a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement Cardiac dysrhythmias – abnormalities of heart rhythm Inflammatory heart disease Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium . ... A 10 mmHg reduction in blood pressure reduces risk by about 20%. [97] Decrease non- HDL cholesterol . [98] [99] Statin treatment reduces cardiovascular mortality by about 31%. [100] Decrease body fat if overweight or obese. [101] The effect of weight loss is often difficult to distinguish from dietary change, and evidence on weight reducing diets is limited. [102] In observational studies of people with severe obesity, weight loss following bariatric surgery is associated with a 46% reduction in cardiovascular risk. [103] Decrease psychosocial stress . [104] This measure may be complicated by imprecise definitions of what constitute psychosocial interventions. [105] Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia is associated with an increased risk of heart problems in those with previous heart disease. [106] Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in some people. [107] Stress, however, plays a relatively minor role in hypertension. [108] Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit. [109] [110] Most guidelines recommend combining preventive strategies. ... It is unclear whether or not dental care in those with periodontitis affects their risk of cardiovascular disease. [114] Diet See also: Lipid hypothesis , Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease , and Salt and cardiovascular disease A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death . [115] Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes. [116] There is also evidence that a Mediterranean diet may be more effective than a low-fat diet in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower cholesterol level and blood pressure ). [117] The DASH diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure, [118] lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [119] and improve metabolic syndrome ; [120] but the long-term benefits have been questioned. [121] A high fiber diet is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease. [122] Worldwide, dietary guidelines recommend a reduction in saturated fat , [123] and although the role of dietary fat in cardiovascular disease is complex and controversial there is a long-standing consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat in the diet is sound medical advice. [124] Total fat intake has not been found to be associated with cardiovascular risk. [125] [126] A 2020 systematic review found moderate quality evidence that reducing saturated fat intake for at least 2 years caused a reduction in cardiovascular events. [127] [ needs update ] A 2015 meta-analysis of observational studies however did not find a convincing association between saturated fat intake and cardiovascular disease. [128] Variation in what is used as a substitute for saturated fat may explain some differences in findings. [124] The benefit from replacement with polyunsaturated fats appears greatest, [129] while replacement of saturated fats with carbohydrates does not appear to have a beneficial effect. [129] A diet high in trans fatty acids is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease, [130] and in 2015 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that there was 'no longer a consensus among qualified experts that partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), which are the primary dietary source of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA), are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for any use in human food'. [131] There is conflicting evidence concerning dietary supplements of omega-3 fatty acids (a type of polysaturated fat in oily fish) added to diet improve cardiovascular risk. [132] [133] A 2014 Cochrane review found unclear benefit of recommending a low-salt diet in people with high or normal blood pressure. [134] In those with heart failure, after one study was left out, the rest of the trials show a trend to benefit. [135] [136] Another review of dietary salt concluded that there is strong evidence that high dietary salt intake increases blood pressure and worsens hypertension, and that it increases the number of cardiovascular disease events; both as a result of the increased blood pressure and , quite likely, through other mechanisms. [137] [138] Moderate evidence was found that high salt intake increases cardiovascular mortality; and some evidence was found for an increase in overall mortality, strokes, and left ventricular hypertrophy . [137] Medication Blood pressure medication reduces cardiovascular disease in people at risk, [97] irrespective of age, [139] the baseline level of cardiovascular risk, [140] or baseline blood pressure. [141] The commonly-used drug regimens have similar efficacy in reducing the risk of all major cardiovascular events, although there may be differences between drugs in their ability to prevent specific outcomes. [142] Larger reductions in blood pressure produce larger reductions in risk, [142] and most people with high blood pressure require more than one drug to achieve adequate reduction in blood pressure. [143] Adherence to medications is often poor and while mobile phone text messaging has been tried to improve adherence, there is insufficient evidence that it alters secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. [144] Statins are effective in preventing further cardiovascular disease in people with a history of cardiovascular disease. [145] As the event rate is higher in men than in women, the decrease in events is more easily seen in men than women. [145] In those at risk, but without a history of cardiovascular disease (primary prevention), statins decrease the risk of death and combined fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease. [146] The benefit, however, is small. [147] A United States guideline recommends statins in those who have a 12% or greater risk of cardiovascular disease over the next ten years. [148] Niacin , fibrates and CETP Inhibitors , while they may increase HDL cholesterol do not affect the risk of cardiovascular disease in those who are already on statins. [149] Fibrates lower the risk of cardiovascular and coronary events, but there is no evidence to suggest that they reduce all-cause mortality. [150] Anti-diabetic medication may reduce cardiovascular risk in people with Type 2 Diabetes, although evidence is not conclusive. [151] A meta-analysis in 2009 including 27,049 participants and 2,370 major vascular events showed a 15% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular disease with more-intensive glucose lowering over an average follow-up period of 4.4 years, but an increased risk of major hypoglycemia . [152] Aspirin has been found to be of only modest benefit in those at low risk of heart disease as the risk of serious bleeding is almost equal to the benefit with respect to cardiovascular problems. [153] In those at very low risk, including those over the age of 70, it is not recommended. [154] [155] The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against use of aspirin for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, in those who are older it is recommends in some individuals. [156] The use of vasoactive agents for people with pulmonary hypertension with left heart disease or hypoxemic lung diseases may cause harm and unnecessary expense. [157] Physical activity Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation following a heart attack reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and leads to less hospitalizations. [158] There have been few high quality studies of the benefits of exercise training in people with increased cardiovascular risk but no history of cardiovascular disease. [159] A systematic review estimated that inactivity is responsible for 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease worldwide. [160] The authors estimated that 121,000 deaths from coronary heart disease could have been averted in Europe in 2008, if physical inactivity had been removed. A Cochrane review found some evidence that yoga has beneficial effects on blood pressure and cholesterol, but studies included in this review were of low quality. [161] Tentative evidence suggests that home-based exercise programs may be more efficient at improving exercise adherence. [162] Dietary supplements While a healthy diet is beneficial, the effect of antioxidant supplementation ( vitamin E , vitamin C , etc.) or vitamins has not been shown to protect against cardiovascular disease and in some cases may possibly result in harm. [163] [164] [165] [166] Mineral supplements have also not been found to be useful. [167] Niacin , a type of vitamin B3, may be an exception with a modest decrease in the risk of cardiovascular events in those at high risk. [168] [169] Magnesium supplementation lowers high blood pressure in a dose dependent manner. [170] Magnesium therapy is recommended for people with ventricular arrhythmia associated with torsades de pointes who present with long QT syndrome as well as for the treatment of people with digoxin intoxication-induced arrhythmias. [171] There is no evidence to support omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. [172] Management Cardiovascular disease is treatable with initial treatment primarily focused on diet and lifestyle interventions. [2] Influenza may make heart attacks and strokes more likely and therefore influenza vaccination may decrease the chance of cardiovascular events and death in people with heart disease. [173] Proper CVD management necessitates a focus on MI and stroke cases due to their combined high mortality rate, keeping in mind the cost-effectiveness of any intervention, especially in developing countries with low or middle-income levels. [84] Regarding MI, strategies using aspirin, atenolol, streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator have been compared for quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in regions of low and middle income.NOS3, LPA, APOB, APOE, ADRB1, ICAM1, ALB, LPL, GH1, APOC3, MPO, MTHFR, NPPB, VWF, EDN1, VCAM1, PON1, ACE, CETP, PTGS2, CST3, CCL2, AGT, CRP, HP, CYP2C19, NPY, SELE, CBS, SORT1, PON2, GPX1, GRK2, GRK5, SLC12A2, TNNT2, AGER, HMGCR, CHDH, LDLR, FTO, PCSK9, VDR, ABCG8, FBN2, LIPC, SH2B3, CASZ1, CYP11B2, DNMT1, TNC, DBH, INSR, PRKAG2, ADH1B, MEPE, BACE1, SCAF1, GCKR, MYBPC3, FUT2, CDKAL1, WRN, NPC1, PLPP3, RORA, MRAS, NPR1, SLC7A1, MCF2L, GUCY1A1, COL4A1, SEPTIN9, TNFRSF11B, OPRL1, PLG, TANGO2, EBF1, GOLGA6A, PLA2G2A, PKHD1, AAGAB, IL1B, PIK3CG, ZNF831, SERPINE1, UPF3A, CELSR2, EPHX2, COPD, HNF1A-AS1, PAX2, NDUFAF6, ENPEP, OR10A4, EFCAB13, PRDM16, DPYSL2, HOXB-AS3, BAHCC1, LINC01122, PREX1, CYBA, LINC02245, RBP4, CASC15, REG1A, PTX3, REN, PLEKHG1, REXO1, LIN54, JPH2, RGL3, SAA1, LINC01344, IGF1, DPP4, DECR1, DPEP1, PPARA, PPARG, EBF2, DLG2, HS1BP3, PRKCE, TMBIM1, PTH, CCDC148, OLR1, DBP, THADA, ACE2, CPEB2, ABHD17C, THAP9, LCORL, ESR1, TIMD4, CADPS2, FGD5, PRDM6, GML, HMOX1, GLP1R, LINC01312, FREM1, ZFAND2A, CDCA5, IL6, LSP1, NAV1, DOCK7, UBASH3B, HOXB3, MBL2, ADO, LGALS3, LEP, HOXC4, APOA5, IL18, ARHGAP42, OR10AD1, HIVEP2, INPP5A, HGFAC, IL10, AGAP1, C1QTNF4, LCN2, PHF13, APCDD1L-DT, NLRP3, GTF2I, KNG1, KPNA4, SLC9B1, NR3C1, HOXB5, GCG, ESR2, HPR, FES, NFATC2, NFE2L2, CCDC170, BICC1, NMT1, DBH-AS1, SVEP1, FABP4, FGB, TTC41P, NPNT, F3, RNF214, F2, MECOM, EHMT1, ALG9, MYO9B, MXI1, KDM2B, ANO5, NAA38, NR3C2, MMP2, GABPA, TCHP, UNC13D, MMP9, DCUN1D5, ZCCHC7, TMEM72-AS1, NKAIN4, PDILT, NCALD, MXD3, CABCOCO1, APOLD1, DLEU7, CMIP, NFKBIA, ZDHHC18, ATXN2, SELENBP1, PKD2L1, PDYN-AS1, ATP2B1, RERE, S1PR2, SLC9A3R2, KL, ADIPOQ, DNAJC27-AS1, DDX23, MYEOV, FGF21, GDF15, ZGLP1, GOSR2, USP34, KANK2, PNKD, APOA1, AVP, ZPR1, CACNA1D, MACROD1, VPS51, PLCE1, HSD17B12, AXIN1, MAD1L1, ATL1, APOL1, RUVBL1, UNC5C, DELEC1, UBN1, BDNF, UHRF1, ALDH1A2, LINC00452, HNRNPFP1, HRCT1, APLN, HIPK2, GIT2, C22orf31, HOTTIP, CERT1, CCND2-AS1, CRTC1, ZNF268, PDE10A, ADM, ADK, PLCB1, UTS2, ADCY9, SWAP70, CLUAP1, SORCS3, NT5C2, HSF2BP, LINC02646, ABO, HIBADH, IL1RAPL1, ABCA1, SORBS1, AGTR1, ATG7, C5orf67, ANGPT2, LHFPL2, TSPOAP1-AS1, GLYAT, TARID, DLEU1, LINC02227, LINC01478, LIPC-AS1, AHSG, ALOX5, CFDP1, ZFPM2, C1QTNF7-AS1, ALDH2, LINC01169, LINC02576, SIRT1, FGF23, RPS6, CACNB2, CHI3L1, CD36, TNF, TLR4, CCHCR1, TGFB1, ARL15, TERF2, PLA2G7, PAQR5, PGPEP1, RNF43, TXNL4B, BANK1, MIR21, ZC3HC1, ARMC4, RCBTB1, SPP1, CLCN6, SOS2, TBC1D19, ABCF3, SOX6, SLC5A2, SHBG, SELP, RETN, C1GALT1, CD14, BCAS3, CCND2, SPTBN5, WNT2B, YES1, IRF1-AS1, PALM2AKAP2, WT1-AS, LIMA1, VEGFA, CAD, ANGPTL3, ADAMTS13, MGP, PGR-AS1, IL1A, HGF, ELN, APLNR, DSPP, COX2, FLNA, SMUG1, BMS1, IL6R, TCF7L2, ACACA, BGLAP, IL33, ADRB2, NOX4, PIK3CA, ACTB, CXCL12, SOST, MTCO2P12, SIRT3, CDKN2A, PIK3CB, NHS, TM6SF2, TNNI3, PIK3CD, CDKN2B-AS1, EDNRA, COMT, CX3CR1, RAPGEF5, ROS1, RARRES2, MOK, GPT, SIRT6, HSD11B1, PNPLA3, MIR155, S100A9, S100A12, ANPEP, AGTR2, ANGPTL4, LIPG, GIP, CD40LG, CTSS, F5, HFE, IMPACT, ATM, HIF1A, CXCL8, SCARB1, MIR146A, GNB3, CYP19A1, ADA, PDE5A, THBD, TXN, ANGPTL2, LOX, CHGA, PPIA, ATP6AP2, CP, PLA2G1B, SAA2, UCP2, UMOD, S100A8, SCN5A, SLC33A1, CXCR4, SLC6A4, MTTP, WASF1, UGT1A1, SELENOS, CXCR6, ABCG1, CLOCK, NOS1, MMP1, RMC1, PROS1, THBS1, MMP8, PTGS1, LEPR, NPPC, PTPN1, MMP12, TNFSF11, NTS, KDR, VKORC1, KCNQ1, PPIG, SOD1, PLA2G6, KLF2, STAT3, ANGPT1, ADRA2B, CIMT, FABP3, CD34, MIR126, G6PD, MIR210, AHR, CAV1, NQO1, FBN1, GSTK1, C20orf181, KIF6, CCR5, CFH, SLCO6A1, BTF3P11, MIR499A, CDKN2B, ELANE, ENG, EPO, KLK3, ARSA, HLA-DRB1, HSPD1, FSHMD1A, SOD3, SOD2, COL4A2, SSTR4, TM7SF2, MIR221, TH, MIR34A, MFAP1, FSD1L, FSD1, ACCS, USF1, CAT, CASP1, MAS1, CA2, PLA2G10, BRS3, BRCA2, MIR145, ACKR3, FOXO3, FABP2, PAPPA, SERPINF1, C1QTNF9, DHX40, PLAG1, AGXT2, P2RY12, PPARD, F7, NPR3, F11, MAPK1, NPPA, MAPK3, SHMT1, CYP7A1, CXCL16, NOS2, TRIB3, PTGIS, RAPSN, CTH, CRYGD, GJA1, CCL5, APOM, SELENOP, ACSS2, BRCA1, TYRP1, PSAT1, GPR42, TMEM54, LPAR2, PARP1, POLDIP2, ADRA1A, APRT, NPEPPS, LBP, IRS1, TBPL1, WASF2, PADI4, IL17A, ALOX5AP, KCNH2, CACUL1, ABCC6, PPARGC1A, PLA2G15, HPGDS, F2RL3, TNFRSF11A, DNER, ITGB3, HSPB2, NR1I2, HSPB1, CAPN10, ABCB6, HSPB3, GPER1, B2M, CYP2J2, RFC1, ROCK1, PART1, NAMPT, RENBP, CYBB, MIR122, CTSK, GDF11, AMPD1, TRIB1, SLC35A1, MALAT1, DDAH2, PDE4A, FSTL1, PGF, ABCB1, MMRN1, CST12P, ADD1, PLAT, DUSP1, PLTP, ADH1C, POMC, ADRB3, AHSA1, PRKAA1, CBSL, PEAR1, ABCG5, AKR1B1, NOD1, BRD4, S100A1, CPB2, MAPK14, TP53, MIR22, NOX1, TFPI, CCR2, MIR33A, IL32, IL1RL1, TLR2, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, IL23A, MIR208A, VCL, CALR, MGAM, CALCR, SLC25A20, AIMP2, GP6, C4B, TSPO, KLF15, GRAP2, FADS2, RNF19A, SI, MIR132, CRK, CRH, KEAP1, PDGFC, APOA4, TNFSF10, COX8A, MIR143, HTR2A, SLC2A1, ST2, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, GAL3ST1, ROCK2, CNR1, SLC17A5, HAVCR1, CLU, NTN1, ARG1, SERPINA5, ANGPTL8, FABP1, INSRR, MSRA, GSTT1, CD180, FN1, EPRS1, FOXO1, FLAD1, BPIFB4, ADM2, PHACTR1, GLUL, FCGR3A, IGFBP3, HSPA5, ADIPOR2, IGFBP1, MMP7, LTA, SPX, IL4, FGG, MUSK, MME, HSPA1A, LCAT, FCGR3B, GOT2, MTR, HABP2, MEG3, WDR1, CNR2, NR1H4, DIANPH, SOAT1, GPR35, MRGPRX3, CUBN, LYPD4, APOA2, TRIM21, MTOR, APOC1, APOC2, LTC4S, ABCC9, SLC22A3, C3, CYP4F3, SLC2A9, HLA-B, INS, ANK2, CXCL5, DDAH1, ANXA1, SELPLG, NRG1, TUBB1, SFRP5, SFTPD, FZD4, COX1, FLNC, FLT1, SLC6A2, CHRNA5, CISD1, SLC6A8, MIR150, MRGPRX4, FMO3, HLP, MIR208B, APP, GHS, IL37, CD47, XPR1, CD44, MAP3K5, GDF2, CD38, GSTM1, CRISP2, TRAF1, HSP90B2P, RHOA, TTR, RNU1-1, MEFV, MEF2A, PDE3A, MDM2, SIRT7, GCH1, VASP, CD5L, ANKRD1, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, VN1R17P, GPR166P, ASIC3, BEST1, MET, CD69, MAOA, HDL3, MIR214, JAK3, TAC1, IL15, MIR222, MIR223, MIR28, TAT, PCSK7, HNF1A, MIR29A, OXER1, GPBAR1, TET2, GAS6, PTPN22, KMT2A, BAG3, CALCA, CDH13, GPX3, PXDN, KCNJ5, GATA4, HOPX, TREM1, HFM, CR1, LTA4H, IL11, IGF2BP2, HSPA4, PON3, IGF2, MRGPRX1, IRS2, PPBP, C1QL1, ETV3, PTPA, MLC1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, NPR2, PRKCD, MIA3, BID, NOD2, NOTCH3, AOC3, DAPK3, LGR6, PROC, NEDD4L, CYP11B1, PSEN1, NOTCH1, FBLN1, ARSI, PER2, ADAM10, WNK1, LOC110806262, ENPP1, HTR2C, PDZK1, PECAM1, PAH, PF4, P2RX7, RIPK2, SERPINA1, EGR1, ACLY, PITX2, OGN, TNFSF12, RAPGEF4, PLA2G4A, EPOR, PLAU, DKK1, MYOCD, PINK1, IFNG, PLN, ERG, KCNIP3, HAMP, ARMS2, TRPV1, S100B, KLF14, KLF5, RLN2, CCN2, CTF1, MBL3P, DEGS1, POSTN, ALOX12, UCMA, NBN, FBLN5, CRYZ, BSG, IL6ST, MIRLET7G, MIR106A, RPS6KA1, RAPGEF3, PNPLA2, AKR1A1, FADS1, FGA, RGS2, GIPR, IL1RN, LPAR3, PTGIR, GRK3, HMGB1, GPR151, CYP3A4, GPRC6A, CYP2D6, LRP5, ZC3H12A, OGT, CYP2C9, SCD, CYP1B1, CYP1A2, SAT1, FGFR4, NGF, AKT1, ZNF385B, SETD2, NAAA, AGO2, MYLIP, BRD7, PPM1K, SLC27A6, MIR486-1, BTLA, PDCD4, PDLIM3, GGTLC5P, GGT2, SFTPA1, GGTLC3, NCF1, MAT2B, TOR2A, MIR652, CYTOR, SERP1, COA3, UCA1, REM1, MIR642A, MUC16, POTEF, TMEM43, PLB1, TARDBP, CAMTA1, SZT2, PPARGC1B, TP53COR1, PROKR2, TPSD1, TRS-AGA2-3, SFTPA2, FUNDC1, ACTRT1, HIF1A-AS1, MIR499B, TSPAN15, ARL2BP, APOA1-AS, PHLPP1, RBM45, ARL6IP1, LPIN1, ERICD, CNOT1, RN7SL263P, SIRT1-AS, SIRT2, ATF6, LOC107987479, GNPDA2, LOC110599569, CARD8, ADGRL1, TDGF1P6, TTC7B, NRG4, DAPK2, ATRNL1, TUBA3D, AKR1B1P3, TXNRD3, COMMD7, TIRAP, GGTLC4P, CYGB, FBXO8, PSS, OSBPL11, C1QTNF3, TES, CILP2, C1QTNF6, LRIG1, LINC01672, OMA1, SLC22A12, BEAN1, POU2F3, TXN2, PRDX5, SAMM50, GCA, CERNA1, ZNF318, MTCH2, SENP1, BRD7P3, AAA1, MIR483, MIR98, NPS, SLC44A2, LPAL2, SMYD2, MIR130B, PPP1R2C, PDGFD, MIR125A, PDXP, TBX20, MIRLET7C, C1QTNF12, ASRGL1, ARFGEF3, JPH3, AS3MT, AHRR, ZBTB12, SEMA6A, LINC01194, MIR139, SPIRE1, SPHK2, MIR142, ENAH, KDM3A, MIR17, CENPJ, MIR148A, ARID5B, USE1, SESN2, GPRC5C, MIR144, STOX1, APOL6, TBATA, ZEB1-AS1, MYDGF, COL18A1, CLDND1, JCAD, CHD8, CHD7, BTBD8, TAS2R50, BCL11B, IS1, ACD, TNFAIP8L2, HCAR2, GPIHBP1, BPIFA4P, KCTD1, SERPINA13P, UBE2Z, PAGR1, NOX5, KCTD15, SLC22A24, MAPKAP1, MBOAT7, NEAT1, NIBAN2, GORASP1, ECHDC3, NANOS3, STN1, TNRC6C, SPTBN4, IL27, PRM3, FNDC5, TRPV4, HEATR6, SLC27A1, ENHO, FRMD3, FBRS, AGBL2, HHIP, TICAM2, HCP5B, HSD17B13, ATF7IP, PLXNA3, UBIAD1, ANGPT4, MIR378A, UCN2, CRIM1, KLF3, CD320, TLR8, TNFRSF12A, KRT90P, MIR342, MIR99B, WNT16, MIR331, TRPV2, SYNPO2, PCYOX1, DCDC2, ADTRP, MIR17HG, HSPA14, INSIG2, ABHD5, ADIPOR1, DAB2IP, DSE, CERS2, CALML6, RHOD, VSX1, MIR451A, MIR429, BDNF-AS, IL22, MIR383, PAQR7, IRX4, FOXP3, MLXIPL, MIR382, TNNI3K, CNDP1, MIR99A, SLC35E3, PPP6R3, RLS1, MIR216A, RMST, ATG16L1, PRMT6, NADSYN1, SPRED2, NAT10, MIR200B, SCLY, MIR197, ZBTB7C, PRSS55, MGLL, MIR188, MIR185, KIAA1109, GPRC5D, TRPM7, DYM, TRPM4, MARCHF5, MED15, LSR, GHRL, PTCRA, MIR96, SPZ1, ARID4B, ZGPAT, INPP5K, IL17D, TPCN1, FAM3B, HHIPL1, MIR30C2, UGT1A6, MIR30C1, MIR29C, COG2, A2M, NRM, GCLC, GRIA1, FFAR2, GPR15, UTS2R, CXCR3, GP5, GJA5, CXCL2, GJA4, GGT1, GDF10, MSTN, GCK, GC, GRN, GSN, EDNRB, HLA-DQA1, HSD11B2, HRH1, HPD, HOXD13, HNRNPA1, HNF4A, HLA-DMA, HBA1, HLA-C, HDLBP, HDAC2, HTT, HCRTR2, HCRT, GAP43, GALR1, GAD1, ETV2, FAAH, F13A1, F12, F9, F8, F2RL1, FBL, ACKR1, ERCC3, EPHX1, EPHA1, SLC29A1, EGFR, EFNB2, FANCD2, FAT1, FCGR2A, FDFT1, FDXR, FER, FGF2, FHL1, FHL2, VEGFD, FOXC2, FOXM1, FLNB, FLT3LG, FOLH1, FOS, FOSB, HSF1, HSF4, HSPA1B, MC3R, MFAP4, MEN1, MAP3K3, MEIS1, DNAJB9, ADAM11, MBP, LRP1, MB, MAT1A, MAPT, MAP4, EPCAM, LRPAP1, MIF, FOXO4, MMP3, MMP11, MMP13, MMP14, MPI, MPZ, MRC1, MSR1, MST1, MT1A, MT1B, CYTB, ND5, RNR2, MTRR, LRP6, LOXL1, HSPA2, IL5, ITGB4, ITGB2, IRF6, IRF5, CXCL10, TNFRSF9, IL4R, LNPEP, IL1R1, IGFBP4, IGFBP2, IGFALS, IDH2, IDE, ITPA, JAK2, JUN, JUNB, JUND, KCNE1, KCNJ11, KCNMA1, KCNN4, KLKB1, KRT7, LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3BP, LIPA, LIPE, LMNA, EEF1A1, EDN2, TRNL2, ATP4A, CCND1, BCHE, BBS4, BBS1, ATP5PF, ALDH7A1, ATP12A, BCL2L1, ATHS, ATF3, ARSD, ARNTL, ARG2, AR, BCL2A1, BCL3, LPAR1, BMPR1A, CAV3, CASR, CAPN1, CAMP, CAPN5, SERPING1, BMP2, TNFRSF17, BHMT, CEACAM1, BGN, CFB, BDKRB2, BCR, AQP7, AQP4, AQP1, ACYP2, AKT2, NR0B1, AGRP, ACAN, ADRA2A, ADAM8, ACVRL1, APOH, ACP1, ACHE, ACAT1, ABL1, ABCA2, AAVS1, ALCAM, ALDH9A1, ALOX15, ALPL, ALPP, AMBP, AMCN, AMD1, AMD1P2, AMH, ANG, ANXA5, ANXA7, AOC2, APCS, APEX1, BIRC3, RUNX1, RUNX3, SERPINH1, NKX2-5, CYP2B6, CYP1A1, CTSL, CTSD, CTRL, CTNNB1, CSTB, CREM, VCAN, CSN3, CSN2, CSF3, CSF1, CRY1, CYP2C18, CYP3A5, CYP27A1, DACH1, DCN, DDT, DES, DHCR7, DMBT1, DMD, TRDMT1, DNMT3A, DRD4, TSC22D3, HBEGF, ECE1, TYMP, CRMP1, CPOX, CD6, CDK8, CENPC, CEBPD, CEBPB, CEBPA, CEACAM5, CDK9, CDC42, CORT, CDC25C, CD74, CD40, CD86, CD28, CD19, CES1, CETN1, CGA, CHGB, CHM, CISH, CLCN3, CLCN7, LTB4R, CMM, COL5A1, COL5A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COMP, KLF6, TRNL1, MUC1, PACSIN2, MBTPS1, TMEM11, IQGAP1, IL18R1, IL18RAP, CREG1, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF25, GGH, GALNT4, BECN1, VAMP8, SOCS1, TP63, DENR, SOCS2, CCN6, TNFAIP6, ARTN, DCLK1, OSMR, HGS, ARHGEF1, ANGPTL1, AIP, CCRL2, HDAC3, KALRN, TIMELESS, AP1G2, SPHK1, VNN1, ALKBH1, CYP4F2, RGS5, SOAT2, VDAC1, YWHAZ, XDH, WNT5A, NSD2, VTN, VHL, UTRN, NR0B2, UCP1, UCN, TYMS, TXNRD1, TNFSF4, TRPC1, LRP8, BSND, LEPQTL1, LAG5, TFEB, TFPI2, ARHGEF5, FOSL1, AAAS, HMGA2, AKAP1, TAM, ESS2, KDM5D, DYSF, ACOX2, BRAP, MSC, GPR55, CD163, PROCR, GJB6, NES, TRAF3IP2, OGA, CORIN, TXNIP, CIB1, FSTL3, STK25, FST, PPIH, IFI30, SPON2, APBB3, CCL27, HPSE, PROKR1, GADD45G, COPS8, PRDX3, GPR75, STIP1, KCNQ1OT1, KLK11, ESM1, WDR5, ADAMTS5, WDHD1, SLC2A6, NISCH, WIF1, EFS, SPRY2, SLIT2, H6PD, ELMO1, PCLAF, RIPOR2, NOS1AP, PPP6R2, NUP155, GMFG, SPRY1, ADAMTS1, CHST3, MAP4K4, AIM2, MED23, COX5A, MAGI2, RNF10, MFN2, SLC23A2, SCO2, NAALAD2, SRA1, PDCD6IP, SLC17A4, DNM1L, PTPRU, GPC6, PPIF, LRPPRC, G3BP1, ABI2, PRG4, TRAF6, TLR1, MYH7, PRKD1, EIF2AK2, MAPK10, MAPK9, MAPK8, MAPK7, PRKG1, PRKCA, MASP1, PRKAR2A, PRKAR1A, PREP, PPID, PODXL, SEPTIN4, PRL, RELN, TIMP4, RAC1, RNASE3, RNASE1, RIEG2, RELA, RASGRF1, RARA, PTPN11, HTRA1, PTGER3, PTGER2, PTGDS, TAS2R38, PTAFR, PSMA6, PMP22, PMM2, PLK1, NOTCH4, OPA1, OGG1, NR4A2, NUCB2, NT5E, NPY1R, NNMT, PLIN1, NME1, NM, NFKB1, NF1, MYOD1, MYLK, OPRK1, SLC22A18, OSM, OXA1L, PAEP, SERPINB2, PC, PCBP1, PDE4D, PDGFB, ENPP3, PDR, PEPD, SLC25A3, PIN1, PIP, PLAUR, BRD2, RNU1-4, ROBO1, STAT4, ADAM17, SYT1, ABCC8, SULT1A1, STK11, SULT1E1, SERPINA3, SMS, STAT2, ST13, SSB, SRM, SOS1, SORL1, TACR1, TAGLN, TAL1, TBXAS1, TRA, TERC, TERF1, TERT, TFR2, TFRC, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, THBS2, THBS4, THPO, TIAM1, TIMP1, SNAP25, SMPD1, RPE, SCN2A, CCL20, CCL7, CCL3, SCT, SCN10A, SCN8A, ACSM3, SMO, SAG, RYR3, RYR2, RYR1, RPS20, RPS6KB1, CCL21, CCL22, CCL23, SFRP1, SHC1, SLC1A5, SLC5A1, SLC6A7, SLC8A1, SLC9A1, SLC10A1, SLC12A3, SLC19A1, SLC20A2, SLC22A2, SLPI, SMARCA4, LOC113664106
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Cirrhosis
Wikipedia
Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis Cirrhosis Other names Cirrhosis of the liver, hepatic cirrhosis The abdomen of a person with cirrhosis showing massive fluid buildup and very visible veins Pronunciation / s ɪ ˈ r oʊ s ɪ s / Specialty Gastroenterology , Hepatology Symptoms Tired , itchy , swelling in the lower legs , yellow skin , easily bruise, fluid buildup in the abdomen [1] Complications Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis , hepatic encephalopathy , dilated veins in the esophagus , liver cancer [1] Usual onset Over months or years [1] Duration Long term [1] Causes Alcohol , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [1] [2] Diagnostic method Blood tests, medical imaging , liver biopsy [1] Prevention Vaccination (such as hepatitis B ), avoiding alcohol [1] Treatment Depends on underlying cause [1] Frequency 2.8 million (2015) [3] Deaths 1.3 million (2015) [4] Cirrhosis , also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis , is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage. [1] Scar tissue formation, known as fibrosis , is formed during the process of liver tissue repair. [5] It is the presence of significant fibrosis from chronic liver damage and subsequent repair that in time can lead to cirrhosis. [5] Typically, the disease develops slowly over months or years. [1] Early on, there are often no symptoms. [1] As the disease worsens, a person may become tired , weak , itchy , have swelling in the lower legs , develop yellow skin , bruise easily, have fluid buildup in the abdomen , or develop spider-like blood vessels on the skin . [1] The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected . [1] Other serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy , bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus or dilated stomach veins , and liver cancer . [1] Hepatic encephalopathy results in confusion and may lead to unconsciousness . [1] Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . [1] [2] Typically, more than two or three alcoholic drinks per day over a number of years is required for alcoholic cirrhosis to occur. [1] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has a number of causes, including being overweight , diabetes , high blood fats , and high blood pressure . [1] A number of less common causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune hepatitis , primary biliary cholangitis , hemochromatosis , certain medications, and gallstones . [1] Diagnosis is based on blood testing, medical imaging , and liver biopsy . [1] Some causes of cirrhosis, such as hepatitis B, can be prevented by vaccination . [1] Treatment partly depends on the underlying cause, [1] but the goal is often to prevent worsening and complications. [1] Avoiding alcohol is recommended in all cases of cirrhosis. [1] Hepatitis B and C may be treatable with antiviral medications . [1] Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with steroid medications . [1] Ursodiol may be useful if the disease is due to blockage of the bile ducts . [1] Other medications may be useful for complications such as abdominal or leg swelling, hepatic encephalopathy , and dilated esophageal veins . [1] In severe cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be an option. [1] Cirrhosis affected about 2.8 million people and resulted in 1.3 million deaths in 2015. [3] [4] Of these deaths, alcohol caused 348,000, hepatitis C caused 326,000, and hepatitis B caused 371,000. [4] In the United States, more men die of cirrhosis than women. [1] The first known description of the condition is by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE. [6] The term cirrhosis was invented in 1819, from a Greek word for the yellowish color of a diseased liver. [7] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Liver dysfunction 1.2 Portal hypertension 1.3 Unestablished cause 1.4 Advanced disease 2 Causes 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Lab findings 4.2 Imaging 4.3 Endoscopy 4.4 Pathology 4.5 Grading 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Preventing further liver damage 6.2 Transplantation 6.3 Decompensated cirrhosis 6.4 Palliative care 7 Complications 7.1 Ascites 7.2 Esophageal variceal bleeding 7.3 Hepatic encephalopathy 7.4 Hepatorenal syndrome 7.5 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 7.6 Portal hypertensive gastropathy 7.7 Infection 7.8 Hepatocellular carcinoma 8 Epidemiology 9 Etymology 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Liver cirrhosis. ... Acute kidney injury (particularly hepatorenal syndrome ). [18] Cachexia associated with muscle wasting and weakness. [19] Causes [ edit ] Liver cirrhosis has many possible causes; sometimes more than one cause is present in the same person. ... Ultrasound may also screen for hepatocellular carcinoma, portal hypertension, and Budd-Chiari syndrome (by assessing flow in the hepatic vein). ... TIPS is generally regarded only as a bridge to liver transplantation [57] or as a palliative measure. [ citation needed ] Hepatic encephalopathy [ edit ] Hepatic encephalopathy is a potential complication of liver cirrhosis that may lead to functional neuronal impairment, ranging from mild confusion to comatose state. [58] Common first line treatment of hepatic encephalopathy may include oral lactulose or the antibiotic rifaximin . [58] Past treatment of hepatic encephalopathy included a low-protein diet. [59] It was thought that this diet could help improve the mental status of people with hepatic encephalopathy and portosystemic shunts . [59] However, a low protein diet is no longer recommended because it can cause nutritional deficiencies in people with hepatic encephalopathy. [59] Protein uptake is now encouraged to at least match general recommendations for cirrhosis. [59] A low protein diet is only recommended for short term use in people with severe hepatic encephalopathy and gastrointestinal bleeding . [59] Hepatorenal syndrome [ edit ] The hepatorenal syndrome is defined as a urine sodium less than 10 mmol/L and a serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl (or 24 hour creatinine clearance less than 40 ml/min) after a trial of volume expansion without diuretics. [60] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [ edit ] People with ascites due to cirrhosis are at risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis .NFE2L2, AGT, FLT1, MMP2, ALAD, FBN1, ATP7B, LGALS3BP, TGFB1, SERPINA1, HGF, VEGFA, REN, IFNA1, ALB, IL6, F2, CD14, CTNNB1, ABCB4, CCN2, KRT18, KRT8, SPP1, FGF2, F3, VIM, VTN, IGFBP1, LUM, CCL2, CYP1A2, GC, FGFR2, FGF7, F5, COL1A1, PLAU, PTEN, COL1A2, STAT1, THBS1, RGN, NPC1, CNR1, CNR2, LOXL1, COL3A1, MIR29C, CP, F2R, SERPING1, MIR885, MIR30B, AHR, HSD11B2, MIR215, CD9, TGFBR1, TLR4, SERPINH1, SERPINA6, TNFRSF1B, HDAC2, DHCR7, SPARC, CYP27A1, COL5A2, IGFBP2, JUND, PLOD2, CYBA, LAMC2, LGALS1, PCOLCE, CHRM3, NPPA, LOX, SMAD3, C1QB, A2M, ANKS6, ADRA1A, SLC17A2, TRPM7, MIR30C2, ARNT, COMMD1, MIR302C, ARRB1, SLC13A4, CYP2R1, UNC93B1, PEMT, MIR376C, MIR503, TAGLN2, SLC22A8, TMEM67, MIR942, BAMBI, ACTA2, MIR764, SLC30A10, MIR21, GSTM1, FAH, DNMT1, MMP1, SPINT1, MIR145, NOS3, EDN1, FGF19, ELN, LBP, WDR35, CYGB, PDGFB, NQO1, PDIA3, PTN, PDGFD, AKAP12, RAD50, KLKB1, NR1H4, MUC2, GCLC, RGS2, PNPLA3, EGR1, MERTK, RNF7, GPT, DDX60L, FDFT1, IFNA13, GSTP1, ALDH2, IFNG, IL10, EHBP1L1, CYP2E1, IFNL3, HFE, MIR122, IGF1, HLA-DRB1, AFP, VWF, FBL, CRP, CDKN2A, TP53, SLC17A5, TNF, COL13A1, GOLM1, FARSB, CCL4, GLT8D2, CRACR2A, TFAM, ABCB11, IL17A, TM6SF2, PAEP, TERT, EGF, CAV1, TLR2, STAT3, ADH1C, CXCL8, CST3, SOCS1, RBM45, IGF2, IL18, RETN, RASSF1, ADH1B, HP, PTGS2, IL1B, LCN2, SLC25A1, SLC10A1, MBL2, ADIPOQ, AVP, CYP3A4, THPO, ACE, HAMP, ACTB, MTHFR, LOC102724197, GABPA, CCL4L2, ADAMTS13, AKR1A1, ESR1, RSC1A1, HMOX1, PPARG, LEP, IFNA2, MMRN1, PHKG2, CCL4L1, MPO, CXCL10, NOD2, MBOAT7, GGTLC1, LIPA, H3P10, CYP2C19, MDM2, FN1, CYP1A1, PROM1, APOE, GGTLC3, IL4, GGT1, IL1RN, FAS, GPC3, GLS, SOD2, MIR221, VIPR1, HSPA5, VDR, ADRB2, FGF21, GGTLC4P, CASP1, HLA-DQA1, TGFA, HIF1A, GGTLC5P, GGT2, PON1, TIMP1, SERPINE1, COX8A, MMP9, MTCO2P12, COX2, PCNA, CHI3L1, SST, HAVCR2, MIR223, MIR224, SPINK1, NGF, CLTC, CD44, PIK3CD, MST1, PRKN, TERC, CD274, MMP13, MMP8, MMP7, THBD, MMP3, CBLL2, ADAM17, SMN2, PIK3CG, IFI27, MUL1, CYBB, APOB, MIR146A, PIK3CB, PSMD9, MIR155, KDR, PIK3CA, KIR3DL1, AGTR1, CYP2D6, APC, IL2, KRT19, AQP1, TICAM2, SHBG, AQP2, SLC4A1, SMN1, RARRES2, TMED7, TIMP2, GHR, EDNRA, ZNRD2, BMP7, EDNRB, PCSK7, DCTN6, GFER, ZNF267, GEM, MSTN, TNFSF10, TMED7-TICAM2, GCG, FUT1, VIP, UTS2, OPN1SW, BCHE, LOC110806263, GSTT1, TRIO, TLR3, DNMT3B, H3P23, SOCS3, DHDDS, KHDRBS1, XPR1, DCLK1, SPRY2, BCL2, XPO4, TNFSF13B, PLA2G2A, ADIPOR2, CEACAM5, BAGE, PGF, NR3C2, APOA1, MGMT, LYVE1, CXCL9, EHMT1, KEAP1, ALPP, SERPINF1, RAPGEF5, MYC, NAGLU, AZIN2, MTFMT, DEPDC5, MUC16, CLU, CKS2, KLF2, SLC11A2, SYVN1, MINDY4, OSM, OTC, SLCO6A1, YAP1, GDF15, AVPR2, BLVRA, KL, PPIG, PECAM1, BCR, PTX3, PROX1, TAP1, EXTL3, SYNM, DDAH1, GP6, DCTN4, SMUG1, MET, SOST, NUP62, GCA, TALDO1, FOXP3, IL22, TLR7, NOX4, CD34, STS, TFPI, TFR2, TFRC, PYCARD, TNFAIP3, CAT, HPGDS, RUNX3, GNMT, XRCC1, SOX9, SQSTM1, SELP, NR1I2, PTH, CDKN1A, NAAA, RAC1, AKR1B10, BECN1, SLC12A9, CHPT1, SCN7A, CCL5, CXCL11, SFRP2, XRCC5, PDE5A, UGT1A7, AOC3, CAVIN2, ARID4B, GHRL, NBAS, KLRK1, DKK1, AXIN1, ISYNA1, CXCR4, SELENOP, NAMPT, MIR22, MIR203A, GH1, IGFBP3, SMIM1, DNMT3A, POTEF, IGF2R, GSTK1, LAIR1, ARSH, MIR199A1, GAPDH, MIR182, CSF3, DBP, HCC, MTOR, IFNAR1, LGALS3, MIR199A2, E2F1, LINC01672, IRF3, CYP2B6, CXCL1, ZGLP1, GRB2, GPX1, ATN1, MIR148A, UTS2R, GLUL, MIRLET7C, IL2RA, MIR196A2, GLP1R, GLO1, MIR125A, MIR106B, GTF2H1, JAK2, GADL1, HSD17B13, MIR17, COPD, F8, AKT1, TNC, HTR2A, PRMT1, MIR222, CPE, EP300, MIR29A, IL27, ENG, TP53COR1, MIR27A, FCGR3B, MIR34A, FCGR3A, KLRC4-KLRK1, EGFR, DCN, HNF4A, DDX5, BTBD8, MIR338, DDX53, FGFR4, EPHB2, DLAT, CR1, BMPER, ATRNL1, CCR2, HAR1B, MIR744, HOTAIR, MBL3P, MIR454, PTPN22, MIR96, GSPT2, WWTR1, RNA28SN5, CNTNAP2, SH2B1, CHMP2B, SERPINC1, MIR423, ARRB2, MSMP, ACYP2, ADAR, MYLIP, LAMTOR2, HTRA2, SFTPA1, MIR545, RBMS3, TRPM5, MIR331, ADARB1, ICOS, PDLIM3, MIR17HG, MIR571, MIR652, RMC1, KRT8P3, HULC, DKK3, NENF, FOXP1, MIR499A, NOX1, SOCS7, USP21, SLC40A1, NCOA6, SRRM2, GAS5-AS1, CIB1, MICA, NPC2, IGF2BP2, MINCR, CCAT1, CXCR6, SNHG18, CABIN1, OGA, PPP1R13L, CCL27, MIR3667, MIR3648-1, MIR3677, SUB1, VAT1, FST, ERVW-4, LINC-ROR, CALCOCO2, H3P8, SPRY1, DENND4A, RNU6-392P, CDK2AP2, MARCHF6, LARP1BP2, AZU1, AZGP1, AAVS1, PIAS3, IFITM3, IFNL4, GPNMB, RALBP1, KCNQ1OT1, COPS5, ATD, PAXIP1, NT5C2, MIR30A, SETD1B, KIF1B, MCF2L2, TBC1D9, MIR943, ACVRL1, SULF1, NUP210, SIRT3, SIRT1, ANGPTL2, MIR873, SIRT2, ACHE, HOTTIP, SYCE1L, SLC27A5, ABO, ADRM1, ESM1, ATIC, RPP14, FTX, ZWINT, ATHS, MIR1304, MIR1247, WIF1, AKAP13, VASH1, MLXIP, ADH5, PLB1, DERL2, MAGT1, ARHGAP24, NUF2, EIF1, FSD1L, IMMP2L, TMPRSS13, MACC1, NANOS3, LMLN, NANOS1, SARNP, MAK16, TRIM63, GPT2, ABCB5, AOX1, ZNF699, SHARPIN, ENHO, SERPINA13P, TNFAIP8L2, MIR126, CYBRD1, JAG1, DENND2D, MIR101-1, GUCY2EP, ASRGL1, BIRC5, CPEB4, WNT10A, BIRC3, PDCD1LG2, COL18A1, APEX1, FOXD2-AS1, UNC5A, MIR139, MARCHF8, RXFP2, HSPA12A, OSCP1, ALPI, BCL6B, ABCD1, CTAG1A, FOLH1B, ANXA5, VPS37A, CKS1BP7, ALDOB, HT, OR2AG1, TMC4, RNF187, ASPM, SPPL3, GRDX, DCD, ANXA2, CTBP1-AS, BOC, ANGPT2, SFXN1, CAVIN3, IL17F, CAVIN1, NEAT1, NLRP3, ANGPT1, NOSTRIN, ADGRF1, CTHRC1, CLNK, MIR130B, BIRC7, ADRB3, ATG16L1, IL17D, MIR214, TLR9, NANS, MIR210, AGA, PINX1, PIWIL2, TENM3, MIR20A, NAT10, STEAP3, NUDT15, MIR199B, HES6, UBE2Q1, CD244, AFM, DNAJB11, SF3B6, GMNN, ADIPOR1, ANGPTL4, JPT1, MARCHF2, MIR24-1, AR, MIR23B, THEM6, PLA1A, TRPV2, EVL, ALOX5, MIR219A1, AZIN1, TRMU, ALLC, MIR141, AGRP, SCAF1, IL21, MIR150, GER, SH2D4A, GOLPH3, VSIR, HHIP, PAG1, GORASP1, SMURF2, WNK1, FRTS1, MIR142, FSD1, MMEL1, CXCL16, ZNF410, MIR18A, CIP2A, MYDGF, CCL28, APRT, PNO1, MIR196A1, TWSG1, PDSS2, RTN4, AICDA, MAVS, APOH, MIR195, SEMA6A, MIR192, KLHL1, BCL2L12, ETV3, FAM13A, CRH, LIG4, LMNB1, CPT1A, CLDN3, LTA, CYP4F3, EPCAM, MARCKS, SMAD1, CPB1, SMAD4, MAS1, MAT1A, MAT2A, MATN2, MCAM, MCC, MCM2, MEF2A, MFAP1, MFGE8, LIF, CSF1, ENAM, LDLR, IRF7, IRS1, ISG20, ITGA2B, ITGAM, ITGB1, ITK, ITPA, KCNJ5, KIR2DS4, CX3CR1, KNG1, KIF11, CTSL, CTLA4, LAG3, LALBA, CTAG1B, STMN1, CSTB, CSN3, MIF, ATXN3, MLN, KLF6, NOTCH4, CCN3, NPM1, CKS1B, NPPB, NT5E, NUP98, OAS1, OATP1, TNFRSF11B, OPRD1, CISH, PC, PDCD1, PDE4A, PDE1B, CEACAM8, PDGFRA, PDK1, ENPP2, ATP8B1, NOTCH3, NPY, NOS2, MTTP, COMP, MMP14, ABCC2, MPV17, MSH2, MSMB, MSX2, MTAP, CCR5, MTR, NOS1, CMD1B, NCAM1, NELL1, NFATC1, NFE2, NFKBIA, NGFR, NM, NME1, IRF5, IRF1, INSRR, CFHR1, GDF2, GIP, GLB1, GLI1, GLI2, GNB3, GNRH1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, CXCL2, SLC26A3, GSK3B, GSN, GSTA1, DPP4, GSTM2, HABP2, HARS1, HDAC1, HDLBP, HEXB, GCK, GCDH, TYMP, FDX1, ERBB2, EPAS1, FABP4, ENO1, FAP, FBN2, FCN1, FCN2, ELAVL2, EIF2S3, GALT, EIF2S1, FHIT, FHL2, FOXC2, FOXO3, FMOD, FOLH1, NR5A2, GAST, DNASE1, DMRT1, INS, HGFAC, HTR7, IAPP, ICAM1, DCC, IFNAR2, DGKB, IGF1R, CYP27B1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, JCHAIN, IL1A, CYP4A11, IL1R1, CXCR1, IL9, IL10RA, TNFRSF9, CYP3A7, CYP2A6, IDO1, NDST1, HSPG2, HSPA9, HLA-DRB3, HIC1, UBE2K, HK3, HLA-A, HLA-C, HLA-DMA, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQB1, DMBT1, HMBS, HSPA8, HMGB3, HMGCS2, HOXA10, DGUOK, HPD, HPX, DECR1, HSF4, HSPA4, ABCB1, CEACAM7, PHB, PLA2G6, TSC2, TTR, TYR, UCP2, UMOD, UQCRFS1, USF2, VCAM1, DDR1, VEGFC, CA9, TRPV1, KLF9, WNT2, YWHAZ, ZKSCAN1, ZNF148, MANF, ST8SIA4, NR4A3, ADAM12, TSC1, TRH, TRAF6, KLF10, TF, TNFRSF8, CD5L, TGFBI, CD1D, TGM2, CCT, THBS4, THY1, TIMP3, HSP90B1, CASR, TLR5, TM7SF2, CASP3, TNFRSF1A, CALR, TP73, TPMT, TPO, AXIN2, BSG, TEK, NR0B2, CD163, SLIT2, LHX2, PRDM1, GSTO1, AIM2, GGPS1, CIR1, MACROH2A1, CFB, BDNF, KLK4, TTC37, PPIP5K1, HERPUD1, HEPH, MFN2, BCL3, NR1D2, TANK, ABCB6, CYTH2, AURKB, FIBP, NRP1, SMARCA5, DGKE, BPI, NUMB, GPAA1, RIPK1, TNFRSF6B, IQGAP1, NRP2, DLEU2, HGS, APLN, SPHK1, EIF2S2, CCNA1, P4HA2, HSPB3, ARTN, BMP1, ARHGEF1, TEP1, TDGF1P3, PHEX, SAA1, PSMC5, PSMD10, PTBP1, CDKN2B, PTGDS, CDKN1B, QSOX1, RAB27A, RARB, RASGRF2, RB1, RBP1, RBP4, RELA, CDK5, CDH13, RNH1, RNU1-4, RPS27A, RRM2, CDH11, PSG2, KLK10, PROS1, PRRX1, CEACAM3, CEBPA, PIGR, PIN1, PLA2G1B, PLA2G4A, PLG, CDO1, PLXNA2, POMC, PROC, CDKN3, PPP2CA, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, MAPK1, MAPK8, PRL, PRLR, S100A9, SAA2, TDGF1, TSPAN31, SNCA, SNCG, SOD1, SOX1, CD63, CD47, SPTBN1, SRC, SRY, SSTR2, ST14, ENTPD1, CD36, STAT4, SYK, SYT1, TALDO1P1, TAP2, TAT, TAZ, HNF1A, SIGLEC1, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SFRP5, SERPINB3, CDH1, CDK1, CCL14, CXCL5, SDC1, CXCL12, AADAC, SFRP1, SRSF3, SMARCA1, SRSF5, ST6GAL1, SKP2, SLC2A4, SLC6A3, CD69, SLC11A1, CD68, SLPI, VPS51
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Wikipedia
Centers for Disease Control. 2018-10-26. v t e Proteobacteria -associated Gram-negative bacterial infections α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill–Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite-borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea-borne Rickettsia felis Flea-borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M− Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX− ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 O104:H4 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow/weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac− H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S− Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet-like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain–Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis v t e Tick-borne diseases and infestations Diseases Bacterial infections Rickettsiales Anaplasmosis Boutonneuse fever Ehrlichiosis ( Human granulocytic , Human monocytotropic , Human E. ewingii infection ) Scrub typhus Spotted fever rickettsiosis Pacific Coast tick fever American tick bite fever rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever ) Spirochaete Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome Lyme disease Relapsing fever borreliosis Thiotrichales Tularemia Viral infections Bhanja virus Bourbon virus Colorado tick fever Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever Heartland bandavirus Kemerovo tickborne viral fever Kyasanur Forest disease Omsk hemorrhagic fever Powassan encephalitis Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Tete orthobunyavirus Tick-borne encephalitis Protozoan infections Babesiosis Other diseases Tick paralysis Alpha-gal allergy Southern tick-associated rash illness Infestations Tick infestation Species and bites Amblyomma Amblyomma americanum Amblyomma cajennense Amblyomma triguttatum Dermacentor Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes Ixodes cornuatus Ixodes holocyclus Ixodes pacificus Ixodes ricinus Ixodes scapularis Ornithodoros Ornithodoros gurneyi Ornithodoros hermsi Ornithodoros moubata Other Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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Neonatal Infection
Wikipedia
There is a higher risk of infection for preterm or low birth weight neonates. Infant respiratory distress syndrome is often a condition of preterm neonates that can have long-term negative consequences, it can also arise following an infection. ... Risk factors for neonatal infection within the first week Factor Notes References prematurity birth before 40 weeks gestation [8] meconium aspiration inspiration of stool in utero [14] Postpartum endometritis inflammation of the uterus after the birth [14] low birth weight < 40 weeks gestation [8] [15] premature rupture of membranes <12 hours [5] [8] [15] [28] prolonged premature rupture of membranes >12 hours [5] [28] pre-term onset of labor labor begins before 40 weeks gestation [8] [15] chorioamnionitis inflammation of the fetal membranes(amnion and chorion) due to a bacterial infection [8] vaginal discharge abnormal discharge can be a result of an infection [8] tender uterus discomfort when the uterus is examined [29] rupture of membranes <12 hours [5] prolonged rupture of membranes >12 hours) [8] [29] in utero infection with pathogens the period of infection allows for the logarithmic growth of pathogens [7] maternal urinary tract infection bladder and/or kidney infection [8] prolonged labor [29] vaginal examinations during labor risk increases with the number of vaginal examinations during labor [8] [29] maternal colonization with group B streptococcus the presence of this bacterium is usually asymptomatic [5] [8] previous baby with early-onset GBS infection [8] [29] gender males are more susceptible;This risk declines after respiratory distress syndrome is treated [15] multiples risk is increased for the firstborn [15] iron supplementation iron is a growth factor for some bacteria [15] maternal intrapartum fever > 38 °C [8] [28] after insertion of intravenous line may introduce pathogens into the circulation [15] immature immune system [15] invasive medical procedures may introduce pathogens into the circulation [15] hypoxia unexpected resuscitation after birth [15] [29] low socioeconomic status [15] hypothermia relatively low blood temperature [15] metabolic acidosis a pH imbalance in the blood [15] obstetrical complications [15] prevalence of resistant bacteria in the neonatal intensive care unit nosomial populations [15] maternal exposure to Toxoplasmosis gondii a parasite present in cat litter and other animal excrement [27] Risk factors for late onset for neonatal infection >one week after birth Factor Notes References after insertion of an intravenous line hypothermia poor feeding lethargy more likely to develop osteoarthritis soft tissue infection meningitits [15] Mother resides in endemic malaria area [25] The risk for developing catheter-related infections is offset by the increased survival rate of premature infants that have early onset sepsis. ... The widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the nursery intensive care unit can cause a higher prevalence of invasive antibiotic resistant bacteria. [15] Meconium aspiration syndrome has a mortality rate just over 4%. ... Classification D ICD - 10 : P36 A50 P37 P35 P23 Y95 v t e Conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease Maternal factors complicating pregnancy, labour or delivery placenta Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery presentation Breech birth Asynclitism Shoulder presentation Growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postterm pregnancy Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalohematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus injury Erb's palsy Klumpke paralysis Affected systems Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome Pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson–Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Bleeding and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency bleeding HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Gastrointestinal Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infections Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection rubella herpes simplex mycoplasma hominis ureaplasma urealyticum Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal v t e Vertically transmitted infections Gestational Viruses Congenital rubella syndrome Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Neonatal herpes simplex Hepatitis B Congenital varicella syndrome HIV Fifth disease Bacteria Congenital syphilis Other Toxoplasmosis transplacental TORCH complex During birth transcervical Candidiasis Gonorrhea Listeriosis Late pregnancy Listeriosis Congenital cytomegalovirus infection By breastfeeding Breastfeeding Tuberculosis HIV
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Alcohol And Health
Wikipedia
The most severe form of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). [30] Problems associated with FASD include facial anomalies, low birth weight , stunted growth , small head size , delayed or uncoordinated motor skills , hearing or vision problems , learning disabilities , behavior problems , and inappropriate social skills compared to same-age peers . [32] [33] Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and develop substance use disorders like excessive drinking themselves. [32] Cardiovascular disease [ edit ] Main article: Alcohol and cardiovascular disease In 2010, a systematic review reported that moderate consumption of alcohol does not cause harm to people with cardiovascular disease. ... These effects are labeled "PAWS", or "post acute withdrawal syndrome". Someone who abstains, but has a latent desire to resume use, is not considered truly sober. ... Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Division of Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine (1995). Fetal alcohol syndrome : diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment . ... Sulfonic acids : Acamprosate Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol History Bratt System Related Index of alcohol-related articles Austrian syndrome Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Brief intervention Gateway drug effect Last call Mood disorder Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Self-medication Spins Sober companion Sober living houses Sobering center Town drunk Category v t e Psychoactive substance-related disorder General SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal : Craving Neonatal withdrawal Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) SUD Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Combined substance use SUD Polysubstance dependence SID Combined drug intoxication (CDI) Alcohol SID Cardiovascular diseases Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction (AFR) Gastrointestinal diseases Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): Alcoholic hepatitis Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) Endocrine diseases Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) Nervous system diseases Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) Alcohol intoxication Hangover Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcoholic polyneuropathy Alcohol-related brain damage Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS): Alcoholic hallucinosis Delirium tremens (DTs) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Korsakoff syndrome Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS, Korsakoff psychosis) Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) Respiratory tract diseases Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions Alcoholic lung disease SUD Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD)) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder Caffeine-induced sleep disorder Caffeinism SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Cannabis arteritis Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) SUD Amotivational syndrome Cannabis use disorder (CUD) Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) Nicotine SID Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Opioids SID Opioid overdose SUD Opioid use disorder (OUD) Sedative / hypnotic SID Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) benzodiazepine : SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine uALDH2, AVPR1B, SLC29A1, GGT1, ADH1B, NCALD, PECR, PLGRKT, FSTL5, ANKS1B, PKNOX2, LHPP, SLC39A8, FTO, CSRNP3, IGSF22, AGBL4, C15orf32, RHBDL2, SERINC2, CCSER1, STX18-AS1, LINC02268, LINC01818, LINC02661, AOX3P, MREG, C16orf72, ARL15, NRXN1, ADH4, CTNNA2, ESRRG, GCKR, GRK5, KCNJ6, MICB, ADH1C, BRAP, MBNL2, SEMA3A, STAG3, KLF12, IGSF9B, PPP1R16B, FAM162A, UTP20, AOX3P-AOX2P, GSTM2, GSTM1
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Huntington Disease
Omim
Kerbeshian et al. (1991) described a patient with childhood-onset Tourette syndrome (137580) who later developed Huntington disease. ... This information helped map the HD locus to 4p. Most 4p- syndrome patients do not survive long enough to develop manifestations of HD. Tranebjaerg et al. (1984) concluded that the 'critical segment' in Wolf syndrome is 4p16.3. McKeown et al. (1987) found that the G8 locus was not deleted in a case of 4p- syndrome. ... Of their 2 patients, 1 had the typical phenotype of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) with a minute deletion of the segment p16.1-p16.3. ... The findings indicated that the HD mutation involves an unstable DNA segment similar to those previously observed in several disorders, including the fragile X syndrome (300624), Kennedy syndrome (313200), and myotonic dystrophy.
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Mood Disorder
Wikipedia
There are several sub-types of depressive disorders or psychiatric syndromes featuring less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to but milder than MDD) and cyclothymic disorder (similar to but milder than BD). [2] [ page needed ] Mood disorders may also be substance induced or occur in response to a medical condition . ... Catatonic symptoms can also occur in schizophrenia or a manic episode , or can be due to neuroleptic malignant syndrome . [13] Postpartum depression ( PPD ) is listed as a course specifier in DSM-IV-TR; it refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. ... ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1 . ^ American Psychiatric Association 2000 , p. 425 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2000 ( help ) ^ Rosenthal, N.E (1984). "A Description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with Light Therapy" . ... "Protracted benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome mimicking psychotic depression" (PDF) . ... "Protracted Withdrawal From Benzodiazepines: The Post-Withdrawal Syndrome" . Psychiatric Annals . 25 (3): 174–179. doi : 10.3928/0048-5713-19950301-11 . ^ Professor Heather Ashton (2004).SLC6A4, NR3C1, POLG, ADCY8, DRD2, NCAM1, CREB1, COMT, BDNF, HTR2A, CRH, CLOCK, DISC1, MAOA, TH, HTR1A, FKBP5, P2RX7, DRD4, TPH1, CACNA1C, TPH2, WFS1, NPY, GSK3B, TNF, TAC1, CRHR1, HTR2C, NTRK2, GPR50, ESR1, OPRK1, PRL, DBH, ABO, HP, GABRA1, SLC6A3, SIRT2, MTHFR, DLG4, GRIN2A, DTNBP1, PDYN, AKT1, DRD3, PROKR2, MCHR1, HTR5A, AVPR1B, GNB3, ZNF804A, FGF2, DAOA, S100B, RELN, MAOB, FMR1, GAL, HCRTR1, NTF3, DLG3, IMPA2, GRM3, GRM2, GAD1, GRIK2, MAP2, GAD2, PROK2, HTR3A, FAAH, IL1RN, DISC2, HTR6, CYP2D6, TACR1, SLC6A2, ARNTL, SMS, CRHBP, PLA2G1B, TIMELESS, SERPINA1, ATP2A2, CRHR2, AR, GABRB2, GABRA6, GABRA5, CRTC1, SLC12A5, MAGEL2, SIGMAR1, RARA, VPS13A, ADRA2A, VIP, GABRD, SIRT1, VGF, SAT1, FEV, ANK3, HTR4, SLC1A2, TSNAX, VEGFA, TSNAX-DISC1, SLC5A7, HES6, GPRC5D, HPGDS, ADRB1, GCH1, ARRB2, TSPAN8, IL9R, SPR, FZD3, HCN4, CRYZ, TBX1, NTSR1, DAO, HIF1A, TGFB1, NTRK3, TGOLN2, NQO1, PAWR, NPY2R, HSPA4, DNMT1, DNMT3B, EDN1, PNOC, HTR1B, ADORA2A, ADCY7, MYO5B, PFKL, SST, RNPS1, CHRM2, CHRM3, ABCG1, FTO, SSTR3, SERTAD1, HSP90AA1, OXT, HTR7, NFKB1, TBC1D25, NTS, HDAC4, RGS6, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3, ERDA1, BSCL2, KAT2B, PMCH, PPARG, PRNP, LDHA, S100A10, KCNK9, PTGS2, HDAC2, SMOX, GAP43, FOSB, DUSP6, GLUL, DCTN1, CACNA1D, AMBP, HDAC1, ADRA2C, ADRA1B, ADCY3, HTT, KCTD12, HCN1, LINC02210-CRHR1, ERBB4, PDE4B, NEGR1, DCLK2, LINC01618, CDH8, MAD1L1, DPY19L3, PHF2, AREL1, EGFLAM, KLHL29, PAFAH1B1, CSE1L, RABGAP1L, SPSB4, NR1H3, CSTF3, NAV3, DAG1, BAIAP2, DGKG, KLHDC8B, WNT3, SSPN, SLC44A5, TCF4, LINC02040, GNG12-AS1, NCAM1-AS1, C6orf99, APBB2, UBA7, MAPT-AS1, RERE, LINC00461, SMIM4, RAPSN, RAB27B, C5orf17, PTPRD, PTH2R, VWC2L, VRK2, LINC01122, FAM228B, EYS, KANSL1, MYO1H, DCC, CREB3L1, ATAD2B, MAPT, EXD2, C11orf49, TNC, SOX6, PPP4R3A, NCOA5, ARHGAP15, YLPM1, CELF4, SORCS3, ZHX3, LMOD1, FSTL4, PLCL2, DPP10, KAZN, BBX, CAMTA1, NUP160, GPM6A, PBRM1, FYB1, TTC12, DDB2, LINGO1, ATP5MD, DELEC1, ARPP21, ARFGAP2, BICRA, KIAA1109, PRR16, NLK, TFAP2D, EMCN, CSNK1G1, IGLV10-54, BHLHE41, TMEM106B, ADAMTS6, BAZ1A, RBFOX1, GABBR1, PON1, ACE, IL6, PER3, CRP, IL1B, IGFBP2, LOC110806262, STIN2-VNTR, EPO, IL10, REM1, NR3C2, APOE, C1QL1, KL, TMED2, TPO, TPPP, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, TEMPS, BICC1, PPP1R9B, OPN4, CHP1, NLRP3, MAFD6, YWHAZ, NRSN1, HOMER1, MAFD4, PLB1, P2RX6, DGKH, P2RX2, FXR1, SMC2, H3P19, P2RX3, DST, PIK3CD, PIK3CB, PIK3CA, CD9, CNR1, P2RY2, P2RY1, P2RX5, P2RX4, CRY2, P2RX1, CTNNB1, DNASE1L3, DRD1, NOS1, MAFD2, MAFD1, FKBP4, GLP1R, GPER1, GRIK4, GRIN2B, HCRT, PIK3CG, GRM7, AVP, ADARB1, PVALB, MIR18A, EIF4EBP1, GABPA, FTL, FOS, FOXO3, ADCY9, PINK1, UBE2Z, FGF9, DMTN, MAPKAP1, LIN28A, SLC17A6, ADRA1A, ADRA2B, AGMAT, CAMKMT, RABEP2, EGF, PPP1R2C, PNPLA3, ZNF34, ADRB2, EDNRA, NDRG2, GABRA3, ACKR3, GLI2, LINC02605, GRM5, ACTB, GRIA3, GRIA1, PPP1R12C, GPR42, RN7SL263P, ADCY1, GLO1, GHSR, AP2B1, PLXNA3, GFAP, ATF7IP, CNDP2, GDNF, USE1, LMO3, GPRC5C, GCHFR, GCG, TMPRSS13, DPYD, PPP1R1B, CECR, CD44, KRIT1, CCKAR, CCK, CRTC2, CAT, OPN1SW, MDD1, MIR17HG, C9orf72, CALR, CALM3, IS1, CALM2, DAOA-AS1, CALM1, CALCA, TAAR6, NANOS3, MCIDAS, TSPO, BRS3, BRCA1, CDSN, OSR1, BPI, CHGB, APLNR, DMD, DLX4, DDC, SHANK3, RGS8, LMLN, CYP19A1, WASHC1, CSNK1E, ANGPT1, CSF2, PDIA3, CAMK2N2, SLC25A4, APOH, STS, CRY1, WASH6P, CREBBP, CP, ATP5F1A, BDNF-AS, SYN2, VSX1, GSTM1, ORM1, PLCB4, PLA2G4A, ST8SIA2, PITX2, ELP1, CCN6, PIK3R2, APLN, PIK3R1, ARHGEF7, CBFA2T2, LPAR2, HTR3B, ABCB1, ADIPOQ, ABCG2, EIF2AK3, PGM1, GDF15, NR1D1, PGD, PAX6, SEC24C, HDAC9, KEAP1, CCS, HDAC6, FOSL1, RASSF7, POU3F1, SLC18A2, SULT2A1, STAR, SSTR5, TDGF1P3, TFRC, SSTR4, SSB, THBS3, SOD2, TM7SF2, SOD1, SOAT1, TRPM2, PTPA, SEMG1, TTN, TYR, CCL11, CCL2, S100A12, VIPR2, PTGS1, VTN, PSMB6, PRKCZ, YY1, TOM1, TUBA1B, GSTT1, RAPGEF3, INSRR, PPP1R13B, IL7, SIRT3, IL4, IL2, IGHG1, ATP2C1, AGO2, IFNG, IFNA13, PCDH17, IFNA1, PCLO, DLL1, HTR1F, IGLV3-25, HSD11B2, SETD2, HRAS, HPX, SLC40A1, VAMP7, HPD, HLA-C, CRYL1, HINT1, ITGA2B, ITIH1, PLCB1, NGF, NUP98, DEAF1, NTRK1, PDLIM5, NRAS, CXCR6, NPAS2, NRG3, NOTCH4, NOS3, PPARGC1A, UTS2, METAP2, ITIH3, RAPGEF4, NFE2L2, MST1, MSMB, MAS1, LTBP3, IGSF9B, LEP, LBP, TBC1D9, STAB1, LAMC2, ABAT
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Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2
Gene_reviews
Although cardiac involvement in individuals with DM2 appears more mild than in DM1 [Sansone et al 2013], DM2 can be associated with atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction defects, arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, and sudden death [Day et al 2003, Schoser et al 2004b, Wahabi et al 2009, Sansone et al 2013, Peric et al 2019]. Rarely, a Brugada-like syndrome can occur in individuals with DM2 [Rudnik-Schöneborn et al 2011]. ... A range of sleep disturbances including daytime sleepiness, insomnia, REM behavior disorders, and restless leg syndrome have been observed in case reports and case series of individuals with DM2 [Day et al 1999, Bhat et al 2012, Chokroverty et al 2012, Shepard et al 2012, Silvestri et al 2014, Montagnese et al 2017, Romigi et al 2019]. Daytime sleepiness can be associated with restless leg syndrome [Silvestri et al 2014]. Hearing impairment.CNBP, DMPK, NKX2-5, CCT3, CLCN1, INSR, MBNL1, IDE, ZNF273, TLR4, CELF1, UCP1, TNF, HP, VDR, IAPP, LPL, GCG, FXN, LEP, VEGFA, SFRP4, SLC30A10, DIO2, AGT, ACE, SCN4A, PPARG, SLC30A8, SLC22A1, XRCC3, SI, SLC2A4, STC1, SST, TAC3, TAGLN, TGFB1, TK2, TNFRSF1B, TLR3, ACTB, MTMR1, EIF2S2, MIR30C1, MIR140, MIR130B, MIR130A, PGP, BEAN1, TRPM6, SLC25A21, P2RY12, DCLRE1C, PRDM16, RETN, HSPA14, ADIPOR1, REM1, IGHD1-14, ATXN10, ATF6, PPARGC1A, SHBG, ADIPOQ, CD163, MGAM, RAPGEF5, PTPN1, SELP, HSPA9, HNF4A, HFE, GIP, GCK, GAP43, FASN, EIF2S3, EIF2S1, EEF2, DPP4, DAG1, CYBA, CHI3L1, CD59, CAV1, CASR, BPI, AR, AQP7, APOB, APOA1, HSPA4, HSPD1, SELE, IFNA1, BRD2, RAN, RAD23B, PVR, ADRB3, MAPK3, PPP2R2B, PPARA, POU2F1, PLG, SERPINE1, ODC1, NEDD4, MYD88, MT1A, LEPR, IL15, IL10, IL6, IL4, IFNA13, MIR30C2
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Spinocerebellar Ataxia 1
Omim
Plaitakis et al. (1980) found deficiency of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1; 138130) in 3 patients with a 'spinocerebellar syndrome.' One was a 19-year-old male with juvenile onset of spinocerebellar and extrapyramidal manifestations. ... The others, in chronologic order of discovery, were the fragile X syndrome (300624), myotonic dystrophy (160900), Kennedy spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (313200), and Huntington disease (143100). ... SCA6 presented with a predominantly cerebellar syndrome, and patients often had onset after 55 years of age.ATXN1, ATXN2, CACNA1A, ATXN1L, GRM1, RBM17, ATXN7, SPTBN2, CIC, PRKCG, TRPC3, CACNA1G, RUBCN, STUB1, NOP56, AFG3L2, WWOX, TDP2, MME, ANO10, CWF19L1, SNX14, SCYL1, ELOVL5, UBA5, TTBK2, VWA3B, SYT14, TGM6, PPP2R2B, CCDC88C, GFI1, FOXC1, GRID2, LY6E, ATXN3, CAT, ANP32A, AR, PDYN, S100B, GLO1, VEGFA, PQBP1, FXN, ATN1, HLA-A, DCTN4, PMPCA, MTOR, NUP62, NLK, ESRRB, FRAXA, SYNE1, ETV6, EPHA3, PAG1, C21orf62, PCBP4, FRAXE, EIF4E, EDN1, DNMT1, PCP2, CSF1R, CREBBP, TCTE1, CASP3, BDNF, MIR144, KHDRBS1, HSF1, KAT5, ATOX1, IVL, HMGB1, PAK1, PML, HLA-DPB1, PTPA, OPN1LW, RPA1, HTT, GTF2H1, SLC1A3, SNRNP70, TGM2, FUS, TNF, TTR, TXNRD1, UBE2E1, UBE3A, COIL, HSD17B6, HDAC3, SQSTM1, HSP90AA1, PUM1, GAPDH, RPS6KA5
- Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 24 Without Anosmia Omim
- Vulvodynia Mayo_clinic
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Chlamydia Trachomatis
Mayo_clinic
People who have Chlamydia trachomatis are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome. This condition typically affects the joints, eyes and urethra — the tube that carries urine from your bladder to outside of your body.
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Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, Nuclear Type 20
Omim
Findings on autopsy included diffuse hepatic microvesicular steatosis and some macrovesicular steatosis, which were interpreted as being consistent with Reye-like syndrome. Brain findings were notable for generalized edema with diffuse ventricular compression, acute left tonsillar herniation, and diffuse multifocal acute damage in the hippocampus.
- Epilepsy, Familial Temporal Lobe, 2 Omim
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Acromelic Frontonasal Dysostosis
Omim
The frontonasal malformations have overlap with acrocallosal (200990) and Greig (175700) syndromes, but the significant hypertelorism and bifid nasal tip distinguish them.
- Thrombophilia Due To Protein C Deficiency, Autosomal Recessive Omim