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Nomophobia
Wikipedia
PMID 30507371 . ^ Brandless Support (28 June 2012). "Nomophobia: The Fear of Being Without a Gnome...er, Phone" . ... Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health . 10 : 28–35. doi : 10.2174/1745017901410010028 .
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Menstrual Extraction
Wikipedia
Retrieved 2018-10-18 . ^ a b Presser, Lizzie (2018-03-28). " " Whatever's your darkest question, you can ask me." ... Seven Stories Press . ISBN 1-888363-28-2 . "Unofficial Abortion" . Time Magazine.
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Foot Fetishism
Wikipedia
In these cases, sexual footplay was viewed as a safe sex alternative. [24] However, the researchers noted that these epidemics overlapped periods of relative female emancipation. [25] Society and culture [ edit ] Some of the earliest recorded instances of foot fetishism occur in the erotic poems To a Barefoot Woman and To a Barefoot Boy attributed to the Ancient Greek writer Philostratus . [26] [27] Another reference to the fetish is made by Bertold of Regensburg in 1220. [28] F. Scott Fitzgerald was described by a mistress as a foot fetishist, [29] and himself referred to a "Freudian shame about his feet". [30] Actor Idris Elba has confirmed in interviews since 2013 that he has a foot fetish, [31] [32] [33] for example in 2016 telling UK Esquire "I've got a foot fetish. ... Ledger: A Facsimile . p. 157. ^ Naughton, John (28 February 2013). "Luther Rising" .
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Pseudohermaphroditism
Wikipedia
Academics like Georgiann Davis [27] and Morgan Holmes , and clinical psychologists like Tiger Devore , [28] argue that the term DSD was designed to "reinstitutionalise" medical authority over intersex bodies, making intersex bodies more treatable and more of a stigma (Holmes), [29] or to place intersex "neatly into medical turf and safely away from critics of its medicalisation" (Davis). [27] In May 2016, Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth published a statement opposing pathologizing language to describe people born with intersex traits, recognizing "increasing general understanding and acceptance of the term "intersex"". [30] One example of the challenges involved in the use of the term is the case of women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). ... Archived from the original on 2007-12-28 . Retrieved 2007-12-07 . [ dead link ] ^ "MESH" .
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Muscle Dysmorphia
Wikipedia
Trauma and bullying [ edit ] Versus the general population, persons manifesting muscle dysmorphia are more likely to have experienced or observed traumatic events like sexual assault or domestic violence, [7] [15] or to have sustained adolescent bullying and ridicule for perceived deficiencies such as smallness, weakness, poor athleticism, or intellectual inferiority. [7] [16] Increased body mass may seem to reduce the threat of further mistreatment. [7] [17] Sociopsychological traits [ edit ] Low self-esteem associates with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and of muscle dysmorphia. [18] Increased body size or muscularity may seem to enhance the masculine identity. [7] Media exposure [ edit ] As Western media emphasize physical attractiveness, some marketing campaigns now exploit male body-image insecurities. [19] [20] [21] [22] Over the past 20 years, the number of fitness magazines and of partially undressed, muscular men in advertisements have increased. [18] [17] Such media provoke bodily comparisons and pressure individuals to conform, [18] yet increase the gap between men's perceptions of their own muscularity versus their desired muscularity. [23] In college-aged men, a strong predictor of a muscularity quest is internalization of the idealized male bodies depicted in media. [24] [25] Athletic participation [ edit ] Athletes tend to share some psychological factors that may predispose to muscle dysmorphia, factors including high levels of competitiveness, need for control, and perfectionism, [18] and athletes tend to be more critical of their own bodies and body weight. [26] Athletes who also fail to their performance goals may escalate efforts to modify their builds, efforts that overlap those of muscle dysmorphia. [3] Involvement in sports where size, strength, or weight, whether higher or lower, imply competitive advantage associates with muscle dysmorphia. [19] [10] [27] Athletic ideals reinforce the social ideal of muscularity. [18] Conversely, those already disposed to muscle dysmorphia may be more likely to participate in such sports. [3] Treatment [ edit ] Treatment of muscle dysmorphia can be stymied by a patient's unawareness that the preoccupation is disordered or by avoidance of treatment. [3] Scientific research on treatment of muscle dysmorphia is limited, the evidence largely in case reports and anecdotes, [7] and no specific protocols have been validated. [3] Still, evidence supports the efficacy of family-based therapy , cognitive behavioural therapy , and pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . [7] Also limited is research on prognosis of the untreated. [7] Prevalence [ edit ] Prevalence estimates for muscle dysmorphia have greatly varied, ranging from 1% to 54% of men in the studied samples. [7] Samples of gym members, weightlifters, and bodybuilders show higher prevalence than do samples from the general population. [7] Rates even higher have been found among users of anabolic steroids. [15] [28] The disorder is rare in women but does occur, and has been noted especially in female bodybuilders who have experienced sexual assault. [7] [15] Crossing cultures, muscle dysmorphia has been identified in China, South Africa, and Latin America. [14] [29] [30] [31] [32] Nonwestern populations less exposed to western media show lower rates of muscle dysmorphia. [33] History [ edit ] Muscle dysmorphia was first conceptualized by healthcare professionals in the late 1990s. [34] [10] [7] In 2016, 50% of peer-reviewed articles on it had been published in the prior five years. [7] Although muscle dysmorphia was initially viewed as anorexia nervosa 's inverse—questing to be large and muscular instead of small and thin [34] —later researchers fit the subjective experience to body dysmorphic disorder . [10] (Some debate continues.) ... This DSM-5 , published in 2013, classifies it under body dysmorphic disorder. [9] Muscle dysmorphia is absent from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ' present edition, the tenth , published in 1992. [28] Reclassifications [ edit ] Muscle dysmorphia's classification has been widely debated, and alternative DSM classifications have been proposed.
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1971 Iraq Poison Grain Disaster
Wikipedia
In the most severely affected areas, prevalence was 28% and mortality was 21% of the cases. [9] Some Iraqi doctors believe both the number of cases and fatalities are at least ten times too low, [7] with perhaps 100,000 cases of brain damage. ... University of Maryland . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . v t e Consumer food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3-MCPD Aldicarb Antibiotic use in livestock Cyanide Formaldehyde HGH controversies Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Salt Sugar High-fructose corn syrup Intestinal parasites and parasitic disease Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Cronobacter Enterovirus Escherichia coli O104:H4 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal Esing Bakery incident 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal UK mad cow disease outbreak 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2015 Mozambique beer poisoning 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination Food safety incidents in China Food safety incidents in Taiwan Food safety in Australia Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Nutrition facts label Organic certification The Non-GMO Project Quality Assurance International Food Standards Agency Institutions Institute for Food Safety and Health European Food Safety Authority International Food Safety Network Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition Food Information and Control Agency (Spain) Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea) v t e Cargill People Cargill family Austen S.
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Paruresis
Wikipedia
. ^ American Urological Association - Paruresis Archived 28 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "300.23, Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder". ... International Paruresis Association (IPA) . ^ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 28: Judicial Administration, Part 550—Drug Programs, Subpart D—Urine Surveillance, § 550.31 Procedures ^ Medard v.
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Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Wikipedia
His treatment required the removal of 5 m (15 ft) of necrotized small intestine (about 75%), leaving him on a permanently restricted diet. [22] Umaru Musa Yar'Adua , the president of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010, reportedly had EGPA and died in office of complications of the disease. [23] DJ and author Charlie Gillett was diagnosed with EGPA in 2006; he died four years later. [24] Japanese ski jumper Taku Takeuchi , who won the bronze medal in the team competition, has the disease and competed at the Sochi Olympics less than a month after being released from hospital treatment. [25] New Zealand reporter and television presenter Toni Street was diagnosed with the condition in 2015. [26] [27] Street has had health problems for several years, including removal of her gallbladder four months prior. [28] Professional basketball player Willie Naulls died on 22 November 2018 in Laguna Niguel, California , from respiratory failure due to EGPA, [29] which he had been battling for eight years. [30] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h "Churg Strauss Syndrome" . ... A prospective study in 342 patients". Medicine . 75 (1): 17–28. doi : 10.1097/00005792-199601000-00003 .WG, MPO, PRTN3, IL5, HLA-DRB4, TRBV20OR9-2, RNASE3, HLA-DRB1, TLR2, IL33, TSLP, IL25, MYDGF, CMAS, PTPN22, GCA, PTGDR2, POSTN, CCL26, TNFRSF10C, VCAM1, TNF, THBD, GYPA, FASLG, TRB, FAS, BCHE, PREP, DDR1, MMP9, MMP2, LEPR, LEP, ITGB2, IL10, IL5RA, ACR
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Anemia Of Prematurity
Wikipedia
The primary mechanism of AOP is a decrease in erythropoietin (EPO), a red blood cell growth factor. [3] Contents 1 Pathophysiology 2 Treatment 2.1 Transfusion 2.2 EPO 2.3 Transfusion management 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Pathophysiology [ edit ] Preterm infants are often anemic and typically experience heavy blood losses from frequent laboratory testing in the first few weeks of life. [4] Although their anemia is multifactorial, repeated blood sampling and reduced erythropoiesis with extremely low serum levels of erythropoietin (EPO) are major causative factors. [5] [6] [7] Blood sampling done for laboratory testing can easily remove enough blood to produce anemia. [4] Obladen, Sachsenweger and Stahnke (1987) studied 60 very low birth weight infants during the first 28 days of life. Infants were divided into 3 groups, group 1 (no ventilator support, 24 ml/kg blood loss), group 2(minor ventilated support, 60 ml/kg blood loss), and group 3(ventilated support for respiratory distress syndrome, 67 ml/kg blood loss). ... Infants were recruited for gestational age—age since conception—≤27 weeks and 28 to 30 weeks and then randomized into the two groups, each totaling 500 U/kg a week.
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Chalazion
Wikipedia
Steroid injection [ edit ] Because the inflammatory cells of chalazia are sensitive to steroids , intralesional or subcutaneous injection of soluble steroids, commonly 0.1 to 0.2 ml of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) into the lesion's center one or two times, is one option. [25] [26] The success rate is in the 77% to 93% range. [26] It carries a quite small risk of central retinal artery obstruction, focal [ disambiguation needed ] depigmentation in dark-skinned patients, and inadvertent ocular penetration. [25] It is considered a simple and effective treatment option, one with high success rates. [27] It may give the same results as surgical treatment (I&C). [4] Larger, long-standing lesions are best treated surgically. [25] Considering the surgical risks, steroid injection is believed as a safer procedure in marginal lesions and lesions close to lacrimal punctum . [4] One injection alone has a success rate about 80%, if requested a second injection can be given 1-2 weeks later. [4] Carbon dioxide laser [ edit ] Chalazion excision using CO2 laser is also a safer procedure with minimal bleeding. Eye patching also not required. [28] See also [ edit ] Stye References [ edit ] ^ Duderstadt, Karen (2013). ... Archived from the original on 2014-03-04 . Retrieved 2014-02-28 . ^ [4] ^ [5] ^ [6] ^ Khurana A, Ahluwalia B, Rajan C (1988).
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Latex Allergy
Wikipedia
Apart from the uncomfortable and in some cases life-threatening health implications, this will effectively hinder the person from working with any amount of latex and could impede their chance of maintaining their vocation. [26] In the surgical setting, the risk of a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction by a patient has been deemed by Johns Hopkins Hospital to be sufficiently high to replace all latex surgical gloves with synthetic alternatives. [27] People who have had multiple surgical procedures , especially in childhood. [10] Epidemiology [ edit ] Estimates of latex sensitivity in the general population range from 0.8% to 8.2%. [28] Alternatives [ edit ] Synthetic rubbers such as elastane , neoprene , nitrile and artificially synthesized polyisoprene latex do not contain the proteins from the Hevea brasiliensis tree. [29] Products made from guayule natural rubber emulsions also do not contain the proteins from the Hevea rubber tree, and do not cause allergy in persons sensitized to Hevea proteins. [24] [30] [31] Chemical treatment to reduce the amount of antigenic proteins in Hevea latex has yielded alternative materials, such as Vytex , which reduce exposure to latex allergens while otherwise retaining the properties of natural rubber. ... "Latex sensitisation and allergy in children with myelomeningocele". Child's Nervous System . 22 (1): 28–32. doi : 10.1007/s00381-004-1110-4 .
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Genetics Of Obesity
Wikipedia
This tendency to store fat, however, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies. [28] This is the presumed reason that Pima Native Americans, who evolved in a desert ecosystem, developed some of the highest rates of obesity when exposed to a Western lifestyle. [29] Numerous studies of laboratory rodents provide strong evidence that genetics play an important role in obesity. [30] [31] The risk of obesity is determined by not only specific genotypes but also gene-gene interactions. ... "Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Body Mass Index across 28 Years of the Framingham Heart Study" .
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Pathological Jealousy
Wikipedia
"Morbid Jealousy from an Evolutionary Psychological Perspective". Evolution and Human Behavior . 28 (6): 399–402. doi : 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.005 . ^ a b Morbid Jealousy: The Green Eyed Monster. http://www.ijpm.org/Mod5.pdf Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Kingham, Michael; Gordon, Harvey (2004). ... "Morbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective" (PDF) . Evolution and Human Behavior . 28 (6): 399–402. doi : 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.005 .
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Ventricular Septal Defect
Wikipedia
The causes of congenital VSD (ventricular septal defect) include the incomplete looping of the heart during days 24-28 of development. Pathophysiology [ edit ] During ventricular contraction, or systole, some of the blood from the left ventricle leaks into the right ventricle, passes through the lungs and reenters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins and left atrium. ... Transcatheter closure [ edit ] A device, known as the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder, may be used to close certain VSDs. [10] It was initially approved in 2009. [10] It appears to work well and be safe. [10] The cost is also lower than having open heart surgery. [10] The device is placed through a small incision in the groin. [11] The Amplatzer septal occluder was shown to have full closure of the ventricular defect within the 24 hours of placement. [12] It has a low risk of embolism after implantation. [13] Some tricuspid valve regurgitation was shown after the procedure that could possibly be due from the right ventricular disc. [12] There have been some reports that the Amplatzer septal occluder may cause life-threatening erosion of the tissue inside the heart. [14] This occurs in one percent of people implanted with the device and requires immediate open-heart surgery. [14] This erosion occurs due to improper sizing of the device resulting with it being too large for the defect, causing rubbing of the septal tissue and erosion. [14] Surgery [ edit ] a) Surgical closure of a Perimembranous VSD is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with ischemic arrest. Patients are usually cooled to 28 degrees. Percutaneous Device closure of these defects is rarely performed in the United States because of the reported incidence of both early and late onset complete heart block after device closure, presumably secondary to device trauma to the AV node. b) Surgical exposure is achieved through the right atrium.GATA4, NKX2-5, SALL4, CITED2, IRX4, PCSK5, YES1, EPO, GATA6, TBX5, TBX1, GATA5, TBX3, GJA1, GPC3, ROR2, EP300, NR2F2, MEIS2, EVC, FGFR2, GLI1, DVL3, IGF1R, PLAGL1, DGCR8, PTPN11, DGCR6, RPS6KA3, RREB1, SMC1A, ESS2, SCN2A, CDKL5, NAA10, MKKS, KMT2D, NSD1, SHOC2, SCN4A, KAT6A, RNF113A, RPL35A, ARID1A, SDHA, RPL15, CDC45, STRA6, PEX3, CASK, CDK13, RPL11, TP63, FADD, PEX11B, XYLT2, XYLT1, BAZ1B, PIGQ, ZIC3, WT1, SKIV2L, PALB2, TKT, NKX2-1, THOC6, SNRPB, TFAP2B, SOS1, SOX2, STXBP1, SOX4, SLC25A22, FRAS1, STIM1, TALDO1, SURF1, ACADVL, NDUFAF5, HIRA, UBE2A, FTO, PIEZO2, UFD1, CEP290, KDM6A, PORCN, SMN1, SLC25A1, NXN, CLIP2, WHCR, SLC19A3, NSD2, ABL1, PIGL, SMC3, IFT81, LIPT1, SMG9, CCDC174, PIGP, TACO1, NDUFA13, ANKRD11, CCDC22, DYNC2LI1, TBL2, VPS33B, PHGDH, TCTN3, CNTNAP2, C2CD3, AAR2, NDUFA12, OTUD6B, EFTUD2, SETD5, PACS1, PEX26, CHD7, FOXRED1, SLC29A3, YY1AP1, FANCI, WDR60, RAB23, TMEM260, BCOR, AHI1, DLL4, NDUFB11, WNT4, FGFRL1, NIPBL, KAT6B, TGDS, TTC37, WASHC5, FIG4, ZEB2, VIPAS39, TMEM94, SEMA3E, CEP57, SEC24C, HYMAI, GDF3, GTF2IRD1, TRIM8, CHST3, PEX16, NRXN1, LONP1, MED12, DGCR2, AKT3, GPC6, LARS2, SPECC1L, TAB2, PUF60, PNKP, TXNL4A, CPLX1, STAMBP, SLC19A2, TTC7A, ARID1B, TRAIP, CD96, ARHGAP31, PQBP1, RPL5, RFC2, RIT1, FGFR1, GDF1, ARX, FLNB, FLI1, FOXC2, FOXF1, ASXL1, GPC4, KRAS, FBN2, FBN1, UBR1, EXT2, ERCC3, ERCC2, ELN, PKD1L1, GLI3, GNAO1, GP1BB, B3GLCT, CCBE1, IGBP1, HRAS, SIK1, HOXA13, HDAC8, CKAP2L, HNRNPK, CEP120, HCCS, ESCO2, GTF2I, GTF2E2, VPS13B, TAPT1, ECHS1, ECE1, CHRM3, NDUFS7, CCND2, CAMK2A, CACNA1D, MYRF, BRAF, GDF6, BCR, ATRX, GTF2H5, ARVCF, ARCN1, PET100, JAG1, ACVR2B, CTU2, COL11A2, DTNA, COMT, ATN1, DPH1, HYLS1, JMJD1C, DHCR7, KANSL1, DDX11, STPG4, RSPO2, CTBP1, FREM2, CRKL, CREBBP, COX15, COX7B, KCNA1, VAC14, LETM1, MASP1, NDUFS8, MAPK1, NEUROD2, NODAL, NONO, FOXP4, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, PEX2, PEX19, ADAMTS10, SIX6, PAH, PDHA1, PEX5, PEX1, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, MAP2K1, PEX13, PEX14, NDUFAF2, PIK3CA, PIK3R2, NEK9, POLA1, PPP1CB, NDUFS4, NDUFV2, NDUFV1, NDUFS3, B3GALT6, MMP14, MMP2, KMT2A, MGP, MGAT2, MEOX1, EVC2, MPLKIP, NDUFAF6, AMER1, LTBP2, LRP5, LRP2, LIMK1, CANT1, RAF1, MTFMT, NDUFA4, NDUFS2, NDUFS1, NDUFA10, RAC1, RAD21, NDUFA9, NDUFA2, UBE3B, NFATC1, HEY2, ISL1, TBX20, MESP1, CHDH, RYR2, ARSD, CASZ1, HAND1, MTRR, NTRK3, TGFBR2, MYH7, TWIST1, ETS1, WNT5A, ADO, MIR421, MIR3691, MIR1233-1, SENP2, HOMEZ, CRELD1, SNHG6, MIR191, ARSH, MIR181C, RTN4, MIR1-1, TUBA3D, PRRT2, NOX5, TMSB4X, MEG3, HOXA1, FABP3, FGFR3, FN1, GH1, GRB2, HAS2, HMGN1, HOXB1, DNTT, IGF1, IGF2, LRPAP1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD7, MEF2C, EGFR, DNMT3B, MTR, ASD1, ACTC1, GRK2, ALB, SLC25A5, APOE, APP, ARSA, RERE, DECR1, BMP2, CD80, CDH5, CPB1, CRP, CTNNB1, DARS1, MTHFR, MYBPC3, KLF13, SCO2, SSPN, ULK1, NRP1, FOXH1, TBX18, MATR3, REC8, TSHZ1, VEGFC, TRDN, YAP1, WDFY3, SIRT1, ZFPM2, PRPF31, TRIM33, AVSD1, VEGFA, NOTCH1, ROBO1, OPRD1, PAX2, PFKL, PLN, PRKCA, PRKCB, PSEN1, SLC6A4, SUMO1, SMN2, SOX9, TBX2, TCF21, LEFTY2, THBS1, TNXB, STIN2-VNTR
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Akathisia
Wikipedia
They also described the drug-induced agitation known as akathisia (Hasse, 1954; Steck, 1954)." [28] : 40 References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i Salem H, Nagpal C, Pigott T, Teixeira AL (2017). ... PMID 7962686 . ^ "Remeron (Mirtazapine) Drug Information" . RxList . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Dunkley, E.J.C.; Isbister, G.K.; Sibbritt, D.; Dawson, A.H.; Whyte, I.M. (18 August 2003).ADCYAP1, CACNA1C, MAPT, RAI1, PRL, DRD2, ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA3, CTBP1, NQO1, DRD3, ABCB1, RGS2, ANKK1
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Tinea Capitis
Wikipedia
The effective therapy rate of this treatment is generally high, in the range of 88–100%. [12] Other oral antifungal treatments for tinea capitis also frequently reported in the literature include terbinafine , itraconazole , and fluconazole ; these drugs have the advantage of shorter treatment durations than griseofulvin. [13] A 2016 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole were at least equally effective as griseofulvin for children infected with Trichophyton , and terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin for children with T. tonsurans infection . [14] However, concerns have been raised about the possibility of rare side effects like liver toxicity or interactions with other drugs; furthermore, the newer drug treatments tend to be more expensive than griseofulvin. [15] On September 28, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration stated that Lamisil ( Terbinafine hydrochloride, by Novartis AG ) is a new treatment approved for use by children aged 4 years and older. ... PMID 10048701 . ^ Baertlein, Lisa (2007-09-28). "US FDA approves oral granules for scalp ringworm | Deals | Regulatory News | Reuters" .
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
Wikipedia
Patients with low grade Kadish class C tumors have a 10-year survival rate of 86 percent compared to patients with high grade class C tumors who have a survival rate of 28 percent. [10] Surgically treated patients with high grade tumors are more likely to experience leptomeningeal metastases or involvement of the cerebral spinal fluid unlike patients with low grade tumors who usually only see local recurrence. [26] Survival rates for treated esthesioneuroblastoma are best for surgery with radiotherapy (65%), then for radiotherapy and chemotherapy (51%), just surgery (48%), surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (47%) and finally just radiotherapy (37%). [14] From the literature, radiotherapy and surgery seem to boast the best outcome for patients. ... It is no surprise that the prognosis would be worse in these cases. [ citation needed ] Incidence [ edit ] Esthesioneuroblastoma accounts for 2% of all intranasal tumors with an incidence of 0.4 cases per million people. [1] Fewer than 700 cases have been documented in the United States . [12] Fewer than 400 unique cases have been reported globally. [4] [1] Esthesioneuroblastoma can occur at any time, with peak occurrence reported in the second and sixth decades of life. [1] History [ edit ] Esthesioneuroblastoma was first characterized in 1924. [27] [28] Notable cases [ edit ] The disease was brought into prominence by the case of Chantal Sébire , who was suffering from the disease and ended her life after being denied euthanasia. [29] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thompson LD (2009).POMC, SMUG1, ASCL1, SST, OTX2, IDH2, OTX1, TP53, TERT, STAT5B, OMP, STAT3, SSTR5, NKX2-1, SMARCB1, RASA2, TTF1, CD274, STAT5A, NTRK2, CCND1, NTRK1, BCL2, BDNF, CDKN1A, CDKN2C, DMD, EPOR, EWSR1, FGFR3, GLI2, HSPA5, HTC2, IGF1, LAMA2, CD99, NKX2-2, FXYD5
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Cytokine Storm
Wikipedia
In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. [15] Preliminary research results from Taiwan also indicated this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. [16] Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well. [17] Cytokine storm has also been implicated in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome . [18] In 2006, a study at Northwick Park Hospital in England resulted in all 6 of the volunteers given the drug theralizumab becoming critically ill, with multiple organ failure, high fever, and a systemic inflammatory response . [19] [20] Parexel , a company conducting trials for pharmaceutical companies, in one of its documents, wrote about the trial and said theralizumab could cause a cytokine storm—the dangerous reaction the men experienced. [21] Relationship to COVID-19 [ edit ] During the COVID-19 pandemic , some doctors attributed many deaths to cytokine storms. [22] [23] Severe symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality in COVID-19 patients are caused by a cytokine storm. [24] SARS-CoV-2 activates the innate immune system and results in a release of a large number of cytokines, including IL-6, which can increase vascular permeability and cause a migration of fluid and blood cells into the alveoli as well as the consequent symptoms such as dyspnea and respiratory failure. [25] The higher mortality is being linked to the result of ARDS aggravation and the tissue damage that can result in organ-failure and/or death. [26] ARDS was shown to be the cause of mortality in 70% of COVID-19 deaths. [27] In a cytokine plasma level analysis of those with severe Sars-CoV-2, the levels of many interleukins and cytokines are extremely elevated, showing evidence of a cytokine storm in those most harshly affected. [26] Additionally, postmortem examination of patients with COVID-19 has shown large accumulation of inflammatory cells in lung tissues, including macrophages and T-helper cells. [28] Early recognition of this cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients is crucial to ensure the best outcome, allowing for treatment with a variety of biological agents that target the cytokines to reduce their levels. ... ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-28 . ^ Sharun, Khan; Tiwari, Ruchi; Dhama, Jaideep; Dhama, Kuldeep (October 2020).IL6, TNF, IFNG, IL10, CXCL10, TLR4, IFNA13, MAPK14, IFNA1, HMGB1, HAVCR1, HAVCR2, IL1B, IFNB1, SARS2, TIMELESS, ARHGEF5, CSF2, SARS1, IL17A, LRPPRC, MBTPS1, NR1I3, DGKZ, SOCS3, TYROBP, TRIM13, SIGMAR1, TLR2, VNN2, PRDX2, KLF2, VNN1, ABCF1, IFITM3, NLRP3, CXADRP1, TRIM72, MIR302A, TICAM1, TRIM69, CD300LB, SOCS4, SLC15A4, IL17F, ARID5A, IL33, GPR174, HDAC8, TLR7, FOXP3, SLC40A1, SLC5A5, MLYCD, SPG7, MUC1, CCL5, IGFBP7, GSR, GPT, GOT2, FHL3, F2R, F2, DPP4, DNASE2, CXADR, CD38, CD28, CASR, SERPING1, ARR3, APC, ANXA5, ALB, IFNGR1, IL1RN, CLEC11A, IL6ST, PRKAR1A, OSM, NM, AGT, MPO, MMP1, LTA, LGALS9, LGALS3, LGALS1, LEP, JAK2, ITGB2, ITGAM, IRF5, IL18, IL7, CCR2
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Hemoglobin C
Wikipedia
In those who are heterozygous for the mutation, about 28–44% of total hemoglobin (Hb) is HbC, and no anemia develops. ... Individuals with hemoglobin C disease have sporadic episodes of musculoskeletal (joint) pain. [17] People with hemoglobin C disease can expect to lead a normal life. [26] Epidemiology [ edit ] Hemoglobin C is found most abundantly in areas of West Africa, such as Nigeria, where Yorubas live. [27] [28] [29] Hemoglobin C gene is found in 2-3% of African-Americans [15] while 8% of African-Americans have hemoglobin S (Sickle) gene.
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Melanosis, Neurocutaneous
Omim
Six patients had died, including 2 in early childhood, 3 in childhood, and 1 at age 28 years. All who died had diffuse leptomeningeal deposits in both the brain and spine.
