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Disorders Of Gnas Inactivation
Gene_reviews
Brachydactyly may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome with symptomatic paresthesia, which may be confused with the symptoms of hypocalcemia [Joseph et al 2011]. Other reported musculoskeletal features include craniosynostosis, hyperostosis of the cranial vault, absence of normal caudal widening of the lumbar interpedicular distances (associated with spinal stenosis), ossification of paravertebral ligaments, shortened distal ulnas, bowing of the tibia and radius, small capital femoral epiphyses, coxa vara, coxa valga, increased prevalence of bony exostoses, and carpal tunnel syndrome [Wilson & Hall 2002, van Lindert et al 2008, Joseph et al 2011]. ... Differential Diagnosis Conditions to be considered in the differential diagnosis include the following: 2q37 deletion syndrome, which is characterized by mild-moderate developmental delay/intellectual disability, brachydactyly of digits 3-5 (often digit 4 alone), short stature, obesity, hypotonia, round facies, behavioral abnormalities, joint hypermobility/dislocation, and scoliosis. ... In most individuals with the 2q37 deletion syndrome, the deletion is de novo . This condition can also be associated with heterozygous pathogenic variants in HDAC4 . ... PTH and calcium levels are low and phosphorous levels are elevated. Kenny-Caffey syndrome (OMIM 127000, 244460) is characterized by proportionate short stature, cortical thickening and medullary stenosis of the tubular bones, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelle, transient hypocalcemia (due to primary hypoparathyroidism), and normal intelligence.
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Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Omim
Kidd et al. (1984) reported the use of such probes in the prenatal diagnosis of the deficiency syndrome. Hejtmancik et al. (1986) compared prenatal diagnosis by RFLP analysis with prenatal diagnosis by oligonucleotide probe analysis. ... Knowledge of the shared underlying conformational mechanism of protein deposition in neuronal tissues greatly increased understanding of what had previously been a daunting collection of syndromes of neurodegeneration. These included encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (604218), the Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer disease (see 127750) with deposits of alpha-synuclein (163890), prion protein (176640) deposition in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (123400), tau protein associated with Pick bodies of frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease; 172700), and the inclusions of huntingtin (613004) in Huntington disease (143100).SERPINA1, ELANE, COPD, SERPINA3, SERPINA13P, HFE, ELN, CRP, SERPING1, CAT, A2M, TNF, ADRA1D, OTOA, TWIST1, UBB, VWF, PLF, TFEB, MSC, TGM5, HERPUD1, SCO2, MAN1B1, ATF6, ACAD8, SFXN1, EYS, TMBIM4, DNAJB11, IL17D, SVIP, KLF10, FEV, SELENOS, MYDGF, UGGT1, IL27, HAMP, GCNA, MYO15A, PROP1, TGFB1, CELA1, AAVS1, ACADVL, AMELX, AMFR, ATD, ATP7B, BPI, KLF9, CFTR, CHRNA3, CYP21A2, DBP, ACE, GC, TERT, GSTP1, HADHA, IL10, IDO1, IREB2, MMP12, MPO, MVK, NPC1, SERPINA5, PIM1, PRTN3, SMS, TLX1NB
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Cardiomyopathy, Familial Hypertrophic, 1
Omim
Coronary artery anomalies had accounted for 53 (13.7%) and ruptured aortic aneurysm of Marfan syndrome for 12 (3.1%). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy was found in 11 (2.8%) and long QT syndrome in 3 (0.8%).
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Traumatic Brain Injury
Wikipedia
Domestic violence is another cause of TBI, [59] as are work-related and industrial accidents. [60] Firearms [14] and blast injuries from explosions [61] are other causes of TBI, which is the leading cause of death and disability in war zones. [62] According to Representative Bill Pascrell (Democrat, NJ), TBI is "the signature injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan." [63] There is a promising technology called activation database-guided EEG biofeedback, which has been documented to return a TBI's auditory memory ability to above the control group's performance [64] [65] Mechanism Physical forces Ricochet of the brain within the skull may account for the coup-contrecoup phenomenon. [66] The type, direction, intensity, and duration of forces all contribute to the characteristics and severity TBI. [9] Forces that may contribute to TBI include angular, rotational , shear , and translational forces . [37] Even in the absence of an impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can cause TBI; however in most cases, a combination of impact and acceleration is probably to blame. [37] Forces involving the head striking or being struck by something, termed contact or impact loading , are the cause of most focal injuries, and movement of the brain within the skull, termed noncontact or inertial loading , usually causes diffuse injuries. [19] The violent shaking of an infant that causes shaken baby syndrome commonly manifests as diffuse injury. [67] In impact loading, the force sends shock waves through the skull and brain, resulting in tissue damage. [37] Shock waves caused by penetrating injuries can also destroy tissue along the path of a projectile, compounding the damage caused by the missile itself. [22] Damage may occur directly under the site of impact, or it may occur on the side opposite the impact ( coup and contrecoup injury , respectively). [66] When a moving object impacts the stationary head, coup injuries are typical, [68] while contrecoup injuries are usually produced when the moving head strikes a stationary object. [69] Primary and secondary injury MRI scan showing damage due to brain herniation after TBI [2] Main article: Primary and secondary brain injury A large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event; [70] rather than improving after being hospitalized, some 40% of TBI patients deteriorate. [71] Primary brain injury (the damage that occurs at the moment of trauma when tissues and blood vessels are stretched, compressed, and torn) is not adequate to explain this deterioration; rather, it is caused by secondary injury, a complex set of cellular processes and biochemical cascades that occur in the minutes to days following the trauma. [72] These secondary processes can dramatically worsen the damage caused by primary injury [62] and account for the greatest number of TBI deaths occurring in hospitals. [39] Secondary injury events include damage to the blood–brain barrier , release of factors that cause inflammation , free radical overload, excessive release of the neurotransmitter glutamate ( excitotoxicity ), influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons , and dysfunction of mitochondria . [62] Injured axons in the brain's white matter may separate from their cell bodies as a result of secondary injury, [62] potentially killing those neurons. ... An increase in use of helmets could reduce the incidence of TBI. [62] Due to the possibility that repeatedly "heading" a ball practicing soccer could cause cumulative brain injury, the idea of introducing protective headgear for players has been proposed. [85] Improved equipment design can enhance safety; softer baseballs reduce head injury risk. [86] Rules against dangerous types of contact, such as "spear tackling" in American football , when one player tackles another head first, may also reduce head injury rates. [86] Falls can be avoided by installing grab bars in bathrooms and handrails on stairways; removing tripping hazards such as throw rugs; or installing window guards and safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs around young children. [55] Playgrounds with shock-absorbing surfaces such as mulch or sand also prevent head injuries. [55] Child abuse prevention is another tactic; programs exist to prevent shaken baby syndrome by educating about the dangers of shaking children. [58] Gun safety, including keeping guns unloaded and locked, is another preventative measure. [87] Studies on the effect of laws that aim to control access to guns in the United States have been insufficient to determine their effectiveness preventing number of deaths or injuries. [88] Recent clinical and laboratory research by neurosurgeon Julian Bailes, M.D., and his colleagues from West Virginia University, has resulted in papers showing that dietary supplementation with omega-3 DHA offers protection against the biochemical brain damage that occurs after a traumatic injury. [89] Rats given DHA prior to induced brain injuries suffered smaller increases in two key markers for brain damage (APP and caspase-3), as compared with rats given no DHA. [90] “The potential for DHA to provide prophylactic benefit to the brain against traumatic injury appears promising and requires further investigation. ... Screening should take place 3 to 6 months, and 12 months after injury, but problems may occur more remotely. [142] Cognitive deficits that can follow TBI include impaired attention; disrupted insight, judgement, and thought; reduced processing speed; distractibility; and deficits in executive functions such as abstract reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and multitasking. [143] Memory loss , the most common cognitive impairment among head-injured people, occurs in 20–79% of people with closed head trauma, depending on severity. [144] People who have suffered TBI may also have difficulty with understanding or producing spoken or written language, or with more subtle aspects of communication such as body language. [94] Post-concussion syndrome , a set of lasting symptoms experienced after mild TBI, can include physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems such as headaches, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, and depression. [10] Multiple TBIs may have a cumulative effect. [139] A young person who receives a second concussion before symptoms from another one have healed may be at risk for developing a very rare but deadly condition called second-impact syndrome , in which the brain swells catastrophically after even a mild blow, with debilitating or deadly results. ... This hypothesis was confirmed around the end of the 19th century, and opening the skull to relieve pressure was then proposed as a treatment. [169] In the 19th century it was noted that TBI is related to the development of psychosis . [174] At that time a debate arose around whether post-concussion syndrome was due to a disturbance of the brain tissue or psychological factors. [173] The debate continues today.
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Cerebral Palsy
Wikipedia
In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg and 1.5 kg CP occurs in 6%. [2] Among those born before 28 weeks of gestation it occurs in 11%. [2] Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally. [62] While in those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal). [63] Term infants [ edit ] In babies that are born at term risk factors include problems with the placenta, birth defects , low birth weight, breathing meconium into the lungs , a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency Caesarean section , birth asphyxia, seizures just after birth, respiratory distress syndrome , low blood sugar , and infections in the baby. [64] As of 2013 [update] , it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. [65] It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. [66] As of 2015 [update] it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia. [58] Genetics [ edit ] Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. ... Furthermore, an abnormal neuroimaging study indicates a high likelihood of associated conditions, such as epilepsy and intellectual disability. [79] There is a small risk associated with sedating children to facilitate a clear MRI. [76] The age when CP is diagnosed is important, but medical professionals disagree over the best age to make the diagnosis. [74] The earlier CP is diagnosed correctly, the better the opportunities are to provide the child with physical and educational help, but there might be a greater chance of confusing CP with another problem, especially if the child is 18 months of age or younger. [74] Infants may have temporary problems with muscle tone or control that can be confused with CP, which is permanent. [74] A metabolism disorder or tumors in the nervous system may appear to be CP; metabolic disorders, in particular, can produce brain problems that look like CP on an MRI. [1] Disorders that deteriorate the white matter in the brain and problems that cause spasms and weakness in the legs, may be mistaken for CP if they first appear early in life. [74] However, these disorders get worse over time, and CP does not [74] (although it may change in character). [1] In infancy it may not be possible to tell the difference between them. [74] In the UK, not being able to sit independently by the age of 8 months is regarded as a clinical sign for further monitoring. [76] Fragile X syndrome (a cause of autism and intellectual disability) and general intellectual disability must also be ruled out. [74] Cerebral palsy specialist John McLaughlin recommends waiting until the child is 36 months of age before making a diagnosis, because by that age, motor capacity is easier to assess. [74] Classification [ edit ] CP is classified by the types of motor impairment of the limbs or organs, and by restrictions to the activities an affected person may perform. [80] The Gross Motor Function Classification System -Expanded and Revised and the Manual Ability Classification System are used to describe mobility and manual dexterity in people with cerebral palsy, and recently the Communication Function Classification System , and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System have been proposed to describe those functions. [81] There are three main CP classifications by motor impairment: spastic, ataxic, and dyskinetic. ... A feeling of being "thrust into adulthood" was common in the study. [145] Aging [ edit ] Children with CP may not successfully transition into using adult services because they are not referred to one upon turning 18, and may decrease their use of services. [115] Because children with cerebral palsy are often told that it is a non-progressive disease, they may be unprepared for the greater effects of the aging process as they head into their 30s. [146] Young adults with cerebral palsy experience problems with aging that able-bodied adults experience "much later in life". [27] : 42 25% or more adults with cerebral palsy who can walk experience increasing difficulties walking with age. [147] Hand function does not seem to suffer similar declines. [55] Chronic disease risk, such as obesity , is also higher among adults with cerebral palsy than the general population. [148] Common problems include increased pain, reduced flexibility, increased spasms and contractures, post-impairment syndrome [149] and increasing problems with balance. [38] Increased fatigue is also a problem. [150] When adulthood and cerebral palsy is discussed, as of 2011 [update] , it is not discussed in terms of the different stages of adulthood. [150] Like they did in childhood, adults with cerebral palsy experience psychosocial issues related to their CP, chiefly the need for social support, self-acceptance, and acceptance by others.
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Social Anxiety Disorder
Wikipedia
The need for social acceptance or social standing has been elaborated in other lines of research relating to social anxiety. [55] Substance-induced [ edit ] While alcohol initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during alcohol withdrawal syndrome . This effect is not unique to alcohol but can also occur with long-term use of drugs that have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol such as the benzodiazepines which are sometimes prescribed as tranquillisers. [56] Benzodiazepines possess anti-anxiety properties and can be useful for the short-term treatment of severe anxiety. ... Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally for the treatment of anxiety; however, occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of panic attacks . [57] The World Council of Anxiety does not recommend benzodiazepines for the long-term treatment of anxiety due to a range of problems associated with long-term use including tolerance , psychomotor impairment, cognitive and memory impairments, physical dependence and a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation of benzodiazepines. [58] Despite increasing focus on the use of antidepressants and other agents for the treatment of anxiety, benzodiazepines have remained a mainstay of anxiolytic pharmacotherapy due to their robust efficacy, rapid onset of therapeutic effect, and generally favorable side effect profile. [59] Treatment patterns for psychotropic drugs appear to have remained stable over the past decade, with benzodiazepines being the most commonly used medication for panic disorder. [60] Many people who are addicted to alcohol or prescribed benzodiazepines when it is explained to them they have a choice between ongoing ill mental health or quitting and recovering from their symptoms decide on quitting alcohol or their benzodiazepines. [61] Symptoms may temporarily worsen however, during alcohol withdrawal or benzodiazepine withdrawal . [61] Psychological factors [ edit ] Research has indicated the role of 'core' or 'unconditional' negative beliefs (e.g. ... Differential diagnosis [ edit ] The DSM-IV criteria stated that an individual cannot receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if their symptoms are better accounted for by one of the autism spectrum disorders such as autism and Asperger syndrome . [92] Because of its close relationship and overlapping symptoms, treating people with social phobia may help understand the underlying connections to other mental disorders. ... Other names have included interpersonal relation phobia. [166] A specific Japanese cultural form is known as taijin kyofusho . [132] See also [ edit ] Psychology portal Listen to this article (10.6 megabytes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 27 June 2006 ( 2006-06-27 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ( Audio help · More spoken articles ) Alexithymia Agoraphobia Asociality Highly sensitive person Impostor syndrome Obsessive-compulsive disorder Selective mutism Social inhibition Social isolation Social rejection References [ edit ] ^ "NIMH » Social Anxiety Disorder" . ^ a b c d National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. ... A.; Rapee, R. M.; Barlow, D. H. (1990). "Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III--R anxiety disorder".
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Compulsive Hoarding
Wikipedia
., hoarding due to obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, decreased energy in Major Depressive Disorder, delusions in Schizophrenia or another Psychotic Disorder, cognitive deficits in Dementia, restricted interests in Autism Spectrum Disorder, food storing in Prader–Willi syndrome ). Understanding the age of onset of hoarding behavior can help develop methods of treatment for this “substantial functional impairment." ... See also [ edit ] Bibliomania Clutterers Anonymous Collecting Compulsive behavior Compulsive decluttering Digital hoarding Diogenes syndrome Dunning–Kruger effect Fear Greed Hoarding Impulse control disorder Obsessive-compulsive spectrum Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Simple living Survivalism Hoarders Alexander Kennedy Miller , hoarded about 30 Stutz automobiles (1906–1993) Collyer brothers , Homer Collyer (1881–1947) and Langley Collyer (1885–1947) Edmund Trebus (1918–2002), participated in TV documentary References [ edit ] ^ a b "Hoarding disorder – Symptoms and causes" .
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Polyploidy
Wikipedia
Gurdon and Yamanaka were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012 for this work. [47] Humans [ edit ] Further information: Triploid syndrome True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma , heart muscle, placenta and in bone marrow. [1] [48] Aneuploidy is more common. ... There has been one report of a child surviving to the age of seven months with complete triploidy syndrome. He failed to exhibit normal mental or physical neonatal development, and died from a Pneumocystis carinii infection, which indicates a weak immune system. [49] Triploidy may be the result of either digyny (the extra haploid set is from the mother) or diandry (the extra haploid set is from the father).
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Phobia
Wikipedia
Damage to the cortical areas involved in the limbic system such as the cingulate cortex or frontal lobes have resulted in extreme changes in emotion. [21] Other types of damage include Klüver–Bucy syndrome and Urbach–Wiethe disease . In Klüver–Bucy syndrome, a temporal lobectomy, or removal of the temporal lobes, results in changes involving fear and aggression. ... Media related to Phobias at Wikimedia Commons Social Anxiety at Curlie Diagnostic criteria for specific phobia in the DSM-I . https://themerakimagazine.com/carnophobia-fear-of-raw-meat/ v t e Mental and behavioral disorders Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learning Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Stuttering Cluttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomatic Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic , stress -related and somatoform Adjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Anxiety Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Fugue state Psychogenic amnesia Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder Physiological and physical behavior Eating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual dysfunction Arousal Erectile dysfunction Female sexual arousal disorder Desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia Pain Nonorganic dyspareunia Nonorganic vaginismus Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional Delusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis and schizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Authority control GND : 4045820-9
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Indoor Mold
Wikipedia
Residential mold prevention and control [ edit ] According to the EPA, residential mold may be prevented and controlled by cleaning and repairing roof gutters , to prevent moisture seepage into the home; keeping air-conditioning drip pans clean and drainage lines clear; monitoring indoor humidity; drying areas of moisture or condensation and removing their sources; ensuring that there is adequate ventilation by installing an exhaust fan in your bathroom; treating exposed structural wood or wood framing with an EPA-approved fungicidal encapsulation coating after pre-cleaning (particularly homes with a crawl space , unfinished basement or a poorly-ventilated; attic). [8] See also [ edit ] Fungi portal Environmental engineering Environmental health Greenguard Environmental Institute High-ozone shock treatment House dust mite Hurricane response Occupational asthma Sick building syndrome Notes [ edit ] ^ "Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in Buildings – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" . www.cdc.gov . ... Skeptoid . v t e Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake-out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume (CAV) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Deep water source cooling Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) Firestop Forced-air Forced-air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed-mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor-compression refrigeration (VCRS) Variable air volume (VAV) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air-mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Ceramic heater Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Compressor Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan filter unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground-coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run-around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar-assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA) Whole-house fan Windcatcher Wood-burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions, trades, and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling (BIM) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Mold growth, assessment, and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing, adjusting, balancing Industry organizations ACCA AHRI AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE Institute of Refrigeration IIR LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality (IAQ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome (SBS) Volatile organic compound (VOC) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms World Refrigeration Day Template:Home automation Template:Solar energy
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Hemispatial Neglect
Wikipedia
Hemispatial neglect Other names Hemiagnosia , hemineglect , unilateral neglect , spatial neglect , contralateral neglect , unilateral visual inattention , [1] hemi-inattention , [1] neglect syndrome , one-side neglect , [2] or contralateral hemispatialagnosia Hemispatial neglect is most frequently associated with a lesion of the right parietal lobe (in yellow, at top). ... Neglect is often produced by massive strokes in the middle cerebral artery region and is variegated, so that most sufferers do not exhibit all of the syndrome's traits. [4] Right-sided spatial neglect is rare because there is redundant processing of the right space by both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, whereas in most left-dominant brains the left space is only processed by the right cerebral hemisphere. ... PMID 17174459 . v t e Symptoms and signs relating to movement and gait Gait Gait abnormality CNS Scissor gait Cerebellar ataxia Festinating gait Marche à petit pas Propulsive gait Stomping gait Spastic gait Magnetic gait Truncal ataxia Muscular Myopathic gait Trendelenburg gait Pigeon gait Steppage gait Antalgic gait Coordination Ataxia Cerebellar ataxia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Pronator drift Dyssynergia Sensory ataxia Asterixis Abnormal movement Athetosis Tremor Fasciculation Fibrillation Posturing Abnormal posturing Opisthotonus Spasm Trismus Cramp Tetany Myokymia Joint locking Paralysis Flaccid paralysis Spastic paraplegia Spastic diplegia Spastic paraplegia Syndromes Monoplegia Diplegia / Paraplegia Hemiplegia Triplegia Tetraplegia / Quadruplegia General causes Upper motor neuron lesion Lower motor neuron lesion Weakness Hemiparesis Other Rachitic rosary Hyperreflexia Clasp-knife response v t e Symptoms , signs and syndromes associated with lesions of the brain and brainstem Brainstem Medulla (CN 8, 9, 10, 12) Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg PICA Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine ASA Pons (CN 5, 6, 7, 8) Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond-Céstan syndrome Lateral pontine syndrome ( AICA ) (lateral) Medial pontine syndrome / Millard–Gubler syndrome / Foville's syndrome ( basilar ) Locked-in syndrome Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Midbrain (CN 3, 4) Weber's syndrome ventral peduncle, PCA Benedikt syndrome ventral tegmentum, PCA Parinaud's syndrome dorsal, tumor Claude's syndrome Other Alternating hemiplegia Cerebellum Latearl Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Intention tremor ) Medial Cerebellar ataxia Basal ganglia Chorea Dystonia Parkinson's disease Cortex ACA syndrome MCA syndrome PCA syndrome Frontal lobe Expressive aphasia Abulia Parietal lobe Receptive aphasia Hemispatial neglect Gerstmann syndrome Astereognosis Occipital lobe Bálint's syndrome Cortical blindness Pure alexia Temporal lobe Cortical deafness Prosopagnosia Thalamus Thalamic syndrome Other Upper motor neuron lesion Aphasia Classification D ICD - 9-CM : 781.8 External resources eMedicine : neuro/719
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Lameness (Equine)
Wikipedia
For example, racehorses are more likely to have fatigue-related injuries such as stress fractures and injury to the flexor tendons, while western show horses are more likely to suffer from navicular syndrome and English sport horses are more likely to have osteoarthritis or injury to the suspensory ligament. [10] Past history of lameness: An old injury may be re-injured. ... Sensitivity over the middle third of the frog is consistent with navicular syndrome, but can also occur with sheared heels. ... Classically associated with damage to the long plantar tarsal ligament of the hock, [10] it is actually most commonly due to injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon, but may also involve the deep digital flexor tendon, or the surrounding soft tissue structures. [63] Founder ( laminitis ): a very painful condition resulting from the inflammation of the laminae within the hoof, leading to rotation of the coffin bone. Navicular disease or navicular syndrome: a catch-all phrase used to describe pain in the palmar hoof which was originally attributed to damage to the navicular bone. MRI has since shown that navicular syndrome may be caused by damage to any of the structures within the hoof, including the navicular bone, the navicular bursa, the coffin joint, the deep digital flexor tendon, and various ligamentous supportive structures. [64] Osselets : swelling on the front surface of the fetlock joints of the front legs, caused by traumatic arthritis of the fetlock joints. [65] Ringbone : boney proliferation around the pastern.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Wikipedia
It has been speculated that interpersonal traumas cause more problems than impersonal ones, [45] but this is controversial. [46] The risk of developing PTSD is increased in individuals who are exposed to physical abuse, physical assault, or kidnapping. [47] [48] Women who experience physical violence are more likely to develop PTSD than men. [47] Intimate partner violence See also: Rape trauma syndrome An individual that has been exposed to domestic violence is predisposed to the development of PTSD. ... When someone with PTSD undergoes stimuli similar to the traumatic event, the body perceives the event as occurring again because the memory was never properly recorded in the person's memory. [44] [105] The amygdalocentric model of PTSD proposes that the amygdala is very much aroused and insufficiently controlled by the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, in particular during extinction . [106] This is consistent with an interpretation of PTSD as a syndrome of deficient extinction ability. [106] [107] The basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala is responsible for the comparison and development of associations between unconditioned and conditioned responses to stimuli, which results in the fear conditioning present in PTSD. ... For those who already have PTSD, benzodiazepines may worsen and prolong the course of illness, by worsening psychotherapy outcomes, and causing or exacerbating aggression, depression (including suicidality), and substance use. [13] Drawbacks include the risk of developing a benzodiazepine dependence , tolerance (i.e., short-term benefits wearing off with time), and withdrawal syndrome ; additionally, individuals with PTSD (even those without a history of alcohol or drug misuse) are at an increased risk of abusing benzodiazepines . [4] [192] Due to a number of other treatments with greater efficacy for PTSD and less risks (e.g., prolonged exposure , cognitive processing therapy , eye movement desensitization and reprocessing , cognitive restructuring therapy, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy , brief eclectic psychotherapy, narrative therapy , stress inoculation training, serotonergic antidepressants , adrenergic inhibitors , antipsychotics , and even anticonvulsants ), benzodiazepines should be considered relatively contraindicated until all other treatment options are exhausted. [11] [193] For those who argue that benzodiazepines should be used sooner in the most severe cases, the adverse risk of disinhibition (associated with suicidality, aggression and crimes) and clinical risks of delaying or inhibiting definitive efficacious treatments, make other alternative treatments preferable (e.g., inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient, dialectic behavior therapy; and other fast-acting sedating medications such as trazodone, mirtazapine, amitripytline, doxepin, prazosin, propranolol, guanfacine, clonidine, quetiapine, olanzapine, valproate, gabapentin). [4] [193] [194] Prazosin Prazosin , an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, has been used in veterans with PTSD to reduce nightmares.NR3C1, BCL2, PDIA3, HSPA5, MDM2, WFS1, NTRK2, CASP9, BAX, CASP12, RORA, ANKRD55, PRTFDC1, TLL1, FKBP5, NPY, FLT4, CRH, COMT, CRHR1, CRP, SLC6A4, LHX2, PKD2L1, TNF, DRD2, CYRIB, IL6, CAPS, BDNF, APOE, OPN1SW, ADCY8, ADCYAP1R1, PTPRVP, TBC1D2, SLC6A3, ADCYAP1, IL1B, LOC110806262, LINC02210-CRHR1, SCLY, OXTR, GAD1, FKBP4, ICAM1, CRHR2, KRT7, FAAH, SKA2, TAL1, PTGDS, TPH2, SLC26A4, IL10, ESR1, TAC1, SLC18A2, IFNG, NGF, LPP, HTR1A, CCL16, S100A10, REN, POMC, MAP3K10, MPST, TSC22D3, OPRL1, OGN, TAM, WASF1, MZB1, EXOSC6, ADRA2B, ENDOU, ADRB2, CAT, PSS, SEPHS1, WASF2, MDD1, MSTO1, ACE, REM1, CNTN3, PSMG1, REG3A, PNOC, ASAP1, SMUG1, PON1, PDSS1, EBPL, GAL, MTPAP, POR, ZFP57, MAOA, CCL4L1, LTBP3, NPS, STMN1, TEC, DICER1, WWC1, ACTB, SMS, ASAP2, VCAM1, PHLDA2, TNFRSF1A, NOL3, EIF2AK3, THAS, TBX4, TACR1, CCL4L2, STAT5B, PPM1F, NOS1AP, PRKCA, DHRS9, SIGMAR1, C1QL1, MRPS30, SGK1, PAPOLA, CCL4, PDAP1, TUSC2, RPS19, NLGN1, LOH19CR1, ACP3, STIN2-VNTR, DRD4, ELK3, ARSD, CECR, NRG1, ERN1, HCRT, DBH, DBT, CNR1, DLG4, HSP90AA1, HTR2A, KLF6, DPYS, DUSP2, DPYD, DRD3, GRM5, TSPO, SYNM, CDK4, CCHCR1, SIRT1, CALR, CHRNA4, ERAL1, RRS1, CHRNA5, CHRNB4, CCK, B3GAT1, GHRL, RMDN1, AGO2, CACNA1C, CBL, SETD2, CALM1, CANX, SHANK1, CAMK2G, TLR8, TBX21, CORT, COPE, WDHD1, TP63, BECN1, TNFRSF10C, APLN, DRD1, SELENBP1, DOCK2, HGS, DNMT1, KL, ADIPOQ, DNASE1L3, BAG3, CLOCK, RIN1, EDEM1, CX3CR1, HDAC4, CTNNB1, CSTA, CSF3, FST, CREB1, CPT1B, ZCCHC10, SRSF8, CD160, TRIT1, IGFBP2, MOCOS, OR11L1, ANGPT2, MIR203A, MIR144, MIR132, MIR125A, PHOBS, ANK3, VPS51, NPSR1, RPL13P, HCN1, XIAP, APOB, MCIDAS, MARCHF11, MIR135B, MIR339, BDNF-AS, AMY1C, MIR598, POTEF, AMY1B, AMY1A, C20orf181, RNU4ATAC, ECT, ALOX15, ERICD, ALOX12, MTCO2P12, PARP1, ARSI, OR2L13, PCSK9, ADIPOR2, CAVIN2, BRCA1, IMPACT, SYBU, ATF7IP, PAG1, CENPJ, ZC4H2, FMN2, DST, CHPT1, RTN4, CELA2A, SRR, PPP1R3B, ANKK1, BCS1L, DHDDS, ZNRD1ASP, ZBP1, SPNS1, DTNBP1, BCHE, IL33, ATP6AP1L, AVP, PDZD8, INO80C, ARRB2, RMDN2, RMDN3, EGR3, SRPX, HLA-C, OPRK1, HIF1A, HLA-B, NTF4, NPPA, NOTCH3, NOTCH1, HBEGF, NOS1, NHS, HLA-DPB1, NFKB1, NFATC4, NARS1, OPRM1, HCRTR1, P2RX3, P2RX7, PRDX1, GZMB, PRKN, PDE4A, GSS, CFP, FXYD1, PMAIP1, GSR, PNN, GRM2, GRIN2A, PPARA, MUC1, ND5, COX2, LRP1, IL2, IL4, IGF1, IDS, IL12B, IL15, IL18, INSRR, IRF6, ITK, HTR3A, HTR2C, LEP, LMNA, LY6E, ATP8, LYZ, MAN2C1, HMOX1, MBP, SMCP, HLA-DRB1, MECP2, MAP3K5, MET, MFGE8, HLA-DQB1, NR3C2, MPI, HLA-DQA1, GPX1, GCLC, MAPK1, TLR4, SRD5A2, SRM, STAT3, F8, ETV3, ETFA, TDO2, TERC, TERT, TH, ERBB4, TIA1, TLE2, EPHB2, EP300, SNRPD1, ENPEP, TP53, TP73, TPH1, TYRO3, TYS, SCGB1A1, UGCG, ELANE, VDR, VIP, VIPR2, IL1RN, YY1, SOD1, SNCA, MAPK3, CCL3, PSD, GHSR, PTGS2, PTPN4, PTS, GFAP, RGS2, GDNF, RPS6, GC, GAPDH, ACSM3, ATXN2, CCL2, GABRB3, SNAP25, CCL13, FUS, CCL17, SET, FMR1, SHBG, SLC1A1, SLC2A1, SLC6A1, FGFR3, FGF9, FGF2, SLC22A3, FABP3, PPP1R3C
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Dyscalculia
Wikipedia
It is sometimes informally known as "math dyslexia", though this can be misleading as dyslexia is a different condition to dyscalculia. [5] Dyscalculia is associated with dysfunction in the region around the intraparietal sulcus [6] and potentially also the frontal lobe . [7] [8] Dyscalculia does not reflect a general deficit in cognitive abilities, nor do difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning . [9] [10] Estimates of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. [9] [10] In 2015, it was established that 11% of children with dyscalculia also have ADHD. [11] Dyscalculia has also been associated with people who have Turner syndrome and people who have spina bifida . [12] Mathematical disabilities can occur as the result of some types of brain injury , in which case the term acalculia is used instead of dyscalculia which is of innate, genetic or developmental origin. ... This has been observed in individuals with Gerstmann syndrome , of which dyscalculia is one of constellation of symptoms. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F81.2 , R48.8 ICD - 9-CM : 315.1 , 784.69 MeSH : D060705 SNOMED CT : 55640002 External resources MedlinePlus : 001534 Dyscalculia at Curlie Topics related to Dyscalculia v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia
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Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
Wikipedia
. ^ DiNubile M, Hokama Y (1995). "The ciguatera poisoning syndrome from farm-raised salmon". Annals of Internal Medicine . 122 (2): 113–114. doi : 10.7326/0003-4819-122-2-199501150-00006 . ... Related topics Aeroplankton Algaculture Algal mat Algal nutrient solutions Artificial seawater Autotrophs Biological pump Diel vertical migration Dimethylsulfoniopropionate f-ratio Fish disease and parasites Heterotroph HNLC Macroalgae Manta trawl Marine mucilage Microbial mat Ocean acidification Marine microorganisms Marine primary production Pseudoplankton Stromatolite Tychoplankton Zoid C-MORE CPR AusCPR MOCNESS SCAR v t e Poisoning Toxicity Overdose History of poison Inorganic Metals Toxic metals Beryllium Cadmium Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Thallium Tin Dietary minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Metalloids Arsenic Nonmetals Sulfuric acid Selenium Chlorine Fluoride Organic Phosphorus Pesticides Aluminium phosphide Organophosphates Nitrogen Cyanide Nicotine Nitrogen dioxide poisoning CHO alcohol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Carbon monoxide Oxygen Toluene Pharmaceutical Drug overdoses Nervous Anticholinesterase Aspirin Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cocaine Lithium Opioids Paracetamol Tricyclic antidepressants Cardiovascular Digoxin Dipyridamole Vitamin poisoning Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Megavitamin-B 6 syndrome Biological 1 Fish / seafood Ciguatera Haff disease Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Scombroid Shellfish poisoning Amnesic Diarrhetic Neurotoxic Paralytic Other vertebrates amphibian venom Batrachotoxin Bombesin Bufotenin Physalaemin birds / quail Coturnism snake venom Alpha-Bungarotoxin Ancrod Batroxobin Arthropods Arthropod bites and stings bee sting / bee venom Apamin Melittin scorpion venom Charybdotoxin spider venom Latrotoxin / Latrodectism Loxoscelism tick paralysis Plants / fungi Cinchonism Ergotism Lathyrism Locoism Mushrooms Strychnine 1 including venoms , toxins , foodborne illnesses .
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Repressed Memory
Wikipedia
A special type of false allegation, false memory syndrome , arises typically within therapy, when people report the "recovery" of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. ... "Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature". ... Questioning claims about the false memory syndrome epidemic". The American Psychologist . 51 (9): 957–74. doi : 10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957 . ... External links [ edit ] Memory controversies at Curlie Provides help for retrieving repressed memories v t e Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Haptic Iconic Motor learning Visual Short-term " The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two " Working memory Intermediate Long-term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal-event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval-induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Mere-exposure effect Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source-monitoring error Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model Context-dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels-of-processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered-memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State-dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A.
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Intrusive Thought
Wikipedia
These include practices such as being aware of the thoughts, accepting the thoughts without judgement for them, and “being larger than your thoughts.” [69] Medication [ edit ] Antidepressants or antipsychotic medications may be used for more severe cases if intrusive thoughts do not respond to cognitive behavioral or exposure therapy alone. [10] [70] Whether the cause of intrusive thoughts is OCD, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs (a class of antidepressants) are the most commonly prescribed. [70] Intrusive thoughts may occur in persons with Tourette syndrome (TS) who also have OCD; the obsessions in TS-related OCD are thought to respond to SSRI drugs as well. [71] Antidepressants that have been shown to be effective in treating OCD include fluvoxamine (trade name [a] Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and clomipramine (Anafranil). [72] Although SSRIs are known to be effective for OCD in general, there have been fewer studies on their effectiveness for intrusive thoughts. [73] A retrospective chart review of patients with sexual symptoms treated with SSRIs showed the greatest improvement was in those with intrusive sexual obsessions typical of OCD. [74] A study of ten patients with religious or blasphemous obsessions found that most patients responded to treatment with fluoxetine or clomipramine. [75] Women with postpartum depression often have anxiety as well, and may need lower starting doses of SSRIs; they may not respond fully to the medication, and may benefit from adding cognitive behavioral or response prevention therapy. [76] Patients with intense intrusive thoughts that do not respond to SSRIs or other antidepressants may be prescribed typical and atypical neuroleptics including risperidone (trade name Risperdal), ziprasidone (Geodon), haloperidol (Haldol), and pimozide (Orap). [77] Studies suggest that therapeutic doses of inositol may be useful in the treatment of obsessive thoughts. [78] [79] Epidemiology [ edit ] A 2007 study found that 78% of a clinical sample of OCD patients had intrusive images. [3] Most people who suffer from intrusive thoughts have not identified themselves as having OCD, because they may not have what they believe to be classic symptoms of OCD, such as handwashing. Yet, epidemiological studies suggest that intrusive thoughts are the most common kind of OCD worldwide; if people in the United States with intrusive thoughts gathered, they would form the fourth-largest city in the US, following New York City , Los Angeles , and Chicago . [80] The prevalence of OCD in every culture studied is at least 2% of the population, and the majority of those have obsessions, or bad thoughts, only; this results in a conservative estimate of more than 2 million sufferers in the United States alone (as of 2000). [81] One author estimates that one in 50 adults have OCD and about 10–20% of these have sexual obsessions. [18] A recent study found that 25% of 293 patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD had a history of sexual obsessions. [82] See also [ edit ] Existentialism § Angst and dread Internal monologue The Imp of the Perverse Shoulder angel Tourette syndrome Earworm Notes [ edit ] ^ Medication trade names may differ between countries. ... S2CID 10919504 . ^ Baer also mentions Tourette syndrome (TS), but notes that it is the combination of comorbid OCD—when present—and tics that accounts for the intrusive, obsessive thoughts. ... Schwartz Susan Swedo Emily Colas Vic Meyer Popular culture Literature/Comics Fictional Matchstick Men Plyushkin Xenocide Nonfiction Everything in Its Place Just Checking Media As Good as It Gets The Aviator Matchstick Men Adrian Monk " $pringfield " Straight Up Related Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Obsessional jealousy PANDAS Primarily Obsessional OCD Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder Tourette syndrome
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Wikipedia
Lower rates in other countries may be due to artificially low recognition of the diagnosis. [22] However, false memory syndrome per se is not regarded by mental health experts as a valid diagnosis, [46] and has been described as "a non-psychological term originated by a private foundation whose stated purpose is to support accused parents," [47] and critics argue that the concept has no empirical support, and further describe the False Memory Syndrome Foundation as an advocacy group that has distorted and misrepresented memory research. [48] [49] Children [ edit ] This section relies too much on references to primary sources .
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Transsexual
Wikipedia
Male-to-female transsexualism has sometimes been called "Harry Benjamin's syndrome" after the endocrinologist who pioneered the study of dysphoria. [37] As the present-day medical study of gender variance is much broader than Benjamin's early description, there is greater understanding of its aspects, [21] and use of the term Harry Benjamin's syndrome has been criticized for delegitimizing gender-variant people with different experiences. [38] [39] Sexual orientation [ edit ] Main article: Androphilia and gynephilia See also: Transgender § Sexual orientation of transgender people Since the middle of the 20th century, homosexual transsexual and related terms were used to label individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex. [40] Many sources criticize this choice of wording as confusing, " heterosexist ", [41] "archaic", [42] and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity . [43] Sexologist John Bancroft also recently expressed regret for having used this terminology, which was standard when he used it, to refer to transsexual women. [44] He says that he now tries to choose his words more sensitively. [44] Sexologist Charles Allen Moser is likewise critical of the terminology. [45] Sociomedical scientist Rebecca Jordan-Young challenges researchers like Simon LeVay , J.