A detailed review of 48 previously reported cases showed that respiratory distress, gaps of posterior ribs, and micrognathia were virtually constant manifestations. Males were affected in 28 of 47 cases. Approximately two-thirds of patients had cleft palate and glossoptosis. Microcephaly was found in 11 of 28 cases. Defects of the heart and kidneys were uncommon. ... The child was diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound and was found to have the previously unreported prenatal finding of an omphalocele. James and Aftimos (2003) reviewed 28 cases of familial CCMS and determined that families suggestive of autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance are not distinguishable on the basis of clinical manifestations.

See also [ edit ] Groin attack Penile fracture Testicular rupture References [ edit ] ^ a b c Anderson, Sarah; McClain, Natalie; Riviello, Ralph J. (2008-06-28). "Genital Findings of Women After Consensual and Nonconsensual Intercourse". ... "Post-coital genital injury in healthy women: A review". Clinical Anatomy . 28 (3): 331–338. doi : 10.1002/ca.22476 . ... "Successful penile replantation after macroscopic repair using vein blood-letting therapy" . Urology Case Reports . 28 : 101069. doi : 10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101069 .

"Methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication". Critical Care Clinics . 28 (4): 661–711. doi : 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.002 . ... "Lack of a role for formaldehyde in methanol poisoning in the monkey". Biochem. Pharmacol . 28 (5): 645–9. doi : 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90149-7 . ... Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 28 July 2020 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : T51.1 ICD - 9-CM : E980.9

. ^ "Anorectal Abscess: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology" . 2018-11-28. Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ Janicke DM, Pundt MR (November 1996). ... PMID 8921768 . ^ "Anorectal Abscess: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology" . 2018-11-28. Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ^ "Anorectal Abscess: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology" . 2018-11-28.

StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28613723 . Retrieved 2019-04-28 . ^ Xie W, Wei L, Guo J, Guo H, Song X, Sheng X (February 2019). ... StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28723033 . Retrieved 2019-04-28 . ^ Colon NC, Chung DH (January 2011). ... StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30480950 . Retrieved 2019-04-28 . ^ Aerts I, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Gauthier-Villars M, Brisse H, Doz F, Desjardins L (August 2006).

There are many genetic mutations that can affect this group of genes, LCR, OPN1LW and OPN1MW [9] [1] [27] [24] [28] that lead to the BCM: a deletion of the LCR [9] , [1] [23] intragenic deletion of exons within the genes OPN1LW and OPN1MW [29] and a 2 steps mechanism with an homologous recombination and a punctual inactivation. [1] [27] The point mutation is the so-called C203R. ... Other mutations on genes OPN1LW and OPN1MW that lead to the blue cone monochromacy are constituted by a set of point mutations called for example LIAVA. [24] [28] Blue cone monochromacy will be caused by the production of new hybrid gene, like in the previous case, from the homologous recombination of OPN1LW and OPN1MW. ... "Bilateral macular atrophy in blue cone monochromacy (BCM) with loss of the locus control region (LCR) and part of the red pigment gene". Mol. Vis . 28 : 5–13. PMID 10427103 . ^ Mustafi D, Engel AH, Palczewski K (July 2009). "Structure of cone photoreceptors" . Prog Retin Eye Res . 28 (4): 289–302. doi : 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.05.003 . ... "Congenital achromatopsia; a report of 19 cases". J Opt Soc Am . 44 (2): 117–28. Bibcode : 1954JOSA...44..117S . doi : 10.1364/josa.44.000117 .

In the United States , kidney stone formation was used as an indicator of excess calcium intake by the Reference Daily Intake committee for calcium in adults. [26] In the early 1990s, a study conducted for the Women's Health Initiative in the US found that postmenopausal women who consumed 1000 mg of supplemental calcium and 400 international units of vitamin D per day for seven years had a 17% higher risk of developing kidney stones than subjects taking a placebo . [27] The Nurses' Health Study also showed an association between supplemental calcium intake and kidney stone formation. [28] Unlike supplemental calcium, high intakes of dietary calcium do not appear to cause kidney stones and may actually protect against their development. [28] [27] This is perhaps related to the role of calcium in binding ingested oxalate in the gastrointestinal tract. ... For example, by increasing urinary calcium excretion, high dietary sodium may increase the risk of stone formation. [28] Drinking fluoridated tap water may increase the risk of kidney stone formation by a similar mechanism, though further epidemiologic studies are warranted to determine whether fluoride in drinking water is associated with an increased incidence of kidney stones. [31] High dietary intake of potassium appears to reduce the risk of stone formation because potassium promotes the urinary excretion of citrate , an inhibitor of calcium crystal formation. [32] Kidney stones are more likely to develop, and to grow larger, if a person has low dietary magnesium . ... Excessive vitamin D supplementation may increase the risk of stone formation by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium; correction of a deficiency does not. [28] Other [ edit ] There are no conclusive data demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between alcoholic beverage consumption and kidney stones. ... Magnesium's efficacy in subduing stone formation and growth is dose-dependent . [28] [33] [46] Diagnosis [ edit ] Diagnosis of kidney stones is made on the basis of information obtained from the history, physical examination, urinalysis, and radiographic studies. [47] Clinical diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically colicky in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves). ... Infection stones can grow rapidly, forming large calyceal staghorn ( antler -shaped) calculi requiring invasive surgery such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy for definitive treatment. [64] Struvite stones (triple-phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate) have a 'coffin lid' morphology by microscopy. [63] Uric acid stones [ edit ] About 5–10% of all stones are formed from uric acid. [18] People with certain metabolic abnormalities, including obesity , [28] may produce uric acid stones. They also may form in association with conditions that cause hyperuricosuria (an excessive amount of uric acid in the urine) with or without hyperuricemia (an excessive amount of uric acid in the serum ).

These models/calculators may also take into account of family history (heart disease and/or high blood cholesterol), age, gender, Body-Mass-Index, medical history (diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease), high sensitivity CRP levels, coronary artery calcium score, and ankle-brachial index . [28] The cardiovascular stratification further determines what medical intervention may be necessary to decrease the risk of future cardiovascular disease. ... In a fasting lipid panel, a LDL greater than 160 mg/dL is abnormal. [28] [29] HDL Cholesterol [ edit ] HDL, also known as "good cholesterol", is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. [31] HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver and then removes the cholesterol from the body. [33] It can be affected by acquired or genetic factors, including tobacco use, obesity , inactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes , high carbohydrate diet, medication side effects ( beta-blockers , androgenic steroids, corticosteroids, progestogens, thiazide diuretics, retinoic acid derivatives, oral estrogens, etc.) and genetic abnormalities (mutations ApoA-I, LCAT, ABC1). [28] Low level is defined as less than 40 mg/dL. [29] [34] Triglycerides [ edit ] Triglyceride level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and/or metabolic syndrome . [28] Food intake prior to testing may cause elevated levels, up to 20%. Normal level is defined as less than 150 mg/dL. [35] Borderline high is defined as 150 to 199 mg/dL. [35] High level is between 200 and 499 mg/dL. [35] Greater than 500mg/dL is defined as very high, [35] and is associated with pancreatitis and requires medical treatment. [36] Screening age [ edit ] Health organizations does not have a consensus on the age to begin screening for hyperlipidemia. [28] The CDC recommends cholesterol screenings once between ages 9 and 11, once again between 17 and 21, and every 4 to 6 years in adulthood. [37] Doctors may recommend more frequent screenings for people with a family history of early heart attacks, heart disease, or if a child has obesity or diabetes. [37] USPSTF recommends men older than 35 and women older than 45 to be screened. [38] [39] NCE-ATP III recommends all adults older than 20 to be screened as it may lead potential lifestyle modification that can reduce risks of other diseases. [40] However, screening should be done for those with known CHD or risk-equivalent conditions (e.g. Acute Coronary Syndrome , history of heart attacks, Stable or Unstable angina , Transient ischemic attacks , Peripheral arterial disease of atherosclerotic origins, coronary or other arterial revascularization). [28] Screening frequency [ edit ] Adults 20 years and older should have the cholesterol checked every four to six years, [26] and most screening guidelines recommends testing every 5 years. [28] USPSTF recommends increased frequency for people with elevated risk of CHD, which may be determined using cardiovascular disease risk scores. [39] Management [ edit ] Management of hyperlipidemia includes maintenance of a normal body weight, increased physical activity, and decreased consumption of refined carbohydrates and simple sugars. [41] Prescription drugs may be used to treat some people having significant risk factors , [41] such as cardiovascular disease , LDL cholesterol greater than 190 mg/dl or diabetes.

Grades 1 and 6/7 correspond to MAIS and CAIS, respectively. [3] Given the wide diversity of phenotypes associated with PAIS, the diagnosis is often further specified by assessing genital masculinization . [2] [3] Grades 2 through 5 of the Quigley scale quantify four degrees of increasingly feminized genitalia that correspond to PAIS. [3] Grade 2, the mildest form of PAIS, presents with a predominantly male phenotype that presents with minor signs of undermasculinized genitalia, such as isolated hypospadias , [3] which can be severe. [1] Hypospadias may manifest with a partially formed channel from the urethral opening to the glans . [3] [33] Until recently, it was thought that isolated micropenis was not a manifestation of PAIS. [1] However, in 2010, two cases of PAIS manifesting with isolated micropenis were documented. [34] Grade 4 PAIS with bifid scrotum , microphallus-like clitoris , and urethral orifice with terminal sinus urogenitalis [35] Grade 3, the most common phenotypic form of PAIS, [1] [28] features a predominantly male phenotype that is more severely undermasculinized, and typically presents with micropenis and pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias with bifid scrotum . [3] Grade 4 presents with a gender ambiguous phenotype, including a phallic structure that is intermediate between a clitoris and a penis. [3] The urethra typically opens into a common channel with the vagina (i.e. urogenital sinus). [3] Grade 5, the form of PAIS with the greatest degree of androgen insensitivity, presents with a mostly female phenotype, including separate urethral and vaginal orifices , but also shows signs of slight masculinization including mild clitoromegaly and / or partial labial fusion . [1] [3] Previously, it was erroneously thought that individuals with PAIS were always infertile; at least one case report has been published that describes fertile men that fit the criteria for grade 2 PAIS ( micropenis , penile hypospadias , and gynecomastia ). [36] Comorbidity [ edit ] Histopathology of testicular tissue showing immature germ cells and spermatagonia with decreased tubular diameter. Scattered groups of Leydig cells appearing immature. [37] All forms of androgen insensitivity are associated with infertility , though exceptions have been reported for both the mild and partial forms. [4] [5] [7] [36] [38] [39] PAIS is associated with a 50% risk of germ cell malignancy when the testes are undescended . [26] If the testes are located intrascrotally , there may still be significant risk of germ cell malignancy; studies have not yet been published to assess this risk. [26] Some men with PAIS may experience sexual dysfunction including impotence and anejaculation . [20] [28] [29] [30] [31] A few AR mutations that cause PAIS are also associated with prostate [40] [41] and breast [33] [42] cancers. ... Non-consensual interventions are still often performed, although general awareness on the resulting psychological traumatization is rising. [47] Sex assignment [ edit ] The decision of whether to raise an individual with PAIS as a boy or a girl may not be obvious; grades 3 and 4 in particular present with a phenotype that may be difficult to classify as primarily male or female, and some will be incapable of virilization at puberty . [1] [28] [32] Parents of an affected newborn should seek immediate help at a center with an experienced multidisciplinary team, and should avoid gender assignment beforehand. [26] Older guidelines from 2006 advised against waiting for the child to decide for themselves. [26] According to them, key considerations involved in assigning gender include the appearance of the genitalia , [26] the extent to which the child can virilize at puberty, [2] surgical options and the postoperative sexual function of the genitalia, [29] [43] [54] genitoplasty complexity, [26] potential for fertility , [26] and the projected gender identity of the child. [55] The majority of individuals with PAIS are raised male. [1] More recently, the interests of intersex people themselves are being taken into consideration by the medical community. ... Some individuals with PAIS have a sufficiently high sperm count to father children; at least one case report has been published that describes fertile men who fit the criteria for grade 2 PAIS ( micropenis , penile hypospadias , and gynecomastia ). [36] Several publications have indicated that testosterone treatment can correct low sperm counts in men with MAIS. [1] [78] At least one case report has been published that documents the efficacy of treating a low sperm-count with tamoxifen in an individual with PAIS. [81] Counseling [ edit ] Depending on phenotypic features, impotence and other sexual problems such as anejaculation or sexual aversion may be fairly common among individuals with PAIS, [20] [28] [29] [30] [31] but do not necessarily indicate low libido . [26] [28] Support groups for individuals with PAIS may help affected individuals discuss their concerns more comfortably. [26] Some individuals with PAIS may try to avoid intimate relationships out of fear of rejection; individual therapy may help some to overcome social anxiety , and restore focus to interpersonal relationships instead of solely on sexual function and activity. [26] Society and culture [ edit ] Adults with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome include Australian-Maltese advocate Tony Briffa , considered to be the world's first openly intersex mayor and public office-bearer. [82] Briffa served as Deputy Mayor of the City of Hobsons Bay, Victoria, between 2009 and 2011, and Mayor between 2011–2012. [83] [82] [84] [85] [86] [87] In history , the Roman sophist and philosopher Favorinus of Arelate has been described as having partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. [88] [89] Notable people with PAIS [ edit ] Tony Briffa [90] [91] Small Luk [92] Eliana Rubashkyn [93] [94] [95] Sean Saifa Wall [96] Sentencia SU 337/99, Colombia [ edit ] Further information: Intersex rights in Colombia In Sentencia SU-337/99, of May 12, 1999, the Constitutional Court of Colombia determined that "qualified and persistent" informed consent is required for genital surgeries in children. ... "Low incidence of androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostatic tumors using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis". Prostate . 28 (3): 162–71. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(199603)28:3<162::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-H .

Views of China by country [1] [2] Sorted by Pos-Neg Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg Japan 14% 85% 1 –71 Sweden 25% 70% 5 –45 Canada 27% 67% 6 –40 United States 26% 60% 14 –34 Czech Republic 27% 57% 16 –30 France 33% 62% 5 –29 South Korea 34% 63% 3 –29 Taiwan 35% 61% 4 –26 Germany 34% 56% 10 –22 Netherlands 36% 58% 6 –22 Australia 36% 57% 7 –21 Italy 37% 57% 6 –20 United Kingdom 38% 55% 7 –17 Spain 39% 53% 8 –14 Philippines 42% 54% 4 –12 Slovakia 40% 48% 12 –8 Indonesia 36% 36% 28 0 Hungary 40% 37% 23 +3 South Africa 46% 35% 19 +11 Lithuania 45% 33% 22 +12 Poland 47% 34% 19 +13 Greece 51% 32% 17 +19 Argentina 47% 24% 29 +23 Brazil 51% 27% 22 +24 Mexico 50% 22% 28 +28 Kenya 58% 25% 17 +33 Bulgaria 55% 20% 25 +35 Israel 66% 25% 9 +41 Ukraine 57% 14% 29 +43 Lebanon 68% 22% 10 +46 Tunisia 63% 16% 21 +47 Nigeria 70% 17% 13 +53 Russia 71% 18% 11 +53 Results of 2017 BBC World Service poll. Views of China's influence by country [3] Sorted by Pos-Neg Country/Region polled Positive Negative Pos-Neg Spain 15% 68% –53 United States 22% 70% –48 India 19% 60% –41 Turkey 29% 54% –25 France 35% 60% –25 Indonesia 28% 50% –22 United Kingdom 37% 58% –21 Germany 20% 35% –15 Canada 37% 51% –14 Australia 46% 47% –1 World (excl. ... Beijing's strongest supporters were in Asia, in Malaysia (81%) and Pakistan (81%); African nations of Kenya (78%), Senegal (77%) and Nigeria (76%); as well as Latin America, particularly in countries heavily engaging with the Chinese market, such as Venezuela (71%), Brazil (65%) and Chile (62%). [9] However, anti-China sentiment has remained permanent in the West and other Asian countries: only 28% of Germans and Italians and 37% of Americans viewed China favorably while in Japan, just 5% of respondents had a favorable opinion of the country. ... In this effect, the Japanese had a considerable influence on sinophobia in Korea. [28] Starting in October 1950, the People's Volunteer Army fought in the Korean War (1950–1953) on the side of North Korea against South Korean and United Nations troops. ... According to a 2014 survey from the University of Hong Kong , 42.3% of respondents identified themselves as "Hong Kong citizens", versus only 17.8% who identified themselves as "Chinese citizens", and 39.3% who chose to give themselves a mixed identity (a Hong Kong Chinese or a Hong Konger who was living in China). [38] The number of mainland Chinese visitors to the region has surged since the handover (reaching 28 million in 2011), and is perceived by many locals to be the cause of their housing and job difficulties.

The same mutation was found in 1 additional melanoma among 28 melanomas analyzed. Zuo et al. (1996) identified germline R24C mutations in affected members of 2 unrelated families with malignant melanoma.

They replicated the association of the SNP rs4939827 (odds ratio = 1.2; P = 7.8 x 10(-28)). The risk of rectal cancer was greater than that for colonic cancer for rs4939827.

The father and 2 brothers were physically and biochemically normal. The mother, aged 28, was notably thin, had always been pale and vulnerable to infections but had no seizures.

Survey of Ophthalmology . 51 (2): 105–28. doi : 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.008 .

They suggested that there may be both a recessive form represented by these cases, and an autosomal dominant form (148210) represented by the 2 families with vertical transmission (father-daughter reported by Grob et al. (1987) and mother-daughter reported by Nazzaro et al. (1990)) and 28 sporadic cases in which the sex ratio is equal.

"Pathology of Refractory Anemia With Ring Sideroblasts" . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD-O : M9982/3 v t e Myeloid -related hematological malignancy CFU-GM / and other granulocytes CFU-GM Myelocyte AML : Acute myeloblastic leukemia M0 M1 M2 APL/M3 MP Chronic neutrophilic leukemia Monocyte AML AMoL/M5 Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia CML Philadelphia chromosome Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia Myelomonocyte AML M4 MD-MP Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia Other Histiocytosis CFU-Baso AML Acute basophilic CFU-Eos AML Acute eosinophilic MP Chronic eosinophilic leukemia / Hypereosinophilic syndrome MEP CFU-Meg MP Essential thrombocytosis Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia CFU-E AML Erythroleukemia/M6 MP Polycythemia vera MD Refractory anemia Refractory anemia with excess of blasts Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome Sideroblastic anemia Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia CFU-Mast Mastocytoma Mast cell leukemia Mast cell sarcoma Systemic mastocytosis Mastocytosis : Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis Erythrodermic mastocytosis Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis Urticaria pigmentosa Mast cell sarcoma Solitary mastocytoma Systemic mastocytosis Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis Multiple/unknown AML Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis Myeloid sarcoma MP Myelofibrosis Acute biphenotypic leukaemia This oncology article is a stub .

The major cause was poverty. [1] See also [ edit ] Health in China References [ edit ] ^ Cesar Chelala (July 28, 2001). "Malnutrition plagues Tibet's children" .

ISSN 2319-7064 . SUB154040 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ Raslova H, Komura E, Le Couédic JP, et al.

Hoyt and Pont (1962) described 28 patients with an anomalous elevation of the optic disc, who were first thought to have brain tumors.

Prognosis A long-term follow up study of 28 patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency has showed that the factors most predictive of survival and long-term outcome are early diagnosis, correction of acidosis and early supplementation with vitamin C and vitamin E.