External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F80.1 v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia
Microsurgery on the vasculature decreases the risk of necrosis significantly. [5] Klingsor syndrome is a psychiatric disorder that causes self-harm, which can involve the penis.
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, which occurs in adult males (and some females) who have an FMR1 premutation, is characterized by late-adult onset progressive cerebellar ataxia and intention tremor.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because of evidence that leukoencephalopathy with ataxia (LKPAT) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the CLCN2 gene (600570) on chromosome 3q27. Description Leukoencephalopathy with ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder with a characteristic pattern of white matter abnormalities on brain MRI. Affected individuals have prominent signal abnormalities and decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules, middle cerebral peduncles, pyramidal tracts in the pons, and middle cerebellar peduncles. The findings suggest myelin microvacuolation restricted to certain brain regions. Clinical features include ataxia and unstable gait; more variable abnormalities may include visual field defects, headaches, and learning disabilities (summary by Depienne et al., 2013).
A rare neurologic disease characterized by a specific pattern of white matter abnormalities on brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), as well as mild ataxia, headaches, mild visual impairment, learning difficulties and cases of male infertility.
CLCN2 -related leukoencephalopathy is a disorder that affects the brain. People with this condition have neurological problems that become apparent anytime from childhood to adulthood; the problems generally do not worsen much over time. Most affected individuals have difficulty with coordination and balance (ataxia) but can walk without support, and many have frequent headaches. Individuals diagnosed in childhood usually also have learning disabilities, while those whose symptoms begin in adulthood typically also have vision problems. These vision problems are due to breakdown of the light-sensing tissue at the back of the eyes (retinopathy) or degeneration (atrophy) of the optic nerves , which carry information from the eyes to the brain.
Common triggers include gasoline, tobacco, coffee, perfum, fruits and chocolate. [4] The cause of dysosmia has not been determined but there have been clinical associations with the neurological disorder: [2] [8] Upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs) Nasal and paranasal sinus disease Toxic chemical exposure Neurological abnormalities Head trauma Nasal surgery Tumors on the frontal lobe or olfactory bulb Epilepsy Most of cases are described as idiopathic and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs, head trauma, and nasal and paranasal sinus disease. [4] Psychiatric causes for smell distortion can exist in schizophrenia , alcoholic psychosis , depression , and olfactory reference syndrome . [1] Pathophysiology [ edit ] Anatomy and physiology [ edit ] Human olfactory system. 1: Olfactory bulb 2: Mitral cells 3: Bone 4: Nasal epithelium 5: Glomerulus (olfaction) 6: Olfactory receptor cells Olfactory receptors [ edit ] The olfactory neuroepithelium, located in the roof of the nasal chambers, comprises bipolar receptor cells , supporting cells, basal cells, and brush cells. [5] There are approximately 6 million bipolar sensory receptor neurons whose cell bodies and dendrites are in the epithelium.
Contents 1 Types 2 Causes 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Cellular level 3.2 Molecular level 4 Treatment 4.1 Medications 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Types [ edit ] There are different kinds or types of allodynia: Mechanical allodynia (also known as tactile allodynia) Static mechanical allodynia – pain in response when touched [2] Dynamic mechanical allodynia – pain in response to stroking lightly [3] Thermal (hot or cold) allodynia – pain from normally mild skin temperatures in the affected area Movement allodynia – pain triggered by normal movement of joints or muscles Causes [ edit ] Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions, such as neuropathies , [4] complex regional pain syndrome , postherpetic neuralgia , fibromyalgia , and migraine .
Within two years, there is a risk for cancer arising from these nodules of 30–40%. [25] Obesity has emerged as an important risk factor, as it can lead to steatohepatitis . [15] [26] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. [26] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. [26] There is around 5-10% lifetime risk of cholangiocarcinoma in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis . [27] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. [28] Children [ edit ] Increased risk for liver cancer in children can be caused by Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (associated with hepatoblastoma), [29] [30] familial adenomatous polyposis (associated with hepatoblastoma), [30] low birth weight (associated with hepatoblastoma), [31] Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (associated with HCC) [32] and Trisomy 18 (associated with hepatoblastoma). [30] Diagnosis [ edit ] Further information: Hepatocellular carcinoma § Diagnosis Many imaging modalities are used to aid in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer. ... "Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from The Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry" . The Journal of Pediatrics . 132 (3 Pt 1): 398–400. doi : 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70008-3 . ... EASL Guideline Liver cancer information from Cancer Research UK Classification D ICD - 10 : C22 ICD - 9-CM : 155 ICD-O : M8170/3 OMIM : 114550 MeSH : D008113 DiseasesDB : 7547 External resources MedlinePlus : 000280 eMedicine : article/197319 v t e Digestive system neoplasia GI tract Upper Esophagus Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Stomach Gastric carcinoma Signet ring cell carcinoma Gastric lymphoma MALT lymphoma Linitis plastica Lower Small intestine Duodenal cancer Adenocarcinoma Appendix Carcinoid Pseudomyxoma peritonei Colon/rectum Colorectal polyp : adenoma , hyperplastic , juvenile , sessile serrated adenoma , traditional serrated adenoma , Peutz–Jeghers Cronkhite–Canada Polyposis syndromes: Juvenile MUTYH-associated Familial adenomatous / Gardner's Polymerase proofreading-associated Serrated polyposis Neoplasm: Adenocarcinoma Familial adenomatous polyposis Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Anus Squamous cell carcinoma Upper and/or lower Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) Accessory Liver malignant : Hepatocellular carcinoma Fibrolamellar Hepatoblastoma benign : Hepatocellular adenoma Cavernous hemangioma hyperplasia : Focal nodular hyperplasia Nodular regenerative hyperplasia Biliary tract bile duct : Cholangiocarcinoma Klatskin tumor gallbladder : Gallbladder cancer Pancreas exocrine pancreas : Adenocarcinoma Pancreatic ductal carcinoma cystic neoplasms : Serous microcystic adenoma Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm Mucinous cystic neoplasm Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm Pancreatoblastoma Peritoneum Primary peritoneal carcinoma Peritoneal mesothelioma Desmoplastic small round cell tumor Authority control BNF : cb16597809q (data) LCCN : sh85077753 NDL : 00565013
Overview Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach. Several types of cancer can form in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are much less common. Cancer that spreads to the liver is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells.
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia-8 (SPG8) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the KIAA0196 gene (WASHC5; 610657) on chromosome 8q24. Description Spastic paraplegia-8 is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by adult onset of progressive lower limb spasticity and hyperreflexia resulting in difficulty walking. Some patients may become wheelchair-bound after several decades. Other features may include upper limb spasticity, impaired vibration sense in the distal lower limbs, and urinary urgency or incontinence (summary by de Bot et al., 2013). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia, see SPG3A (182600). Clinical Features De Bot et al. (2013) reported a large Dutch family in which 10 individuals had spastic paraplegia.
Spastic paraplegia type 8 is part of a group of genetic disorders known as hereditary spastic paraplegias. These disorders are characterized by progressive muscle stiffness (spasticity) and the development of paralysis of the lower limbs (paraplegia). Hereditary spastic paraplegias are divided into two types: pure and complex. The pure types involve only the nerves and muscles controlling the lower limbs and bladder, whereas the complex types also have significant involvement of the nervous system in other parts of the body. Spastic paraplegia type 8 is a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. Like all hereditary spastic paraplegias, spastic paraplegia type 8 involves spasticity of the leg muscles and muscle weakness.
A pure or complex form of hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by a childhood to adulthood onset of slowly progressive lower limb spasticity resulting in gait disturbances, hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses, that may be associated with complicating signs, such as upper limb involvement, sensory neuropathy, ataxia (i.e. mild dysmetria, uncoordinated eye movement) and mild dysphagia. Additional symptoms, including urinary urgency and/or incontinence, muscle weakness, decreased vibration sense and mild muscular atrophy in lower extremities, may also be associated.
This condition is known as Charles Bonnet syndrome. Prevention It's important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration.
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A rare disorder due to toxic effects characterized by a progressive, permanent affliction of the extrapyramidal system with the globus pallidus and striatum as primary targets of neurotoxic effects. Symptoms include headache, insomnia, memory loss, emotional instability, hyperreflexia, dystonia, tremor, speech disturbances, and gait abnormalities. Individual factors like age, gender, genetics, and pre-existing medical conditions appear to have a profound impact on manganese toxicity.
External links [ edit ] Malaysian AIDS Council HIV Connect v t e HIV/AIDS in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
With navigated TMS (nTMS), nodes of the language network can be located presurgically so that critical areas can be saved when performing tumor or epilepsy surgery. [18] Marketed by Nexstim , this method has received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance in the United States. See also [ edit ] Ganser syndrome Language disorder Lists of language disorders Malapropism Speech disfluency References [ edit ] ^ a b Manasco, Hunter (2014).
Familial Scheuermann disease is characterized by kyphotic deformity of the spine that develops in adolescence. The spinal deformity includes irregularities of the vertebral endplates, the presence of Schmorl's nodes, disk-space narrowing, and vertebral wedging and is diagnosed using lateral radiographs of the spine. The thoracic spine is most often affected, but the lumbar spine may also be involved. Analysis of the mode of inheritance in a sample of 90 pedigrees derived from the Siberian population supported an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with complete penetrance in boys and incomplete penetrance in girls.
Description Scheuermann disease is characterized by lumbar or thoracic kyphosis or both, back pain, and a variety of vertebral changes including wedging, endplate irregularity, narrowing of disc spaces, Schmorl nodes, and detached epiphyseal rings. It is reported to occur more frequently in boys than in girls (summary by McKenzie and Sillence, 1992). Clinical Features Halal et al. (1978) reported 5 families in which multiple persons had Scheuermann juvenile kyphosis in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. One was known as a 'round back family.' In some, Scheuermann disease was discovered when x-rays were taken following sports injuries. Evident round back deformity usually dated from about age 15. Findlay et al. (1989) described this disorder in males of 3 successive generations.