World AIDS Day Australia . Archived from the original on 28 August 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . ^ Bowtell 2005 , p. 15. ^ Ware, Cheryl. ... Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ a b c "HIV and women having children" (PDF) . Better Health Channel . State of Victoria . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ World Health Organization (November 2013). ... BabyCenter Australia Medical Advisory Board . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ a b c d e "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – perinatal" . State Government Victoria . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ "HIV STATISTICS IN AUSTRALIA: WOMEN" .
The genetic loss of MECP2 changes the properties of cells in the locus coeruleus , the exclusive source of noradrenergic innervation to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus . [27] [28] These changes include hyperexcitability and decreased functioning of its noradrenergic innervation. [29] Moreover, a reduction of the tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) mRNA level, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, was detected in the whole pons of MECP2 -null male as well as in adult heterozygous ( MECP2 +/-) female mice. [30] Using immunoquantitative techniques, a decrease of Th protein staining level, number of locus coeruleus TH-expressing neurons and density of dendritic arborization surrounding the structure was shown in symptomatic MeCP2 -deficient mice. [30] However, locus coeruleus cells are not dying, but are more likely losing their fully mature phenotype, since no apoptotic neurons in the pons were detected. [30] Researchers have concluded that "Because these neurons are a pivotal source of norepinephrine throughout the brainstem and forebrain and are involved in the regulation of diverse functions disrupted in Rett syndrome, such as respiration and cognition, we hypothesize that the locus coeruleus is a critical site at which loss of MECP2 results in CNS dysfunction." ... Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders . 28 (6): 519–26. doi : 10.1023/A:1026052128305 . ... "Rett Syndrome: A Prototypical Neurodevelopmental Disorder". The Neuroscientist . 10 (2): 118–28. doi : 10.1177/1073858403260995 .
A rare severe, X-linked, neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by rapid developmental regression in infancy, partial or complete loss of purposeful hand movements, loss of speech, gait abnormalities, and stereotypic hand movements, commonly associated with deceleration of head growth, severe intellectual disability, seizures, and breathing abnormalities. The disorder has a progressive clinical course and may associate various comorbidities including gastrointestinal diseases, scoliosis, and behavioral disorders. Epidemiology The disorder affects approximately 1 in 10,000 live female births. The disease has been occasionally reported in males, usually with a lethal course before birth or in early infancy. Clinical description Classic or typical Rett syndrome (RTT) primarily affects girls and is characterized by apparently normal psychomotor development during the first 6-18 months of life followed by developmental stagnation with rapid regression in language and motor abilities, and subsequent long-term plateauing of skills.
Overview Rett syndrome is a rare genetic neurological and developmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops. This disorder causes a progressive loss of motor skills and language. Rett syndrome primarily affects females. Most babies with Rett syndrome seem to develop as expected for the first six months of life. These babies then lose skills they previously had — such as the ability to crawl, walk, communicate or use their hands. Over time, children with Rett syndrome have increasing problems with the use of muscles that control movement, coordination and communication.
Rett syndrome is a progressive, neuro-developmental condition that primarily affects girls. Affected girls appear to have normal psychomotor development during the first 6 to 18 months of life, followed by a developmental "plateau," and then rapid regression in language and motor skills. Additional signs and symptoms may include repetitive, stereotypic hand movements; fits of screaming and inconsolable crying; autistic features; panic-like attacks; teeth grinding (bruxism); episodic apnea and/or hyperpnea ; gait ataxia and apraxia ; tremors; seizures; and slowed head growth. Some people have an atypical form of Rett syndrome that may be more mild or more severe. Classic Rett syndrome is most commonly caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene and is usually inherited in an X-linked dominant manner.
The core pathology is disruption of the capillary-endothelial interface: this actually refers to two separate barriers – the endothelium and the basement membrane of the alveolus. [27] [28] [29] [30] In the acute phase of ALI, there is increased permeability of this barrier and protein rich fluid leaks out of the capillaries. ... Am J Physiol. 290:L978-86. ^ Song W, Wei S, Zhou Y, Lazrak A, Liu G, Londino JD, Squadrito GL, Matalon S. (2010) Inhibition of lung fluid clearance and epithelial Na+ channels by chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and chloramines. J Biol Chem. 285:9716-28. ^ Matute-Bello G, Frevert CW, Martin TR. (2008) Animal models of acute lung injury.
There has been a documented increasing trend to hospital admissions. [3] The risk is increased in those with an ongoing risk factor, such as an eating disorder, and those who cannot afford insulin. [3] About 30% of children with type 1 diabetes receive their diagnosis after an episode of DKA. [26] Lower socio‐economic status and higher area‐level deprivation are associated with an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in people with diabetes mellitus type 1. [27] Previously considered universally fatal, the risk of death with adequate and timely treatment is around 1–4%. [1] [6] Up to 1% of children with DKA develop a complication known as cerebral edema . [2] Rates of cerebral edema in US children with DKA has risen from 0.4% in 2002 to 0.7% in 2012. [28] Between 2 and 5 out of 10 children who develop brain swelling will die as a result. [19] History [ edit ] The first full description of diabetic ketoacidosis is attributed to Julius Dreschfeld , a German pathologist working in Manchester , United Kingdom. ... It was initially thought to be a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young , [32] and went through several other descriptive names (such as "idiopathic type 1 diabetes", "Flatbush diabetes", "atypical diabetes" and "type 1.5 diabetes") before the current terminology of "ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes" was adopted. [3] [13] References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Misra, S; Oliver, NS (28 October 2015). "Diabetic ketoacidosis in adults" (PDF) . ... "Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association" . Diabetes Care . 28 (1): 186–212. doi : 10.2337/diacare.28.1.186 .
Overview Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. The condition develops when the body can't produce enough insulin. Insulin plays a key role in helping sugar — a major source of energy for muscles and other tissues — enter cells in the body. Without enough insulin, the body begins to break down fat as fuel. This causes a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones. If it's left untreated, the buildup can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. If you have diabetes or you're at risk of diabetes, learn the warning signs of diabetic ketoacidosis and when to seek emergency care.
It is used in order to halt or slow the progression of mild or moderate excavatum conditions [28] [29] and as supplementary treatment to improve a poor posture , to prevent secondary complications, and to prevent relapse after treatment. [30] Exercises are aimed at improving posture , strengthening back and chest muscles, and enhancing exercise capacity, ideally also increasing chest expansion. [31] Pectus exercises include deep breathing and breath holding exercises, [28] as well as strength training for the back and chest muscles. ... "Pectus Excavatum" . Dorland's Medical Dictionary (28 ed.). Philadelphia, Penns.: Saunders.
Nowak (1936) traced pectus excavatum in 2 to 4 generations in 12 families; a generation was skipped in 5 families. Stoddard (1939) reported an extensively affected family with a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. This deformity also occurs in the Marfan syndrome and some other hereditary disorders. Leung and Hoo (1987) reported 3 Chinese families in each of which there were several instances of pectus excavatum. Male-to-male transmission was seen. Thorax - Pectus excavatum Inheritance - Autosomal dominant form ▲ Close
Overview Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the person's breastbone is sunken into the chest. In severe cases, pectus excavatum can look as if the center of the chest has been scooped out, leaving a deep dent. While the sunken breastbone is often noticeable shortly after birth, the severity of pectus excavatum typically worsens during the adolescent growth spurt. Also called funnel chest, pectus excavatum is more common in boys than in girls. Severe cases of pectus excavatum can eventually interfere with the function of the heart and lungs.
Delivery by cesarean section may be deemed necessary, especially if the instance of fetal bradycardia does not resolve after 10 to 15 minutes of resuscitative interventions. [26] [28] It may be safer to deliver the infant preterm than to wait for the full 40 weeks of fetal development to finish, and as a result prematurity is also a potential complication of eclampsia. [22] [29] In the mother, changes in vision may occur as a result of eclampsia, and these changes may include blurry vision, one-sided blindness (either temporary due to amaurosis fugax or potentially permanent due to retinal detachment ), or cortical blindness , which affects the vision from both eyes. [30] [31] There are also potential complications in the lungs. ... Blood pressure management is indicated with a diastolic blood pressure above 105–110 mm Hg. [28] Delivery [ edit ] If the baby has not yet been delivered, steps need to be taken to stabilize the woman and deliver her speedily.
After further development and testing, this method could be of great value in surveillance as a blood- or urine-based screening test for scrapie. [27] [28] Transmission/exposure pathways [ edit ] Various studies have indicated prions (PrP SC ) that infect sheep and goats with the fatal transmissible encephalopathy known as scrapie, are able to persist in soil for years without losing their pathogenic activity. [29] Dissemination of prions into the environment can occur from several sources: mainly, infectious placenta or amniotic fluid of sheep and possibly environmental contamination by saliva or excrement. ... Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1772 (6): 619–28. doi : 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.04.007 . ... L.; Calella, A.; Forloni, G. (2001-04-28). "Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae ".
Albumin measurements are defined as follows: [26] Normal albuminuria : urinary albumin excretion <30 mg/24h; Microalbuminuria : urinary albumin excretion in the range of 30–299 mg/24h; Macroalbuminuria : urinary albumin excretion ≥300 mg/24h Urinary albumin excretion can also be measured by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in a spot urine sample, which is as accurate but more convenient than a 24-hour urine collection. [27] It is recommended that diabetics have their albumin levels checked annually, beginning immediately after a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and five years after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. [25] [28] Medical imaging of the kidneys, generally by ultrasonography , is recommended as part of a differential diagnosis if there is suspicion of urinary tract obstruction , urinary tract infection , kidney stones or polycystic kidney disease . [29] Conformation kidney biopsy should only be performed if non-diabetic kidney disease is suspected. [ citation needed ] Urine analysis in patients with diabetic kidney disease is often bland. ... "Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment" . Diabetes Care . 28 (1): 164–76. doi : 10.2337/diacare.28.1.164 . ... PMID 27470878 . ^ Wanner, Christoph; Inzucchi, Silvio E.; Lachin, John M.; Fitchett, David; von Eynatten, Maximilian; Mattheus, Michaela; Johansen, Odd Erik; Woerle, Hans J.; Broedl, Uli C.; Zinman, Bernard (2016-07-28). "Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes" . ... "Correction: Ethn Dis. 2010;20:[Suppl 1]:S1-60-S1-64" . Ethnicity & Disease . 28 (4): 586. doi : 10.18865/ed.28.4.586 . ... "Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment" . Diabetes Care . 28 (1): 164–76. doi : 10.2337/diacare.28.1.164 .
They haven't pursued a single person for criminal liability." [28] Jicai also noted that no mention was made of the people who later harassed the family, nor was there any mention of an incident where her brother was attacked and beaten. [21] Zhang Kai, a lawyer from Beijing, told Deng Jiyuan he would look into filing a lawsuit against the township government. [14] "To force a woman who is seven months pregnant to have an abortion is a serious violation of the law," he said. ... "Chinese to Prosecute Peasant Who Resisted One-Child Policy" . Washington Post . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Josh Chin; Olivia Geng (June 15, 2012). ... Retrieved July 2, 2012 . ^ a b c d Lin Yunshi (June 28, 2012). "Family Planning Authorities Order Review of Local Enforcement" . ... Retrieved June 27, 2012 . ^ Daniel Bardsley (June 28, 2012). "Chinese officials who pushed woman into late-term abortion 'punished ' " . The National . Retrieved June 28, 2012 . ^ Dan Ryan (June 22, 2012).
While the effect was first observed with air, other gases including argon, krypton and hydrogen cause very similar effects at higher than atmospheric pressure. [28] Some of these effects may be due to antagonism at NMDA receptors and potentiation of GABA A receptors, [29] similar to the mechanism of nonpolar anesthetics such diethyl ether or ethylene . [30] However, their reproduction by the very chemically inactive gas argon makes them unlikely to be a strictly chemical bonding to receptors in the usual sense of a chemical bond . ... Bethesda, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS Publication Number WS2–28–76): 272 . Retrieved 2008-12-23 .
However, kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts. [26] Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically. [16] Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [16] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [27] However, infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection. [27] Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. [28] Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis). [29] In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus. [28] Since widespread screening of blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently. [16] Parasitic hepatitis [ edit ] Echinococcus granulosus Parasites can also infect the liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum IgE (though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections). [30] Of the protozoans , Trypanosoma cruzi , Leishmania species, and the malaria -causing Plasmodium species all can cause liver inflammation. [30] Another protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica , causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses. [30] Of the worms, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus , also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic hydatid cysts . [30] The liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis. [30] Bacterial hepatitis [ edit ] Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses , acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease. [31] Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time. [31] Acute hepatitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Bartonella henselae , Borrelia burgdorferi , salmonella species, brucella species and campylobacter species. [31] Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from mycobacteria species, Tropheryma whipplei , Treponema pallidum , Coxiella burnetii , and rickettsia species. [31] Metabolic [ edit ] Alcoholic hepatitis [ edit ] Main article: Alcoholic hepatitis Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. [29] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease .
In 1968, the Soviet Union once again legalized abortion upon request. [25] Independent Kazakhstan [ edit ] Year Legal abortion rate (out of 1000 women aged 15–44) 1995 53 [7] 1999 43.9, [26] or between 57 and 55 according to official sources [6] 2004 35 [27] 2008 32.3 [28] 2010 27.4 [29] 2012 24.5 [4] Beginning with its independence from the USSR in 1991, Kazakhstan began to replace abortion with other methods of contraception. [7] The relevant legislation in Kazakhstan has been influenced by the country's Soviet past. [2] Despite the decline in abortions in favor of other contraceptive methods, [30] [31] [2] abortion remained the most widely used contraceptive method in the 1990s. [2] Since the country's independence, abortions are increasingly performed in the private sector, leading the official rate of abortions to decline. [6] A study based on the data between 1995 and 1999 found that abortions are mostly performed in urban areas, the then capital Almaty and the North and East regions of the country. [32] Most women having abortions were ethnic Russians . ... The program trained medical professionals and informed the population about other contraceptive methods. [30] A UN report published in 2002 explained that abortions were available on request during the first trimester, with no particular motivation required; between 12 and 28 weeks, the service is available if certain social or medical circumstances are present. [2] In 2001, a Health Ministry order was approved on the medical reasons and regulations of abortion. [38] In 2009, the ministry approved Order 626, [39] which was modified in 2012 regarding the following aspects: Conditions for abortion in 2009 [38] Conditions for abortion in 2012 [39] Up to 12 weeks: Upon request Between 12 and 22 weeks, on social grounds, including: Death of the husband during pregnancy Incarceration of the woman or her husband Unemployment of the woman or her husband If the woman is unmarried Deprivation or limitation of parental rights When the pregnancy is a result of rape If the woman has refugee or forced migrant status If there is a disabled child in the family Divorce during the pregnancy If there are 4 or more children in the family In case of fetal malformation With no gestational limit: If there are medical indications threatening the life of the pregnant woman, with her consent For minors under 16, parental consent is required.
However, among other possible complications, prosthetic mesh usage seems to have a higher incidence of chronic pain and, sometimes, infection. [24] The frequency of surgical correction ranges from 10 per 100,000 (U.K.) to 28 per 100,000 (U.S.). [1] Recovery [ edit ] Many people are managed through day surgery centers, and are able to return to work within a week or two, while intense activities are prohibited for a longer period. ... Archived from the original on October 28, 2008 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 . ^ "Hernia Causes" .
., into and around the navel and then licking or sucking it up. [20] [21] Similarly, licking or rolling the tongue into the navel while underwater can produce erotic sensations. [16] [22] [23] [24] An ice cube when rubbed over or rested over the navel can produce erotic sensations. [16] [25] The navel is an erogenous zone with a heightened sensitivity. [2] [26] [27] The navel and the region below when touched by the finger or the tip of the tongue result in the production of erotic sensations, [16] [27] [28] [29] and some people are very ticklish to touch in that area. [30] Some people can be aroused by tickling , lickling, blowing raspberries/zerberts (blowing air with lips), and teasing with a feather, flower or a piece of grass, especially when the person is ticklish in the navel. [2] [31] [32] Fingering the navel is also a common act. [22] [23] [33] A Belly dancer with a navel piercing . ... Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ "Keira Knightley - Belly Button Piercing Swings It For Keira" . contactmusic.com. 2003-07-28 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ "Gary 'Gaz' Beadle's girlfriend loves his navel" .
In people without prior ears, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19 with a specificity of 95%. [24] Most people (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia ), while 14% develop severe symptoms ( dyspnea , hypoxia , or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging) and 5% of patients suffer critical symptoms ( respiratory failure , shock , or multiorgan dysfunction ). [25] Around one in five people are infected with the virus but do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time. [26] [27] [28] A June 2020 review asserted that asymptomatic infections might be as high as 40 to 45 percent with the ability to transmit the virus for a period that extends beyond two weeks. [29] These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested, and they can spread the disease. [28] [30] [31] Other infected people will develop symptoms later (called pre-symptomatic ) or have very mild symptoms, and can also spread the virus. [32] As is common with infections, there is a delay, known as the incubation period , between the moment a person first becomes infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. ... Columbia as of 2 June [214] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 4.6 12.3 33.8 33.6 Ontario as of 3 June [215] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.5 5.6 17.7 26.0 33.3 Quebec as of 2 June [216] 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.1 6.1 21.4 30.4 36.1 Chile as of 31 May [217] [218] 0.1 0.3 0.7 2.3 7.7 15.6 China as of 11 February [219] 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 3.6 8.0 14.8 Colombia as of 3 June [220] 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.6 3.4 9.4 18.1 25.6 35.1 Denmark as of 4 June [221] 0.2 4.1 16.5 28.1 48.2 Finland as of 1 December [222] 0.0 0.4 1.6 9.6 32.7 Germany as of 5 June [223] 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 19.7 31.0 Bavaria as of 5 June [224] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 5.4 15.8 28.0 35.8 Israel as of 3 May [225] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 3.1 9.7 22.9 30.8 31.3 Italy as of 3 June [226] 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 2.7 10.6 25.9 32.4 29.9 Japan as of 7 May [227] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 2.5 6.8 14.8 Mexico as of 3 June [228] 3.3 0.6 1.2 2.9 7.5 15.0 25.3 33.7 40.3 40.6 Netherlands as of 3 June [229] 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.7 8.1 25.6 33.3 34.5 Norway as of 1 December [230] 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.1 5.3 16.5 36.9 Philippines as of 4 June [231] 1.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 2.4 5.5 13.2 20.9 31.5 Portugal as of 3 June [232] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 3.6 10.5 21.2 South Africa as of 28 May [233] 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.1 3.8 9.2 15.0 12.3 South Korea as of 1 December [234] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.2 6.4 18.2 Spain as of 29 May [235] 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.4 5.0 14.3 20.8 21.7 Sweden as of 30 November [236] 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.9 11.6 26.2 32.9 Switzerland as of 4 June [237] 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.4 11.6 28.2 United States Colorado as of 3 June [238] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.9 6.2 18.5 39.0 Connecticut as of 3 June [239] 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.8 7.0 18.0 31.2 Georgia as of 3 June [240] 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.9 2.0 6.1 13.2 22.0 Idaho as of 3 June [241] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.1 8.9 31.4 Indiana as of 3 June [242] 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.8 7.3 17.1 30.2 Kentucky as of 20 May [243] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.9 5.9 14.2 29.1 Maryland as of 20 May [244] 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.9 6.1 14.6 28.8 Massachusetts as of 20 May [245] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.5 5.2 16.8 28.9 Minnesota as of 13 May [246] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.6 5.4 26.9 Mississippi as of 19 May [247] 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.9 2.1 8.1 16.1 19.4 27.2 Missouri as of 19 May [248] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.2 6.3 14.3 22.5 Nevada as of 20 May [249] 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.7 2.6 7.7 22.3 N.
Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) may be the only symptom for CD, [26] detected in subclinical CD [27] and is accompanied by a decrease in serum ferritin levels. [28] This can cause addition problems (see: symptoms of IDA and certain conditions like such as Paterson-Brown Kelly (Plummer-Vinson) . [29] Whereas IDA is corrected on GF diet, refractory disease or gluten-sensitive malignancies can cause persistent IDA. [30] Clotting abnormalities [ edit ] Thromboembolism is a well-described complication of IBD, with a clinical incidence of up to 6% and a three-fold higher risk of disease, [31] [32] and the Factor V Leiden mutation further increases the risk of venous thrombosis. [33] Recent studies describe the co-occurrence between coeliac disease, in which IBD is common in venous thrombosis. [34] [35] Dermatitis [ edit ] A study of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis or coeliac disease revealed significantly more gluten in the blood than controls. [36] This increases the risk of asthma, anaphylaxis and dermatological conditions. ... "The watery diarrhea syndrome with hypercalcemia--a symptomatic response to phosphate buffer". Hepatogastroenterology . 28 (1): 58–9. PMID 7216140 . ^ a b Solomons NW, Rosenberg IH, Sandstead HH (1976). ... "Prurigo nodularis (Hyde's prurigo) disclosing celiac disease". Hepatogastroenterology . 46 (28): 2281–4. PMID 10521982 . ^ Popadić S, Nikolić M, Gajić-Veljić M, Bonaci-Nikolić B (2006).
.; Stankunavicius, Regina; Kolettis, George J. (28 May 1987). "Compensatory Enlargement of Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries". ... Glagov, Seymour; Weisenberg, Elliot; Zarins, Christopher K.; Stankunavicius, Regina; Kolettis, George J. (28 May 1987). "Compensatory Enlargement of Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries".
Primary pulmonary hypertension Complex regional pain syndrome Classification [ edit ] Scleroderma is characterised by the appearance of circumscribed or diffuse, hard, smooth, ivory-colored areas that are immobile and which give the appearance of hidebound skin, a disease occurring in both localised and systemic forms: [28] Localised scleroderma Localised morphea Morphea-lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap Generalised morphea Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Pansclerotic morphea Morphea profunda Linear scleroderma Systemic scleroderma CREST syndrome Progressive systemic sclerosis Treatment [ edit ] There is no cure for scleroderma, although relief of symptoms is often achieved. ... Choctaw Native Americans are more likely than Americans of European descent to develop the type of scleroderma that affects internal organs. [26] In Germany , the prevalence is between 10 and 150 per million people, and the annual incidence is between 3 and 28 per million people. [41] In South Australia , the annual incidence is 23 per million people, and the prevalence 233 per million people. [49] Scleroderma is less common in the Asian population. [50] Pregnancy [ edit ] Scleroderma in pregnancy is a complex situation; it increases the risk to both mother and child. [51] Overall scleroderma is associated with reduced fetal weight for gestational age. [51] The treatment for scleroderma often includes known teratogens such as cyclophosphamide , methotrexate , mycophenolate , etc. and hence careful avoidance of such drugs during pregnancy is advised. [51] In these cases hydroxychloroquine and low-dose corticosteroids might be used for disease control. [51] See also [ edit ] Congenital fascial dystrophy References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g "Scleroderma" .
Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and, sometimes, other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc) (see these terms). Epidemiology The prevalence is estimated at around 1-9/100,000 for localized scleroderma, and 1/6,500 adults for systemic sclerosis. Women are predominantly affected (F/M sex ratio around 4:1). Clinical description Localized scleroderma is the cutaneous form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques (morphea) or strips (linear scleroderma). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder characterized by fibrosis and vascular obliteration in the skin and organs, particularly, lungs, heart, and digestive tract.
Overview Scleroderma (sklair-oh-DUR-muh), also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. It may also cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract. Scleroderma is often categorized as "limited" or "diffuse," which refers only to the degree of skin involvement. Both types can involve any of the other vascular or organ problems. Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, affects only the skin. While there is no cure for scleroderma, treatments can ease symptoms, slow progression and improve quality of life.
Also, subclinical iron deficiency may correlate with bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. [27] A longitudinal study published in February 2006, in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis persisted even when other risk factors were taken into account. [28] Exposure to the spermicide nonoxynol-9 does not affect the risk of developing bacterial vaginosis. [29] Having a female partner increases the risk of BV by 60%. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Othman M, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z (January 2007).
Overview Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause discomfort and pain of the vagina. It happens when natural bacteria levels are out of balance. Balanced levels of bacteria help keep the vagina healthy. But when too much of some bacteria grow, it can lead to BV . Bacterial vaginosis can happen at any age. But it's most common during the reproductive years. The changes in hormones during this time make it easier for certain kinds of bacteria to grow. Also, bacterial vaginosis is more common among those who are sexually active.
They also point to the fact that there is an increase in the rate of post-operative periodontal disease on the second molar, [7] difficulty of surgery and post-operative recovery time with age. [8] The UK has also seen an increase in the rate of dental caries on the lower second molars increasing from 4–5% prior to the NICE guideline to 19% after its adoption. [12] Although most studies arrive at the conclusion of negative long-term outcomes e.g. increased pocketing and attachment loss after surgery, it is clear that early removal (before 25 years old), good post-operative hygiene and plaque control, and lack of pre-existing periodontal pathology before surgery are the most crucial factors that minimise the probability of adverse post-surgical outcomes. [28] Asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth in 21-year-old The Cochrane review of surgical removal versus retention of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth suggests that the presence of asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth may be associated with increased risk of periodontal disease affecting adjacent 2nd molar (measured by distal probing depth > 4 mm on that tooth) in the long term. ... The authors concluded that there is not enough evidence to support either the routine removal or retention of asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth. [29] [ needs update ] Another randomised controlled trial done in the UK has suggested that it is not reasonable to remove asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom tooth merely to prevent incisor crowding as there is not strong enough evidence to show this association. [30] Due to the lack of sufficient evidence to determine whether such teeth should be removed or not, the patient's preference and values should be taken into account with clinical expertise exercised and careful consideration of risks and benefits to determine treatment. [28] If it is decided to retain asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth, clinical assessment at regular intervals is advisable to prevent undesirable outcomes (pericoronitis, root resorption, cyst formation, tumour formation, inflammation/infection). [17] Coronectomy [ edit ] Coronectomy of impacted wisdom tooth post-op xray showing root remnants (red arrow) and inferior alveolar nerve (green arrow) Coronectomy is a procedure where the crown of the impacted wisdom tooth is removed, but the roots are intentionally left in place. ... American Public Health Association. 2008-10-28 . Retrieved 2016-03-09 . ^ a b Dodson, Thomas B.
