Early diagnosis is critical, as treatment is simple and leads to prompt resolution of the movement disorder. [2] Treatment [ edit ] Successful treatment of the associated underlying disorder, such as GORD or hiatus hernia, may provide relief. [4] Prognosis [ edit ] Sandifer syndrome is not typically life-threatening [4] and the prognosis is typically good. [2] History [ edit ] Sandifer syndrome was first described in 1964 by Austrian neurologist Marcel Kinsbourne in The Lancet . [6] [7] Kinsbourne named the syndrome after his mentor, British neurologist Paul Sandifer , who had initially cared for the patients described in Kinsbourne's case reports. [8] [9] [10] See also [ edit ] List of eponymously named diseases References [ edit ] ^ "Sandifer syndrome" .
Sandifer syndrome is a paroxysmal dystonic movement disorder occurring in association with gastro-oesophageal reflux, and, in some cases, hiatal hernia. Epidemiology The prevalence is unknown. Clinical description Onset usually occurs during infancy or early childhood. The dystonic movements are characterised by abnormal posturing of the head and neck (torticollis) and severe arching of the spine. Episodes usually last for between 1-3 minutes and can occur up to 10 times a day, although they are usually associated with the ingestion of food. Vomiting, poor feeding, anaemia, epigastric discomfort, haematemesis and abnormal eye movements have also been reported.
Balanitis Inflammation of the glans penis and the preputial mucosa of a circumcised penis Specialty Urology Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis . [1] When the foreskin is also affected, it is termed balanoposthitis . [1] Balanitis on boys still in diapers must be distinguished from redness caused by ammoniacal dermatitis. [2] The word is from the Greek βάλανος balanos , literally "acorn", hence from similarity of shape "glans penis". [3] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Complications 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Types 4 Treatment 5 Epidemiology 6 Other animals 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Symptoms can include: First signs – small red erosions on the glans Redness of the foreskin Redness of the penis Other rashes on the head of the penis Foul smelling discharge Painful foreskin and penis Complications [ edit ] Recurrent bouts of balanitis may cause scarring of the preputial orifice ; the reduced elasticity may lead to pathologic phimosis . [4] Cause [ edit ] Inflammation has many possible causes, including irritation by environmental substances, physical trauma, and infection such as bacterial, viral, or fungal. [5] [6] Some of these infections are sexually transmitted diseases .
A rare ophthalmic disorder characterized by intraocular inflammation primarily localized to the vitreous and peripheral retina. It incorporates pars planitis, posterior cyclitis, and hyalitis. Patients present with painless floaters, decreased or blurred vision, less frequently with pain, redness, and photophobia. On examination, snow banking, vitreous snowballs, peripheral retinal vascular sheathing, vitreous cells, and vitreous haze can be seen. Complications include epiretinal membrane formation, cataract formation, cystoid macular edema, or band keratopathy, among others. The condition may be idiopathic or occur in the context of infectious or systemic diseases.
Alternatively, histology should show periostitis , osteitis , meningitis and ganglioneuritis. [6] [2] Transmission [ edit ] This bacterium was first reported in 1922 at the Fisheries Biological station in Fairport Iowa and it has undergone many taxonomic revisions since then. [10] [2] The primary site of transmission is via fish to fish contact, particularly within the gills and the fins.
The cause is thought to be the reuse of syringes by an unlicensed doctor operating in the region who has since been jailed. [2] History [ edit ] After the first case of HIV was detected in Cambodia in 1991, the prevalence of infection increased steadily to a high of 2 percent in 1998.
The disease occurs most commonly in tropical fish, and to a lesser extent, marine aquaria . [1] Contents 1 Life cycle 2 Pathology 3 Symptoms 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References Life cycle [ edit ] The single-celled parasite's life cycle can be divided into three major phases. First, as a tomont , the parasite rests at the water's floor and divides into as many as 256 tomites.
Zeharia et al. (2009) noted that Lev et al. (2002) may have reported the first case of TRMU deficiency in an Israeli infant of Yemenite-Jewish origin who presented with transient liver failure during infancy.
A very rare mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency characterized clinically by transient but life-threatening liver failure with elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, vomiting, coagulopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and lactic acidemia.
The number of cases has been going down due to systematic eradication efforts: in 1998 almost 40,000 cases were reported but almost 300,000 cases were suspected to have occurred; in 2009, the number dropped below 10,000; and in 2018 it dropped below 1000. [1] Chagas disease causes 21,000 deaths per year mainly in Latin America . [2] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 Prevention 3.1 Possible prevention 4 Treatment 5 Other animals 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] The tsetse fly bite erupts into a red chancre sore and within a few weeks, the person can experience fever, swollen lymph glands, blood in urine, aching muscles and joints, headaches and irritability. In the first phase, the patient has only intermittent bouts of fever with lymphadenopathy together with other non-specific signs and symptoms.
For example, Trisomy 16 is the most common trisomy in human pregnancies, occurring in more than 1% of pregnancies; only those pregnancies in which some normal cells occur in addition to the trisomic cells, or mosaic trisomy 16, survive. [3] This condition, however, usually results in spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester. The most common types of autosomal trisomy that survive to birth in humans are: Trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ) Trisomy 18 ( Edwards syndrome ) Trisomy 13 ( Patau syndrome ) Trisomy 9 Trisomy 8 (Warkany syndrome 2) Trisomy Christopher (Bris variant) Of these, Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18 are the most common.
Macrophages also produce an inflammatory mediator known as interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is part of the immune systems first line defenses against infecting particles.
Such defects may plausibly cause abnormal synaptic development and function. AP1S2 was the first reported XLMR gene that encodes a protein directly involved in the assembly of endocytic vesicles.
Fried syndrome is a rare X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome characterized by psychomotor delay, intellectual deficit, hydrocephalus, and mild facial anomalies. Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown, but the syndrome was originally described in a large Scottish family. Etiology Mutations in the AP1S2 gene (Xp22), coding for a subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex involved in intracellular protein trafficking and synaptic vesicle recycling, have been identified in seven families. Diagnostic methods The presence of basal ganglia calcifications, detectable by CT scan, and elevated CSF protein levels are characteristic features of Fried syndrome and should prompt genetic analysis when found in individuals with XLMR. Management and treatment Beyond the management of hydrocephalus and follow-up of psychomotor development, no specific treatment is available.
A rare X-linked syndromic intellectual disability characterized by severe to profound intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia in childhood, delayed walking, delayed or minimal/absent speech, behavioral abnormalities including aggressiveness, agitation, and self-injurious behavior, and dysmorphic facial features (such as triangular face with high forehead, prominent ears, and small, pointed chin). Additional reported manifestations include microcephaly, short stature, and seizures, among others.
X-linked Dandy-Walker malformation with intellectual disability, basal ganglia disease and seizures (XDIBS), or Pettigrew syndrome is a central nervous system malformation characterized by severe intellectual deficit, early hypotonia with progression to spasticity and contractures, choreoathetosis, seizures, dysmorphic face (long face with prominent forehead), and brain imaging abnormalities such as Dandy-Walker malformation (see this term), and iron deposition.
Damage to cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus leads to diplopia . Cranial nerve VI is often the first affected, leading to diplopia with lateral gaze.
If the cause of the eosinophilic bronchitis is unknown, the first line treatment is inhaled corticosteroids. [3] [9] [11] Patients respond well to inhaled corticosteroids and their eosinophil counts in their sputum usually decrease after treatment. [1] [5] There has not been a study to determine the ideal dosage of inhaled corticosteroids for patients with eosinophilic bronchitis, and there is no consensus on whether the treatment should be discontinued once the patient's symptoms resolve or to continue long-term. [1] The use of oral corticosteroids for eosinophilic bronchitis is rare, but it may be considered when inhaled corticosteroids are ineffective in managing the symptoms. [1] [5] Epidemiology [ edit ] Approximately 10–30% of people who present with a chronic cough are suspected to be symptomatic due to eosinophilic bronchitis. [4] [11] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gonlugur U, Gonlugur TE (2008).
An unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 is described as Emanuel syndrome. It was first described in 1980 by American medical researchers Beverly S.
The highest mortality rate is in the first months of life. With improved palliative care and time, survival chances improve and survival into adulthood has been documented.
Emanuel syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that disrupts normal development and affects many parts of the body. Infants with Emanuel syndrome have weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive). Their development is significantly delayed, and most affected individuals have severe to profound intellectual disability. Other features of Emanuel syndrome include an unusually small head (microcephaly), distinctive facial features, and a small lower jaw (micrognathia). Ear abnormalities are common, including small holes in the skin just in front of the ears (preauricular pits or sinuses).
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because Emanuel syndrome is caused by malsegregation of the t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) translocation, one of only a few recurrent non-Robertsonian constitutional translocations in humans (Fraccaro et al., 1980; Zackai and Emanuel, 1980). See also supernumerary der(22)t(8;22) syndrome (613700). Description Emanuel syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, craniofacial dysmorphism, and significant developmental delay and mental retardation. Features include ear anomalies, preauricular tag or sinus, cleft or high-arched palate, micrognathia, microcephaly, kidney abnormalities, heart defects, and genital abnormalities in males (summary by Carter et al., 2009). Carriers of the balanced constitutional t(11;22) translocation are phenotypically normal but have a 10% risk of having progeny with supernumerary der(22)t(11;22) syndrome as a result of malsegregation of the der(22). The affected progeny are genotypically unbalanced because they carry the der(22) as a supernumerary chromosome--either 47,XX,+der(22)t(11;22) or 47,XY,+der(22)t(11;22) (Zackai and Emanuel, 1980; Lin et al., 1986).
Emanuel syndrome is a constitutional genomic disorder due to the presence of a supernumerary derivative 22 chromosome and characterized by severe intellectual disability, characteristic facial dysmorphism (micrognathia, hooded eyelids, upslanting downslanting parebral fissures, deep set eyes, low hanging columnella and long philtrum), congenital heart defects and kidney abnormalities.
Emanuel syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that is characterized by learning problems and stunted growth and development. The signs and symptoms are varied and may include decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and developmental delay in childhood, intellectual disability severe, extremely small head ( microcephaly ), distinctive facial features, small jaw, ear anomalies, arched palate (roof of the mouth), cleft palate , heart defects , kidney malformations , and genital abnormalities (in males). Emanuel syndrome is caused by the presence of additional genetic material of the chromosomes 11 and 22 in each cell . This condition is usually inherited from a parent who has a balanced translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22. Treatment depends on the signs and symptoms present in the individual.
Preparing for your appointment It's likely that a routine blood test showing a high platelet count will be your first indication that you have thrombocytosis.
Thrombocythemia Other names Thrombocytosis 3D rendering of four inactivated and three activated platelets Specialty Hematology Histopathological image representing a bone marrow aspirate in a patient with essential thrombocythemia Thrombocythemia is a condition of high platelet (thrombocyte) count in the blood. Normal count is in the range of 150x10 9 to 450x10 9 platelets per liter of blood, [1] but investigation is typically only considered if the upper limit exceeds 750x10 9 /L. When the cause is unknown, the term thrombocythemia is used, as either primary thrombocythemia or essential thrombocythemia. The condition arises from a fault in the bone marrow cells leading to over-production of platelets but the cause of the fault is unknown, and this type is not common. [2] When the cause is known such as another disorder or disease, the term thrombocytosis is preferred, as either secondary or reactive thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is the most common type and though it can often have no symptoms it can sometimes predispose to thrombosis.
Potenza . [23] Behaviors associated with mobile-phone addiction differ between genders. [24] [25] Older people are less likely to develop addictive mobile phone behavior because of different social usage, stress, and greater self-regulation. [26] At the same time, the study by media regulator Ofcom has shown that 50% of 10-year-olds in the UK owned a smartphone in 2019. [27] These children who grow with gadgets in their hands are more prone to mobile phone addiction, since their online and offline worlds merge into a single whole. Effects [ edit ] A mobile phone cage used for keeping the students' phones away from them to stop their uses of mobile phones during the class as the school's act on mobile phone use in schools Overuse of mobile phones may be associated with negative outcomes on mental and physical health, in addition to having an impact on how users interact socially. [28] [29] Social [ edit ] Some people are replacing face-to-face conversations with cyber ones. ... See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. ( February 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The psychological symptoms that people who are addicted to smartphones might possess are depression , social isolation , low self-esteem and anxiety . [93] First of all, depression is a medical illness that adversely influences people in emotion, imagination, and action. ... Boston: Harvard Business Review Press. ISBN 9781422144046 . [ page needed ] ^ a b Turkle, Sherry (2011).
Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized , affecting the whole body, or local , affecting a region of the body. [2] Although hypoxia is often a pathological condition, variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during hypoventilation training or strenuous physical exercise. ... Vandenberg HMS Ghurka Glen Strathallan SAS Good Hope Gothenburg Herzogin Cecilie Hilma Hooker Hispania HMS Hood HMAS Hobart Igara James Eagan Layne Captain Keith Tibbetts King Cruiser SMS Kronprinz Kyarra HMS Laforey USAT Liberty Louis Sheid USS LST-507 SMS Markgraf Mikhail Lermontov HMS M2 Maine Maloja HMS Maori Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia HMS Montagu MV RMS Mulheim Nagato Oceana USS Oriskany Oslofjord P29 P31 Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth SAS Pietermaritzburg Piłsudski Pool Fisher HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge PS Queen Victoria Radaas Rainbow Warrior RMS Rhone Rondo Rosehill Rotorua Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi HMS Safari Salem Express USS Saratoga USS Scuffle HMS Scylla HMS Sidon USS Spiegel Grove Stanegarth Stanwood Stella HMAS Swan USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Toa Maru Torrey Canyon SAS Transvaal U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud Varvassi Walter L M Russ Washingtonian (1913) HMNZS Wellington USS Yancey Yongala Zenobia Zealandia Zingara Cave diving sites Blauhöhle Chinhoyi Caves Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Cave Fossil Cave Jordbrugrotta Piccaninnie Ponds Pluragrotta Pollatoomary Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich Freshwater dives Dutch Springs Ewens Ponds Little Blue Lake Training sites Capernwray Dive Centre Deepspot National Diving and Activity Centre Stoney Cove Open ocean diving Blue-water diving Black-water diving Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Diving hazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Diving procedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diving hand signals Diving line signals Diver voice communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Solo diving Water safety Risk management Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipment safety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupational safety and health Approaches to safety Job safety analysis Risk assessment Toolbox talk Housekeeping Association of Diving Contractors International Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency procedure Emergency response plan Evacuation plan Hazardous Materials Identification System Hierarchy of hazard controls Administrative controls Engineering controls Hazard elimination Hazard substitution Personal protective equipment International Marine Contractors Association Occupational hazard Biological hazard Chemical hazard Physical hazard Psychosocial hazard Occupational hygiene Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Workplace health surveillance Safety culture Code of practice Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Health and safety representative Operations manual Safety meeting Standard operating procedure Diving medicine Diving disorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressure related Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana Dysbaric osteonecrosis High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gas contaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersion related Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive Research Researchers in diving physiology and medicine Arthur J.
After the tumor has thawed, the probe is removed, bleeding is controlled, and the procedure is complete. The patient spends the first postoperative night in the intensive care unit and typically is discharged in 3–5 days. ... In 2007, Sorafenib , an oral multikinase inhibitor, was the first systemic agent approved for first-line treatment of advanced HCC. [69] Trials have found modest improvement in overall survival: 10.7 months vs 7.9 months and 6.5 months vs 4.2 months. [70] [69] The most common side effects of Sorafenib include a hand-foot skin reaction and diarrhea . [70] Sorafenib is thought to work by blocking growth of both tumor cells and new blood vessels . Numerous other molecular targeted drugs are being tested as alternative first- and second-line treatments for advanced HCC. [71] Other [ edit ] Portal vein embolization (PVE): This technique is sometimes used to increase the volume of healthy liver, in order to improve chances of survival following surgical removal of diseased liver. ... Results from Phase 2 trial recommended G-202 as a first-in-class PSMA-targeted prodrug and that it move to clinical trials. [83] Current research includes the search for the genes that are disregulated in HCC, antiheparanase antibodies, [84] protein markers, [85] non-coding RNAs [86] (such as TUC338 ) [87] and other predictive biomarkers. [88] [89] As similar research is yielding results in various other malignant diseases, it is hoped that identifying the aberrant genes and the resultant proteins could lead to the identification of pharmacological interventions for HCC. [90] The development of three-dimensional culture methods provides a new approach for preclinical studies of cancer therapy using patient-derived organoids . ... PMC 2731289 . PMID 18680242 . This is the first reported case of hepatic adenoma re-growth with recidivistic steroid abuse, complicated by life-threatening hemorrhage. ^ Gorayski P, Thompson CH, Subhash HS, Thomas AC (2007).
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary hepatic cancer derived from well-differentiated hepatocytes. It is more frequent in adults than in childhood. Symptoms are hepatic mass, abdominal pain and, in advanced stages, jaundice, cachexia and liver failure.
A rare, aggressive and malignant hepatic tumor arising from the hepatocytes. It develops mainly in children over 10 years of age, either in a cirrhotic background, or more commonly in a non-cirrhotic background (70% of cases). Epidemiology Primary liver malignancies are rare in children and adolescents. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes less than 25% of them. Annual incidence is about 1/2,000,000, with higher incidence rates found in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia as a result of endemic hepatitis B (HBV) and aflatoxin exposure. HCC is found more frequently in males (2-3:1). Incidence is higher among adolescents (1/1,250,000).
S-III, which is characterized by disrupted cholesterol homeostasis, is associated with the lowest overall rate of survival and the greatest risk of a poor prognosis after first-line surgery. Molecular Genetics Somatic Mutations Oda et al. (1996) observed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the APC and/or MCC (159350) loci in 4 (57%) of 7 informative hepatoblastoma tissues. ... The S-III subtype of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by disrupted cholesterol homeostasis, and is associated with the lowest overall rate of survival among the 3 subtypes characterized by Jiang et al. (2019) and the greatest risk of a poor prognosis after first-line surgery. Jiang et al. (2019) found that knockdown of sterol O-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1; 102642), high expression of which is a signature specific to the S-III subtype, altered the distribution of cellular cholesterol, and effectively suppressed the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma.
A rare carcinoma of the liver characterized by one to several or many nodules occurring anywhere within the liver, composed of neoplastic epithelial cells with hepatocellular differentiation. The vast majority of tumors are associated with chronic liver disease (such as hepatitis B or C, or steatohepatitis) or exposure to a variety of exogenous agents. Patients may present with signs and symptoms related to the tumor, as well as to the underlying condition. Common manifestations include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, and ascites. Symptomatic tumors generally have poor prognosis.
Treatment Treatment of autonomic neuropathy includes: Treating the underlying disease. The first goal of treating autonomic neuropathy is to manage the disease or condition damaging your nerves. ... If there isn't a local group for people with neuropathies, you might find a support group for your underlying condition, such as diabetes, or an online support group. Preparing for your appointment First, you'll probably see your primary care provider.
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic neuropathy Specialty Neurology Autonomic neuropathy ( AN or AAN ) is a form of polyneuropathy that affects the non-voluntary, non-sensory nervous system (i.e., the autonomic nervous system ), affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system , the digestive tract , and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Autonomic nerve fibers form large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside the spinal cord . They have connections with the spinal cord and ultimately the brain, however. Most commonly autonomic neuropathy is seen in persons with long-standing diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2.
