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Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Wikipedia
Iron deficiency anemia tends to develop slowly; therefore the body has time to adapt, and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. [17] In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur. [18] Pica may also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as pagophagia , has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia. [17] Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include: [3] [17] [18] [19] Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) Irritability Angina (chest pain) Palpitations (feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering) Breathlessness Tingling, numbness , or burning sensations Glossitis (inflammation or infection of the tongue) Angular cheilitis (inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners) Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) or nails that are brittle Poor appetite Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to formation of esophageal webs ( Plummer–Vinson syndrome ) Restless legs syndrome [20] Child development [ edit ] Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions. [21] [22] This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called neurons. ... ISBN 978-0-323-29568-0 . ^ Rangarajan S, D'Souza GA (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital". ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : D50 ICD - 9-CM : 280 MeSH : D018798 DiseasesDB : 6947 External resources MedlinePlus : 000584 eMedicine : med/1188 The Importance of Iron – From IronTherapy.Org Interactive material on Iron Metabolism – From IronAtlas.com Establishing the cause of anemia – From AnaemiaWorld.com Handout: Iron Deficiency Anemia – From the National Anemia Action Council NPS News 70: Iron deficiency anaemia: NPS – Better choices, Better health – From the National Prescribing Service v t e Diseases of red blood cells ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro- : Iron-deficiency anemia Plummer–Vinson syndrome Macro- : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary enzymopathy : Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency glycolysis pyruvate kinase deficiency triosephosphate isomerase deficiency hexokinase deficiency hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle cell disease / trait Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired AIHA Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia membrane paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombotic microangiopathy Hemolytic–uremic syndrome Drug-induced autoimmune Drug-induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond–Blackfan anemia Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests Mean corpuscular volume normocytic microcytic macrocytic Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normochromic hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia ReticulocytopeniaTMPRSS6, TFRC, SLC11A2, SOD1, RET, SLC12A3, SOX5, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQA1, STK11, HBB, KCNE1, EDNRB, DAXX, CD55, PLA2G4A, CLCNKB, KCNQ1, APC, FAS, FASLG, HAMP, ATRX, FOXP3, ABCD3, CDK13, CASP10, PLA2G6, WAS, EPO, HFE, ACAD8, IDUA, DMRT1, HBA2, HBA1, FGF23, CHMP2B, PMCH, RN7SL263P, IREB2, LEP, CACNA2D3, NOL3, SH2B3, TUBA1B, BPNT1, SLC44A1, BRAF, BMP2, BDNF, SLC44A2, CA1, ATP4A, GADD45GIP1, NLRP3, HT, ERFE, ATP12A, RLS1, COPD, TNFRSF10A, CAT, ALK, CTSC, LCN2, PON1, LALBA, S100A10, SLC5A2, IL6, IL1B, SOX2, HLA-DRB4, HBD, TF, TFR2, EPAS1, TNF, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, CRP, ACO1
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Acid Erosion
Wikipedia
Because of this, fruit juices in particular, may prolong the drop in pH levels. [13] A number of medications such as chewable vitamin C, aspirin and some iron preparations are acidic and may contribute towards acid erosion. [12] Certain drugs can cause hypo-salivation which is considered a risk factor for acid erosion. [11] Intrinsic acidic sources [ edit ] Intrinsic dental erosion, also known as perimolysis, is the process whereby gastric acid from the stomach comes into contact with the teeth. [14] This is often secondary to conditions such as anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and rumination syndrome . [11] [14] Dental erosion can also occur by non-extrinsic factors. ... Saliva and Tooth Dissolution v t e Acquired tooth disease Hard tissues Caries (tooth decay) Attrition Abrasion Erosion Hypercementosis tooth resorption ( External resorption , Internal resorption , Root resorption ) Pulp/periapical ( Endodontal ) Pulpal External resorption Internal resorption Irreversible pulpitis Reversible pulpitis Pulp necrosis Pink tooth of Mummery Periapical Acute apical periodontitis Chronic apical periodontitis Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions Fistula Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Vertical root fracture Ungrouped Pulpitis Radicular cyst Periapical abscess Gingiva/periodontal ( Periodontal ) Gingivitis Periodontitis ( Chronic periodontitis ) Periodontal disease Bone cyst Dentigerous cyst Calcifying odontogenic cyst Glandular odontogenic cyst Other Cracked tooth syndrome To be grouped from periodontology Diagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions Pathogenesis A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp.
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Hepatitis C
Wikipedia
This transformation occurs at a rate of 1–3% per year. [5] [19] Being infected with hepatitis B in addition to hepatitis C increases this risk further. [30] Liver cirrhosis may lead to portal hypertension , ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen), easy bruising or bleeding , varices (enlarged veins, especially in the stomach and esophagus), jaundice , and a syndrome of cognitive impairment known as hepatic encephalopathy . [31] Ascites occurs at some stage in more than half of those who have a chronic infection. [32] Extrahepatic complications [ edit ] The most common problem due to hepatitis C but not involving the liver is mixed cryoglobulinemia (usually the type II form) – an inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels . [33] [34] Hepatitis C is also associated with autoimmune disorders such as Sjögren's syndrome , lichen planus , a low platelet count , porphyria cutanea tarda , necrolytic acral erythema , insulin resistance , diabetes mellitus , diabetic nephropathy , autoimmune thyroiditis , and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders . [35] [36] 20–30% of people infected have rheumatoid factor – a type of antibody. [37] Possible associations include Hyde's prurigo nodularis [38] and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis . [23] Cardiomyopathy with associated abnormal heart rhythms has also been reported. [39] A variety of central nervous system disorders has been reported. [40] Chronic infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer . [10] [41] People may experience other issues in the mouth such as dryness , salivary duct stones , and crusted lesions around the mouth. [42] [43] [44] Occult infection [ edit ] Persons who have been infected with hepatitis C may appear to clear the virus but remain infected. [45] The virus is not detectable with conventional testing but can be found with ultra-sensitive tests. [46] The original method of detection was by demonstrating the viral genome within liver biopsies, but newer methods include an antibody test for the virus' core protein and the detection of the viral genome after first concentrating the viral particles by ultracentrifugation . [47] A form of infection with persistently moderately elevated serum liver enzymes but without antibodies to hepatitis C has also been reported. [48] This form is known as cryptogenic occult infection.IFNG, IFNA2, CD81, IFNL3, HFE, DDX58, SCARB1, CCR5, CYP2A6, CYP3A4, LPL, PTPRC, LOXL2, OPRM1, LOX, MIR181C, IFNL4, MERTK, RTN4, ARG1, GPR158, PIK3CA, KIR3DL1, PLAAT4, GEM, VEGFA, RAF1, MAVS, BRD4, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, KIAA1549L, ITPA, KIR2DL3, CDKN2A, SERPINB6, ERVW-1, SOCS3, CAV3, IFNL1, LDLR, CCL5, SDK2, CD14, GPT, CXCR3, MIR7-3HG, TNFSF10, CBLIF, HAMP, HSF4, SOCS1, CDKN1A, ARHGAP26, KRAS, TLR7, CLDN7, IRF3, VIPR1, EIF2AK2, MIR21, CXCL8, IL7R, TGFB1, SPP1, IL6, IL4, IL2, EGFR, IL1B, CD274, SERPINA13P, EPO, MIR122, IFNB1, FBL, STAT3, F2, RBM45, IFNA13, STAT1, PTGS2, MAPK1, IL10, PKIB, PTPN11, VDR, ARTN, SLC17A5, UBE2B, CTAA1, CTLA4, CTNNB1, CXCL10, GGTLC1, AGO2, FOXP3, PPARA, SOAT1, IL18, TP53, PPIA, TNF, TLR4, TLR3, TLR2, IL22, SPATA16, IFNA1, BMPER, OAS1, GLT8D2, LNPEP, CCL4, AFP, NCAM2, CCL2, ADIPOQ, MX1, ERVK-32, AGRP, IFNL2, OCLN, HLA-B, MICA, HLA-A, ERVK-20, RIT2, ALB, RNF7, BCL2, BRD2, HLA-C, HMOX1, NFE2L2, APOE, REXO1L1P, HLA-DRB1, FAS, RTEL1, CAP1, CLDN1, HLA-DQA1, NM, PAEP, ROBO3, SORBS1, ERVK-6, MBL2, LOC102724197, PNPLA3, HACD1, APOB, MTTP, OXTR, NR1D2, CYP2D6, ISG15, CCL4L1, IVNS1ABP, NCAM1, APOA1, HAVCR2, CASP3, IRS1, ESR1, IL1A, CCL4L2, TICAM1, FASN, HLA-DQB1, PTEN, PI4KA, LEP, ISYNA1, TLR9, IFIH1, SLCO6A1, PDCD1, GSTK1, TLR8, MBL3P, TRBV20OR9-2, SOS1, PCSK9, AKT1, IRF7, IFNAR2, TRIM69, NOS2, CRP, DDX3X, ACTB, SRC, IL1RN, IL17A, EIF2S1, CYP2E1, PSME3, IL7, IL12B, NLRP3, IRF1, GGTLC5P, IL21, CD38, GGTLC3, COX8A, CD68, GGT1, EIF3A, CCR2, GGTLC4P, CDR3, ISG20, SQSTM1, GABPA, SERPINA1, GGT2, NS2, EGF, DNMT1, ABCB11, BID, IL2RA, HNF1A, KRT20, MS4A1, EIF2S3, CXCL11, SIRT1, HLA-G, MIR155, TBK1, KIR2DS2, CD209, COX2, IFNAR1, TM6SF2, EIF2S2, SSB, LGALS3BP, CHP1, GOLM1, MTCO2P12, CASP1, CYP2B6, G6PC, KHDRBS1, MTOR, PPIP5K1, SLC12A9, IFNLR1, SOD2, ITIH4, HM13, SMIM1, CXCL12, IGH, LGALS9, USP18, NUP62, HNF4A, LINC02605, HLA-DPB1, CNBP, HSP90B1, UROD, FCGR3B, FCGR3A, EPHB2, HAVCR1, ADAR, MTHFR, MMP9, LIPA, NFKB1, SLC4A1, SEC14L2, DHCR24, IL15, HPGDS, VIM, DCTN4, CCND1, SERPINE1, GOLPH3, LTA, GTF2H1, MIP, DEPDC5, KIR2DL2, NTSR1, THPO, ICAM1, CLTC, TBX21, DPP4, MYC, APC, MAPK8, TERT, CD163, GAK, NRSN1, FOXO1, SCD, GZMB, HSP90AA1, FCN2, GAPDH, SDC1, EMB, HRAS, IL27, SLC2A2, HGF, RNASEL, GDE1, SREBF1, IFIT1, LINC01672, C1QBP, AAK1, CD9, CD19, CD27, CD28, CD86, MIR146A, CD40LG, LAG3, CD69, DGAT1, KRT18, ABCB1, KIR3DS1, TPPP, LSAMP, NR0B2, ATG5, MRC1, ACACA, H3P19, MPO, MT1B, PLIN2, LOC110806263, LOC107987479, AHR, CXCL9, CD99, PLIN3, BMS1, TMED2, SMOC1, CHI3L1, CD40, PPARG, MAPK14, IGF2, WDR11, SLC29A1, MAPK3, PPP2R3B, RETN, TNFRSF1A, MIR223, MIR27A, BOC, RSAD2, LAMP3, HLA-DRB3, IL17D, CPT1A, JUN, JAK1, AICDA, PI4KB, MCL1, NF2, MDM2, MFAP1, UBASH3B, IL10RB, UGT1A7, SMAD7, MMP1, IGHG3, HLA-E, MBOAT7, CYP2R1, KIR3DL2, PTBP1, HSPA8, SMYD3, SMAD3, PRDM6, PDIK1L, IRF2, PTBP2, INSRR, TRIM27, PCBP2, LEPR, OSBP, IRF5, LAMP1, IDO1, POMC, KIR2DS1, PELI1, OAS2, PPIB, MAP1LC3B, RAB5A, FAM107B, RRM2, CABIN1, POLDIP2, RNF19A, XRCC1, TRIM25, AIMP2, SLC14A2, HCC, CRK, AP2M1, MCF2L, CEBPB, UCA1, CDSN, CDKN2B, VTN, MIR373, GBF1, CYP2C9, TIMP1, MIR215, TLL1, DDOST, MIR221, CYP27B1, IL37, USF1, CYP1A1, TRAF6, CUX1, TRIO, CCN2, UBE3A, CDH1, KLRK1, TGFBR1, ABCD1, APOC1, APOA2, ANXA6, ANGPT2, ERVK-19, AHSA1, CLEC4M, APRT, AGT, IFI44, ATG7, ACTG1, RACK1, ABO, MASP2, SUB1, PER2, GRAP2, CAT, CASP8, CLDN6, SLC28A2, DCLK1, VAPA, NCR1, BTG3, BCL6, ERVK-9, APOBEC3B, BACH1, ATM, SART3, MIR200C, CR2, TGFB2, GP2, EPHA3, EPHX1, IL23A, GSK3B, FN1, UTS2R, STAT5B, STAT5A, ESR2, TAP2, STAT2, GPC3, MIR130A, MIR125A, GCG, NOX4, IFI6, FOXO3, TAP1, ERBB2, MIR182, ATN1, TAPBP, TAT, EIF4A2, EIF4A1, S100A9, DCAF1, EIF5B, GDF15, SELENOP, RB1, UGT1A1, PPP1R12C, SET, RXRA, TNFRSF11B, SRSF4, SEMA4D, EIF2AK3, NDRG1, ABCG2, SHBG, CREB3, ADAMTS13, HERC5, WDHD1, RTN1, SLC25A1, CBFA2T2, DCTN3, RMDN1, HDAC9, NPC1, DDX56, NHS, DHX58, XRN1, MYD88, SERPINB3, SRL, CCL3, NCL, FUNDC2, IGF2BP1, SAA1, TNFSF13B, NR1H3, CCL8, HCP5, CCL14, ABCB6, S100B, MUC1, TRIM22, NME1, IRF9, NOTCH1, RNH1, CCL27, HPSE, MRPL28, SLPI, ATG14, HSPB3, XBP1, ATRNL1, CLIP1, RMDN3, PLAU, CLIP2, VWF, NAT10, PTPN22, RACGAP1, PSMB8, SUMO1, SYBU, AKR1B10, TNFSF4, NXT1, B3GAT1, TPT1, TPMT, TP73, PDLIM3, TNFRSF1B, TCF7L2, TERC, PPP2CA, MYDGF, TJP1, TIMP2, TFRC, PKN2, PIK3R2, PIK3R1, IGAN1, CXCR4, PHB2, ARHGEF7, APOBEC3G, NR1I2, PCBD1, CDK5R1, TGFA, TNFRSF10A, SPINT1, MBTPS1, BECN1, ENPP2, MARCHF1, PGF, SEMA6A, OASL, USO1, ATG16L1, MSH2, KIDINS220, PIAS1, PMPCA, AP3B1, SREBF2, PPP1R13B, ULK1, SLC40A1, ST14, STAT4, TNFAIP8L2, H3P10, ERN1, FOSB, FLNB, FLNA, FGL1, FBN2, FAP, PTK2B, MIR145, F5, EXT1, ETFA, MIR148A, MIR150, MIR152, EIF4G1, EIF4EBP1, EPHA2, MIR196A1, SLC26A3, DNMT3B, DYNC1H1, SARDH, DHCR7, DECR1, DDIT3, DDB1, DCX, ACE, FOS, FPR2, IGF1, FTH1, IFNA6, IFI27, HSPA5, HPS1, HJV, RMDN2, FOXA2, HFM1, TENT2, HMGB1, HLA-DRB4, ARID2, HLA-DOB, TIGIT, HK2, HINT1, NCR3, GUSB, ASPM, GSTT1, GSTM1, CXCL1, GPX2, GPX1, GLP1R, GLI3, GC, DCC, MIR222, MIR224, MIR26B, CD80, CCNG1, ZGLP1, KRIT1, CASP9, CALM3, CALM2, CALM1, MIR208B, H3P36, KLRC4-KLRK1, BCHE, AXL, ATHS, ERVK-11, ARNTL, ARF4, MYMX, FASLG, APOH, APOC3, APCS, ANXA2, ALPP, ALDH2, AGA, H3P9, CD34, CD36, CD44, KIR2DL5B, CYP2D7, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, MIR30A, MIR34A, CSF3, CSF2, MIR196B, CRHR2, CREM, ATF2, CR1, KLF6, POTEF, MIR499A, CNR1, ABCC2, CCR6, CCR3, MIR483, CISH, CKB, CHUK, CES1, CDKN1B, CDC42, IFNGR2, NXF1, LGALS1, POLDIP3, EHMT1, NTPCR, JUNB, CAMKMT, JUND, MICB, SARNP, CXCR2, IRAK1, IL10RA, CD82, ARHGAP24, NANOG, KLRB1, KRT7, NT5C1A, TACSTD2, EPCAM, IL12A, KLRC1, ASRGL1, IL13, KLRD1, ILF3, MTG1, MLH1, KRT19, MCM7, LBR, MAGEA3, MNAT1, LIPE, TSLP, MMP2, LIG4, ITGA2B, ITGA2, MME, ITGAX, LBP, MCM2, LPAL2, EIF2A, MIR758, FAM72A, RNA28SN5, PRB2, KIF1B, FAM72B, HHIP, TBC1D9, H3P38, TPX2, ERC1, CARD8, GORASP1, APOL3, MIR636, MPIG6B, DKK1, NORAD, RAB18, YTHDC2, MMRN1, KRT8P3, KDM1A, MIR629, MIR619, SMG1, CNOT1, SETD7, QPRT, POU5F1P4, COP1, MIR146B, SHC2, FBXL2, PART1, MIR511, MIR491, SLC28A3, KRT23, SESN2, MIR425, MIR375, LDLRAP1, ERVK-7, PHGDH, GAS5, MIXL1, MIR345, MIR335, IL1RAPL2, BCL2L12, MIR494, IFIT5, ERVK-8, ARHGEF9, SMIM10L2B, LARP1, NUAK2, GPR161, POU5F1P3, PDCD1LG2, TRIM56, MIR503, FKBP8, RAB1B, SMOC2, MIR501, FCRL4, CD2AP, PPP1R15A, RILP, OSBP2, XRN2, ATF7IP, GABARAP, PARTICL, CXCR6, CD226, DCTN6, LOC102724971, EBP, LOC102723407, PTGES3, KDM5B, MAPKAP1, SEMA3B-AS1, PPARGC1A, FTO, SAMMSON, STARD3, GGCT, TOMM34, LPCAT1, ERVK-24, ERVK-25, HEIH, ERVK-18, CELF1, UPK3B, SPINT2, NLRX1, H3P11, H3P28, H3P24, CIB1, H3P23, H3P17, H3P8, H3P13, ZNRD2, MCS+9.7, SUV39H2, CXCL13, RN7SL263P, CREST2, PDLIM5, ERLIN1, PDPN, CREST1, RAD51AP1, CERNA3, RAB40B, ZC3H12A, HOTAIR, EBNA1BP2, EDEM3, CASC11, RASSF1, CD24, SYCE1L, RNF139, SOD2-OT1, PACSIN2, EGOT, ULBP1, UBE2Z, WNK1, ACD, MIR885, SNF8, PINK1, GALNT8, MIR216B, SLCO2B1, MIR147B, CD300A, NUDT3, SLC7A9, BTN3A2, RPL17-C18orf32, ERVK-21, TMED10, RAB32, IMMT, ERVK-10, SLC27A4, SLC27A2, APOC4-APOC2, IL24, GTF2A1L, RPP14, LY75-CD302, MIR3648-1, STON1, TMED7-TICAM2, PIM2, MIR1304, MIR1231, MIR1247, H3P20, MIR942, MIR30B, HSPB8, BCCIP, SPECC1, PTF1A, CASC2, NEIL2, AZIN1, RBM24, NEURL3, SF3B6, MED19, CRTC2, UGGT1, PPIL1, GHRL, CD244, CTNNBL1, ERAP1, IGSF8, CLEC4C, ZFYVE1, SLC30A8, ZC3HAV1, ARNTL2, LIX1, CHPT1, GLTP, UNC5A, MARCHF2, STING1, ARMH1, RAB7B, IFNE, STON1-GTF2A1L, PLA1A, CRLF3, OR10A4, DDX41, TMED10P1, UBE2J1, CAVIN1, DCDC2, MTDH, NCKIPSD, CINP, CMC2, POLE3, APOM, PLIN5, CARD16, NCOA7, CD200R1, AP1S3, TDP1, MED9, TAF8, WRAP53, IFT122, TBC1D20, ARL8B, TMEM132A, HHAT, ADI1, CYCSP25, FBXW7, DDX19A, LAPTM4B, IMPACT, OSBPL1A, VAC14, TUG1, UCKL1, HDAC8, FEV, TREM1, USE1, BTLA, SMOX, PLB1, IL23R, CAVIN3, APCDD1, CRLS1, IL17F, ODR4, CD300LF, VTI1A, AHI1, RSS, DYM, SIDT1, NSUN2, RNF125, CDCA5, HSD17B13, GP6, IRGM, MIR204, TNRC6A, UBE2S, MAP1LC3A, TRIB3, MIR217, MIR216A, SGSM3, SPG16, TNRC6C, KLHL1, MIR25, IGHV4-59, IGHV3-52, MIR200B, ZGPAT, MIR200A, IGHV1-69, IGHV1-3, MIR20A, IGKV3-20, ZNF410, TNFRSF21, TICAM2, SND1, MIR99A, MIR98, MIR93, AGO1, IL36RN, MIR34B, HBP1, HPSE2, ATP2C1, PGLYRP2, VPS4A, KAT8, MIR301A, MIR29B2, MIR29B1, MIR29A, NAAA, MIR27B, ASCC2, SCAF1, MIR19A, RPTOR, MIR192, IGK, MIRLET7G, MIRLET7C, MIRLET7B, IL20, LINC01194, MYO18A, KIR2DL5A, SALL4, SMIM10L2A, TRAT1, MIR188, WNT3A, TMED5, TMED7, HDDC2, NDUFA13, KMT5AP1, CHCHD2, JPT1, TBPL2, MIR101-1, MIR126, DNAJC5B, ITPRIP, LAMTOR2, MIR185, DGAT2, MRPS18B, FLVCR1, MIR17, PYCARD, BRD7, CREB3L3, MIR149, NPC1L1, SPSB2, NEIL1, ALG10, MIR136, HILPDA, IL19, MIR134, MIR130B, EFL1, SERPINA3, TOMM40, HMOX2, HMGCS1, HMGCR, HMBS, MR1, HLA-F, HLF, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DOA, HLA-DMA, NRG1, HDAC1, HTT, HARS1, HADHA, HMGCS2, SLC29A2, F9, HNRNPC, ICAM3, TNC, HTR6, HTC2, HSPG2, HSPB2, HSPB1, HSPA4, HSPA1B, AGFG1, HPCAL1, HP, HNRNPL, HNRNPK, HNRNPD, HABP2, H1-5, GZMH, GUCY1B1, FUT1, FPR1, FLT1, FOXC1, FKBP5, FKBP4, FHIT, FCGR2B, FCGR2A, FCGR1A, FCAR, FBP1, FAT1, ACSL3, FABP2, FUT8, ACKR1, XRCC6, GNB3, GSTP1, GSTM2, PDIA3, GRB2, GOT2, GOT1, GFRA1, GAP43, GFER, GFAP, GCKR, GCHFR, GBP1, GAS6, ID2, IFNA4, IFNGR1, LCK, SMAD4, SMAD2, SMAD1, MXD1, SH2D1A, LY75, LY9, LUM, LTF, LTBP2, CYP4F3, LPA, LMO1, LIF, LGALS4, SMAD6, MAFD2, MAGEA4, MIF, MSH3, ABCC1, MPG, MMP14, MAP3K11, MKI67, MFGE8, MATK, MET, MEFV, MDM4, MCM6, MCM3, MBP, LGALS3, STMN1, IGFALS, RPSA, ING2, IMPDH2, ILF2, TNFRSF9, IL16, IL15RA, IL11, IL9, IL6ST, IL6R, IL1R1, IGFBP7, IGFBP4, IGFBP3, IGFBP1, INPPL1, INSR, IRAK2, KIT, LAIR1, KRT14, KRT8, TNPO1, KPNA1, KLRC2, KIR2DS4, ITGAE, KIR2DS3, ITPR3, EIF6, ITGB1, ITGAM, ITGAL, FABP1, F2R, MYCN, CAPN5, SERPING1, TSPO, BTN1A1, BTF3P11, BST2, BRCA1, BMPR2, BMP6, BMP3, BMP2, BLVRA, CXCR5, OPN1SW, BCL9, BCL2L1, C3, VPS51, ERCC2, CA2, TNFRSF8, CD8B, CD8A, CD5, CD1D, CD1C, CCND2, CCNA2, CBLB, RUNX3, CAV1, CASP7, CAD, SLC25A20, DDR1, BCL2A1, B2M, AVP, ATP6V1G2, AKT2, AIF1, AHCY, AGL, AFM, ADH4, ADH1B, ADH1A, ADA, ACVRL1, ACTA1, ACP2, ACR, ACAT2, ACAT1, ALAS1, AKR1B1, AMPD1, ARF5, ALDH7A1, ATP4A, ATP12A, RERE, ATF4, STS, ARF1, ANGPT1, ABCC6, APOC4, APOC2, APEX1, APAF1, ANXA1, CD33, CD58, CD63, NCAN, DFFA, DHX9, DDX6, DAPK3, DAPK1, CD55, CYP27A1, CYP24A1, CYP17A1, CYP3A5, CYP2C18, CYP2A7, CYBA, CX3CR1, CTSS, NQO1, DIAPH2, DNASE1, EIF4E, STX2, EP300, ENG, ELF1, ELAVL1, ELANE, EFNA4, DPYD, EIF2D, EDNRB, EDNRA, E2F1, DUSP6, DUSP1, CTSB, VCAN, CDA, CSNK1G3, CCR1, CMD1B, CLU, CLCN5, CIRBP, CHIT1, CEL, CECR, CEBPA, CDKN3, CDKN2D, CDKN2C, CDK4, CDK11B, CDK1, CCR7, CNR2, COMT, CRY2, CSNK1G2, CSNK1D, CSNK1A1, CSK, CRYZ, CRYGD, CRY1, CPE, CREB1, CRABP2, CRABP1, CPT2, CPS1, CLDN4, MT2A, GADD45B, IFITM3, ARHGEF5, DDX39B, RAB7A, MAPKAPK3, IL1R2, DNALI1, ZNF185, ZAP70, YWHAZ, XRCC5, XRCC3, WRN, WNT5A, WNT1, WEE1, WAS, NELFE, USP11, STAU1, BAP1, ABCC3, PEA15, IRS2, NUMB, AOC3, TP63, PLA2G4C, MAPKAPK5, IFITM1, OGT, DHX16, DUSP11, CAVIN2, RECK, STX7, VRK1, VLDLR, VCP, UGT1A, TM7SF2, TIMP4, THOP1, THBS1, TGM2, TFR2, TFF3, TERF2, TBP, ADAM17, SYT1, SYK, SURF4, SULT2A1, STX4, TMSB4X, TNFAIP6, TOP1, TWIST1, SLC35A2, UCHL1, UBA7, UBC, TYK2, TXN, TULP1, TOP2A, TRPC5, HSP90B2P, TRAF2, TPR, TPO, TOP3A, TNFRSF25, RIOK3, TNFRSF10B, TOX, BCAP31, OPTN, LRPPRC, ENAM, IL18BP, HNRNPDL, NR1I3, MVP, USP15, MFN2, DDX46, FARP2, TRIM14, SPATA2, RAPGEF5, G3BP1, TNK2, DDX39A, AKR1A1, CPQ, NDC80, PIAS3, BTN3A3, TUBA1B, TLR6, CRISP3, KLRG1, LANCL1, RTN3, SIGMAR1, CDK2AP2, IGSF6, RABEPK, PCLAF, EDEM1, IL1RL2, SDC3, ARHGEF2, HGS, FCGR2C, PIAS2, CH25H, RAB29, TIMELESS, DDX18, FUBP1, IER3, PER3, PROM1, HDAC3, NRP2, CES2, AURKB, VAPB, IL32, GGPS1, SEC24C, PITPNM1, RBM39, CLOCK, GOSR1, TBPL1, GSTO1, AIMP1, NTN1, TGFBRAP1, ZFYVE9, PPIG, GPR55, PDLIM7, AURKA, STAT6, MYLK, PRH1, PREP, PPM1A, PPARD, POU5F1, POU2F1, PON1, POLRMT, PMS2, PML, PLXNB1, PLIN1, PLEK, PLA2G1B, PKM, PITX1, PRF1, PRH2, ST13, PRIM2, PSMD9, PSMD7, PSMD3, KLK10, RELN, MASP1, PRSS3, PRSS1, PROC, PRNP, PRL, DNAJC3, MAP2K7, MAP2K1, PRKAA1, PIK3C3, PIK3C2B, PHB, ABCB4, ODC1, OAS3, NRDC, NRAS, NPPB, NPM1, NOTCH4, NOTCH2, NOS3, NFKBIL1, NFKBIE, NFKBIB, NFKB2, NEK2, NAP1L1, OGG1, SIX6, P2RX4, ENPP1, PGGT1B, PF4, PER1, PECAM1, PDZK1, PDR, PCYT1A, P2RX7, PCNA, PCK2, PAX5, PRKN, PAK3, PAK2, PSMD10, PTH, PTPN2, CCL17, SLC10A1, SLC6A12, SLC6A4, SLC3A2, PMEL, SRSF5, SFRP2, SFRP1, SEL1L, SDHC, SDC4, SDC2, CX3CL1, CCL22, CCL21, SLC12A3, SLCO1A2, SLC22A1, SP1, SST, TRIM21, SRY, SRD5A2, SPRR2A, SPINK1, SOX2, SMARCA2, ABCA1, SNRPD1, SNCA, SIGLEC1, SMN2, SMN1, CCL20, CCL3L1, PTPN6, SERPINB4, RELA, REG1A, RBP4, RBL1, RASGRF2, RARA, RAD51, RAD23B, RAD21, RAB6A, RAB1A, PXN, PVT1, PTX3, PTPN7, REN, RENBP, RHEB, RPS4X, SAG, S100A1, RRAS, RPS27A, RPS6KA3, RPS6, RPL17, RNASE1, ROS1, RORC, RORA, ROBO1, RNASE4, RNASE3, SOD1
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Psittacine Beak And Feather Disease
Wikipedia
In wild red-rumped grass parakeets ( Psephotus haematonotus ), a case of feather loss syndrome that was highly suggestive of PBFD was first recorded in South Australia in 1907. [2] The virus causing PBFD was initially designated as psittacine circovirus but has since been renamed beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). ... Perry subsequently studied the disease and wrote extensively about its clinical features in a range of psittacine birds in a long article in which he named the disease "psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome" (PBFDS). [4] This soon became known as psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). [4] Earlier observations of what may have been PBFD were recorded in 1888 by the ornithologist Edwin Ashby , observing a flock of completely featherless red-rumped parrots ( Psephotus haematonotus ) in the Adelaide Hills , South Australia .
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Pornography Addiction
Wikipedia
Compulsive sexual behaviour driven by use of pornography Addiction and dependence glossary [1] [2] [3] [4] addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical– somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens ) psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia ) reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose v t e Pornography addiction is an addiction model of compulsive sexual activity with concurrent use of pornographic material, despite negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, or financial well-being. ... Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming, have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders. ... ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Drugs Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Non-drug stimuli Tanning dependence Treatment and management Detoxification Alcohol detoxification Drug detoxification Behavioral therapies Cognitive behavioral therapy Relapse prevention Contingency management Community reinforcement approach and family training Motivational enhancement therapy Motivational interviewing Motivational therapy Physical exercise Treatment programs Drug rehab Residential treatment center Heroin-assisted treatment Intensive outpatient program Methadone maintenance Smoking cessation Nicotine replacement therapy Tobacco cessation clinics in India Twelve-step program Support groups Addiction recovery groups List of twelve-step groups Harm reduction Category:Harm reduction Drug checking Reagent testing Low-threshold treatment programs Managed alcohol program Moderation Management Needle exchange program Responsible drug use Stimulant maintenance Supervised injection site Tobacco harm reduction See also Addiction medicine Allen Carr Category:Addiction Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Cognitive control Inhibitory control Motivational salience Incentive salience Sober companion Category v t e Pornography Pornography Types Amateur Cartoon Hentai Tijuana bible Child Erotica Simulated Deepfake Feminist Hardcore Internet Mobile Phone Revenge Sexting Softcore Genres Alt Bisexual Bondage Casting couch Celebrity Sex tape Clothed female, naked male Clothed male, naked female Convent Ethnic Gang bang Gay Gonzo Incest Lesbian MILF Mormon Queer Rape Reality Tentacle Transgender Women's Related History Film actor Organizations Adult Film Association of America Critics Adult Film Association Fans of X-Rated Entertainment Free Speech Coalition X-Rated Critics Organization List of pornography companies List of pornographic film studios Opposition to pornography Movements Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom Anti-pornography movement in the United States Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance Organizations Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications Feminists Fighting Pornography Fight the New Drug The Marriage Vow No More Page 3 Stop Bild Sexism Stop Child Trafficking Now Stop Porn Culture Women Against Pornography Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media XXXchurch.com Overuse NoFap Content-control software Accountability software Parental controls Employee monitoring software Views Feminist Religious Sex-positive feminist Media Audio Film Parody Cartoon Magazines List Video games Eroge Newspaper features Page 3 Possible effects Addiction Internet sex addiction Pornography addiction Sex addiction Objectification of women / sexism STDs People Performers by decade British performers Gay male performers Pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films Mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films Film directors Events Adultcon AVN Adult Entertainment Expo Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival Brussels International Festival of Eroticism Exotic Erotic Ball Exxxotica Expo HUMP Porn Sunday Miscellaneous Adult movie theater Blue Movie Golden Age Not safe for work Pornographication Pornotopia R18 certificate Rule 34 Sex shop Sexualization X rating See also Erotica Art Comics Film Literature Photography Sexual activity Ribaldry Right to sexuality Sex-positive movement Sexual repression Sexual revolution Category Erotica and pornography portal Human sexuality portal
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Blastomycosis
Wikipedia
Other recurring sites of dissemination are the genitourinary tract (kidney, prostate, epididymis; collectively ca. 25% of cases) and the brain (3–10% of cases). [12] An uncommon but very dangerous type of primary blastomycosis manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); for example, this was seen in 9 of 72 blastomycosis cases studied in northeast Tennessee. [13] Such cases may follow massive exposure, e.g., during brush clearing operations. ... Prognosis [ edit ] Mortality rate in treated cases 0-2% in treated cases among immunocompetent patients 29% in immunocompromised patients 40% in the subgroup of patients with AIDS 68% in patients presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) Epidemiology [ edit ] Distribution of blastomycosis in North America based on the map given by Kwon-Chung and Bennett, [12] with modifications made according to case reports from a series of additional sources. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Incidences in most endemic areas are circa 0.5 per 100,000 population, with occasional local areas attaining as high as 12 per 100,000. [12] [23] [24] [25] Most Canadian data fit this picture.
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Eclampsia
Wikipedia
Pre-eclampsia characterized by the presence of seizures Eclampsia Specialty Obstetrics Symptoms Seizures , high blood pressure [1] Complications Aspiration pneumonia , cerebral hemorrhage , kidney failure , cardiac arrest [1] Usual onset After 20 weeks of pregnancy [1] Risk factors Pre-eclampsia [1] Prevention Aspirin , calcium supplementation , treatment of prior hypertension [2] [3] Treatment Magnesium sulfate , hydralazine , emergency delivery [1] [4] Prognosis 1% risk of death [1] Frequency 1.4% of deliveries [5] [6] Deaths 46,900 hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (2015) [7] Eclampsia is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a woman with pre-eclampsia . [1] Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction. [8] [9] Onset may be before, during, or after delivery . [1] Most often it is during the second half of pregnancy. [1] The seizures are of the tonic–clonic type and typically last about a minute. [1] Following the seizure there is typically either a period of confusion or coma . [1] Complications include aspiration pneumonia , cerebral hemorrhage , kidney failure , pulmonary oedema , HELLP syndrome , coagulopathy , abruptio placentae and cardiac arrest . [1] [10] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are part of a larger group of conditions known as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy . [1] Recommendations for prevention include aspirin in those at high risk, calcium supplementation in areas with low intake, and treatment of prior hypertension with medications. [2] [3] Exercise during pregnancy may also be useful. [1] The use of intravenous or intramuscular magnesium sulfate improves outcomes in those with eclampsia and is generally safe. [4] [11] This is true in both the developed and developing world . [4] Breathing may need to be supported. [1] Other treatments may include blood pressure medications such as hydralazine and emergency delivery of the baby either vaginally or by cesarean section . [1] Pre-eclampsia is estimated to affect about 5% of deliveries while eclampsia affects about 1.4% of deliveries. [5] In the developed world rates are about 1 in 2,000 deliveries due to improved medical care. [1] Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the most common causes of death in pregnancy. [12] [13] They resulted in 46,900 deaths in 2015. [7] Around one percent of women with eclampsia die. [1] The word eclampsia is from the Greek term for lightning. [14] The first known description of the condition was by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. [14] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Onset 1.2 Complications 2 Risk factors 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Vital signs 4.2 Laboratory testing 4.3 Differential diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Convulsions 6.2 Blood pressure management 6.3 Delivery 6.4 Monitoring 7 Etymology 8 Popular culture 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Diagram of the regions (or quadrants) of the abdomen, to assist in locating the right upper quadrant or the epigastric region, where eclampsia-associated pain may occur Eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by seizures in the setting of pre-eclampsia . [15] Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed when repeated blood pressure measurements are greater or equal to 140/90mmHg, in addition to any signs of organ dysfunction, including: proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, cerebral symptoms, or abdominal pain. [16] Typically the pregnant woman develops hypertension and proteinuria before the onset of a convulsion (seizure). [17] Long-lasting (persistent) headaches Blurred vision Photophobia (i.e. bright light causes discomfort) Abdominal pain Either in the epigastric region (the center of the abdomen above the navel, or belly-button) And/or in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen (below the right side of the rib cage) Altered mental status (confusion) Any of these symptoms may present before or after a seizure occurs. [18] It is also possible that none of these symptoms will develop. ... In some severe eclampsia cases, the mother may become weak and sluggish ( lethargy ) or even comatose . [31] These may be signs that the brain is swelling ( cerebral edema ) or bleeding ( intracerebral hemorrhage ). [22] [31] Risk factors [ edit ] Eclampsia, like pre-eclampsia, tends to occur more commonly in first pregnancies. [34] [35] [36] Women who have long term high blood pressure before becoming pregnant have a greater risk of pre-eclampsia. [34] [35] Furthermore, women with other pre-existing vascular diseases ( diabetes or nephropathy ) or thrombophilic diseases such as the antiphospholipid syndrome are at higher risk to develop pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. [34] [35] Having a large placenta ( multiple gestation , hydatidiform mole ) also predisposes women to eclampsia. [34] [35] [37] In addition, there is a genetic component: a woman whose mother or sister had the condition is at higher risk than otherwise. [38] Women who have experienced eclampsia are at increased risk for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in a later pregnancy. [35] People of certain ethnic backgrounds can have an increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : O15 ICD - 9-CM : 642.6 MeSH : D004461 DiseasesDB : 4068 External resources MedlinePlus : 000899 Patient UK : Eclampsia Scholia : Q552348 Eclampsia at Curlie v t e Pathology of pregnancy , childbirth and the puerperium Pregnancy Pregnancy with abortive outcome Abortion Ectopic pregnancy Abdominal Cervical Interstitial Ovarian Heterotopic Embryo loss Fetal resorption Molar pregnancy Miscarriage Stillbirth Oedema , proteinuria and hypertensive disorders Gestational hypertension Pre-eclampsia HELLP syndrome Eclampsia Other, predominantly related to pregnancy Digestive system Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Gestational diabetes Hepatitis E Hyperemesis gravidarum Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Integumentary system / dermatoses of pregnancy Gestational pemphigoid Impetigo herpetiformis Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Linea nigra Prurigo gestationis Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) Striae gravidarum Nervous system Chorea gravidarum Blood Gestational thrombocytopenia Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability Maternal care related to the fetus and amniotic cavity amniotic fluid Oligohydramnios Polyhydramnios Braxton Hicks contractions chorion / amnion Amniotic band syndrome Chorioamnionitis Chorionic hematoma Monoamniotic twins Premature rupture of membranes Obstetrical bleeding Antepartum placenta Circumvallate placenta Monochorionic twins Placenta accreta Placenta praevia Placental abruption Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome Labor Amniotic fluid embolism Cephalopelvic disproportion Dystocia Shoulder dystocia Fetal distress Locked twins Nuchal cord Obstetrical bleeding Postpartum Pain management during childbirth placenta Placenta accreta Preterm birth Postmature birth Umbilical cord prolapse Uterine inversion Uterine rupture Vasa praevia Puerperal Breastfeeding difficulties Low milk supply Cracked nipples Breast engorgement Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder Diastasis symphysis pubis Postpartum bleeding Peripartum cardiomyopathy Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Postpartum thyroiditis Puerperal fever Puerperal mastitis Other Concomitant conditions Diabetes mellitus Systemic lupus erythematosus Thyroid disorders Maternal death Sexual activity during pregnancy CategoryIL6, NOS3, STOX1, CORIN, LMNA, CD46, CFH, HELLPAR, VEGFA, AGT, PPARG, TNF, CFI, PGF, HLA-G, LEP, MTHFR, ADIPOQ, ACE, F5, HIF1A, IL1B, FOXP3, FLT1, TAC3, REN, SERPINE1, IL10, FAS, AGTR1, COMT, APOE, PTGS2, FASLG, MIR210, TGFB1, ACVR2A, MBL2, MMP9, EPHX1, PAPPA, SLC2A1, PTGS1, ERVW-1, COX1, IL1RN, IL4, ILK, KIR2DL4, TNFRSF11B, LPA, COX2, PAPPA2, MTCO2P12, HSPA4, AVP, FABP4, ENG, AQP4, F2, MIR155, EGF, CRP, EDN1, CALR, IL27, ADM, H19, MIF-AS1, SUMO4, MIR204, TLR4, TLR2, TP53, HTRA4, TXN, UCN, MIR203A, THBD, IL23R, MIR126, CFAP97, TERC, STAT1, CCL2, GHET1, CXCL12, PRNCR1, SNCA, RPL17-C18orf32, SORD, SRY, STAT5A, WAS, CD24, MIR885, SYT1, MIR454, POTEF, UCA1, TAP1, TAP2, LINC00261, CUL3, NPHS2, INTS6, IGF2BP2, ADIPOR2, RPL17, PLAC1, WNK1, RASSF1, SEC14L2, PART1, IL37, ADAM12, CTNNA3, GORASP1, HIF3A, C19orf33, IL23A, IL17D, MYDGF, RETN, NXF1, FST, FSTL3, WASF2, ACKR3, GCM1, BHLHE40, TNFSF11, USO1, IL18R1, CLIC3, DGKI, KISS1R, EBAG9, PROK1, ROCK2, INO80B, SPATA2, EBI3, NECTIN4, ATP6AP2, S100B, ABCA1, BRD2, FSHR, ELF5, ESR1, F2R, F10, FBN2, FGFR4, FLNB, FOS, FOSB, GEM, DUSP9, GIP, GLRX, GPT, GSTM1, GZMA, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DPB1, EDN2, HBEGF, RHD, AQP9, ACTB, ADH5, ADORA2B, AFM, ALB, ANGPT1, ANXA2, ANXA5, XIAP, AVPR1A, DECR1, CD14, CD59, CSF1R, CCN2, CYBA, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP11B2, DAP, HLA-DQA1, HLA-E, HSD11B2, NOTCH1, KLRB1, KLRC2, LHCGR, LPL, NR3C2, MMP2, ABO, RNR2, NFATC2, NOTCH2, ICA1, PAX3, PDCD1, PRKCB, PRKCD, PROS1, PSG5, PTPN2, RBP4, RELA, KIR3DL1, KIR2DL1, KDR, JUND, IFNG, IFNGR1, IGF2, IGFBP1, IGFBP5, CCN1, IL2, IL2RA, CXCL8, IL15, IL18, IDO1, INHBA, INS, INSR, EIF3E, ISG20, JUN, JUNB, MTF1
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Hepatitis
Wikipedia
When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. [22] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. [18] [19] As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. [19] Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease. [19] Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women. [19] Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines cirrhosis , a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded. [18] This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling). [19] Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy , esophageal varices , hepatorenal syndrome , and liver cancer . [18] Causes [ edit ] Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. ... The industrial toxin carbon tetrachloride and the wild mushroom Amanita phalloides are other known hepatotoxins. [33] [34] [39] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ edit ] Main article: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. [40] Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome , obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes , and hypertriglyceridemia. [29] Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis , which additionally involves liver cell death, liver inflammation and possible fibrosis. [29] Factors accelerating progression from NAFLD to NASH are obesity, older age, non-African American ethnicity, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher ALT or AST level, higher AST/ALT ratio, low platelet count, and an ultrasound steatosis score . [29] In the early stages (as with NAFLD and early NASH), most patients are asymptomatic or have mild right upper quadrant pain, and diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests . [29] As the disease progresses, symptoms typical of chronic hepatitis may develop. [41] While imaging can show fatty liver, only liver biopsy can demonstrate inflammation and fibrosis characteristic of NASH. [42] 9 to 25% of patients with NASH develop cirrhosis. [29] NASH is recognized as the third most common cause of liver disease in the United States. [41] Autoimmune [ edit ] Main article: Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. [43] The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain human leukocyte antigens involved in the immune response. [44] As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating auto-antibodies may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. [45] Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include the sensitive but less specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) , smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) . [45] Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). [45] Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as nitrofurantoin , hydralazine , and methyldopa ), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr virus , or measles ). [29] Autoimmune hepatitis can present anywhere within the spectrum from asymptomatic to acute or chronic hepatitis to fulminant liver failure. [29] Patients are asymptomatic 25–34% of the time, and the diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests. [45] Up to 40% of cases present with signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis. [29] As with other autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis usually affects young women (though it can affect patients of either sex of any age), and patients can exhibit classic signs and symptoms of autoimmunity such as fatigue, anemia, anorexia, amenorrhea , acne, arthritis, pleurisy , thyroiditis , ulcerative colitis , nephritis , and maculopapular rash . [29] Autoimmune hepatitis increases the risk for cirrhosis, and the risk for liver cancer is increased by about 1% for each year of the disease. [29] Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other autoimmune diseases . [46] Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver: primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis . ... However, in those who use alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme abnormalities; specifically, in alcoholic steatohepatitis AST>ALT with ratio of AST:ALT>2:1 while in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ALT>AST with ratio of ALT:AST>1.5:1. [72] Of note, liver biopsy shows identical findings in patients with ASH and NASH, specifically, the presence of polymorphonuclear infiltration, hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis in the form of ballooning degeneration , Mallory bodies , and fibrosis around veins and sinuses. [29] Screening for viral hepatitis [ edit ] The purpose of screening for viral hepatitis is to identify people infected with the disease as early as possible, even before symptoms and transaminase elevations may be present. ... If HBsAg is present, a second test – usually done on the same blood sample – that detects the antibody for the hepatitis B core antigen (anti- HBcAg ) can differentiate between acute and chronic infection. [79] [83] People who are high-risk whose blood tests negative for HBsAg can receive the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent future infection. [79] [80] [81] [82] Hepatitis C [ edit ] HCV structure Play media ABHD5CGI-58-the-Chanarin-Dorfman-Syndrome-Protein-Mobilises-Lipid-Stores-for-Hepatitis-C-Virus-ppat.1005568.s014 The CDC , WHO , USPSTF , AASLD , and ACOG recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis C infection. [82] [84] [85] [86] [9] These populations include people who are: Intravenous drug users (past or current) [84] [85] [86] [9] Intranasal illicit drug users [84] [85] [86] [9] HIV-positive [84] [85] [86] [9] Men who have sex with men [9] Incarcerated, or who have been in the past [84] [85] [86] [9] On long-term hemodialysis, or who have been in the past [84] [85] [86] [9] Recipients of tattoos in an "unregulated setting" [86] [9] Recipients of blood products or organs prior to 1992 in the United States [84] [86] [9] Adults in the United States born between 1945 and 1965 [86] [9] Born to HCV-positive mothers [9] Pregnant, and engaging in high-risk behaviors [82] Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury [9] Blood or organ donors. [9] Sex workers [85] For people in the groups above whose exposure is ongoing, screening should be "periodic," though according to the USPSTF , research has not defined the optimal screening interval. [86] The AASLD recommends screening men who have sex with men who are HIV-positive annually. [9] People born in the US between 1945 and 1965 should be screened once (unless they have other exposure risks). [84] [86] [9] Screening consists of a blood test that detects anti-hepatitis C virus antibody.FASLG, IFNG, ALB, HMOX1, CAT, PARP1, ATP7B, ENPP2, TF, GNMT, INS, SPARC, KEAP1, F2R, GZMB, SERPINA1, FOXP3, FAS, CLEC7A, STAT1, IL17RC, GPR35, CASC15, TLR4, CD79B, IL12RB1, TPP2, TNF, ITCH, PRKCD, GPT, IL12A, NAV2, TP53, SYT16, SKIV2L, IGHM, IL17A, LRRC8A, SLC25A15, GLIS3, TTC7A, RASGRP1, CYP7A1, SPIB, IRF5, NLRP3, TGFB1, IL17F, TNFSF15, TCF4, TCF3, MST1, GABRG3, IL33, CD79A, CYP7B1, XIAP, IL1B, C1S, BLNK, MMEL1, ATP7A, PIK3R1, TRAF3IP2, AFP, IL6, CASP10, TBX19, IGLL1, CD3D, TNPO3, CD3E, CD247, IL22, SHPK, IL17RA, POU2AF1, GUSB, PGM1, BTK, SLC17A5, MIR122, PTGS2, CYP2E1, IFNL3, IL4, CXCL10, IL10, HLA-DRB1, CCL4, IL18, IFNA1, IL1A, SOCS3, IFNA13, SPP1, BCL2, CD274, COX2, HMGB1, NOS2, KLRK1, TLR2, VIPR1, PDLIM5, GOLM1, IL1RN, CCL2, RBM45, CXCL8, CXCL2, GSTM1, FBL, NAT2, MYD88, MTCO2P12, CTNNB1, LEP, CASP1, MIR223, RIPK1, TNFSF10, HFE, GSTT1, HGF, HIF1A, IL5, IL2, NFE2L2, IL17D, TLR9, EHMT1, ABCC2, SIRT1, SMAD2, GLP1R, CCN2, KLRC4-KLRK1, LGALS1, IFNA2, ESRRB, IL27, STAT3, RIPK3, AGT, PAEP, LGALS3, GCG, LGALS9, GGT1, NOX4, NFKB1, PON1, PECAM1, NOTCH1, POLDIP2, PCSK1, P2RX7, RNASEL, MYC, PPARA, JUN, RIT2, KRT18, ISG20, IL21, RELA, RETN, MYDGF, LTBR, EPCAM, AHI1, TNFRSF9, IL13, UGT1A1, MEFV, FGL2, KLHL1, MAPK1, NCKIPSD, TLR7, S100A4, MAPK8, SMN1, CLOCK, TLR3, TXN, MIR29A, CDKN2A, PTGES, CCL4L2, MIR155, MIR146A, CCL4L1, IL18BP, GSTK1, CREB1, CRK, MAPK14, CTLA4, IFNL1, ABCB6, CD40, GRAP2, VDR, CASP8, NR0B2, AHR, SPAG9, CD24, SYCE1L, ZGLP1, AIMP2, GGTLC4P, CCR2, APOE, GGT2, GGTLC3, OPN1SW, MANF, GGTLC5P, ADAM17, RNF19A, ACE, F10, GABPA, SMN2, CXCR3, GSR, AHSA1, CXCL12, HLA-A, CXCL11, HLA-G, TNFAIP8L2, TXNIP, MBOAT7, CCL16, ICAM1, IFNB1, FCGR2B, GPT2, EXT1, IL34, SLCO6A1, EPHX1, EMB, P2RX2, SMUG1, ALDH1L1, SLCO1B1, IVNS1ABP, P2RX6, PIK3R5, ACOT7, VSIG4, ESM1, RIPOR2, ARC, BAMBI, ARTN, PARP2, NAMPT, TNFSF13B, DDX18, SQSTM1, GTF2A1L, MYOM2, TLR6, CXCR6, KIF1B, YAP1, MGLL, COLGALT2, CXCL14, MERTK, ATG7, BCAR1, GDF15, KDM6B, DCLK1, FHL5, FADS2, STON1, TIPARP, ADIPOQ, TCEAL1, ARFGEF1, MSC, IL32, POSTN, ERVK-6, SETBP1, MIR210, MIR200A, MIR196A2, MIR145, MIR143, MIR139, MIR106B, CHKB-CPT1B, MALAT1, ARSH, ACTBL2, GOLGA6A, ABCB5, FFAR4, STON1-GTF2A1L, HNF1A-AS1, COPD, SGMS1, PCSK9, REXO1L1P, IPMK, MLKL, ARID2, PGAM5, COMMD1, IL17RE, MIR203A, MIR215, VASN, MIR29B1, H3P10, LOC110806263, ERVK-32, LOC102724197, ERVK-20, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, TMX2-CTNND1, MICA, TEC, HULC, POTEF, MIR602, H3P16, POTEM, HCC, MIR499A, MIR451A, MIR429, MIR4435-2HG, MIR328, POTEKP, MIR98, MIR96, MIR29C, MIR29B2, PLD4, PGLYRP2, SIGLEC7, CHPT1, PBK, RCBTB1, SARS2, DDX56, RHOF, KRT20, TREM1, TREM2, NBAS, TDP2, IL23A, SIRT6, CPA4, NDUFA13, ASCC1, ERVW-1, TBX21, ICOS, SETD2, HPGDS, IL17C, IL37, BBC3, LAMP3, NSG1, SLAMF8, SEMA6A, GGTLC1, HAMP, TIMD4, SLAMF9, TSLP, TRIM63, TRIM55, JAM3, ARHGAP24, LPAL2, PNPLA3, WDR26, HKDC1, RNF34, BIRC7, DHX58, FTO, MPPE1, WNK1, DEPTOR, GORASP1, IFIH1, NOD2, SAMSN1, ARHGEF7, APOBEC3G, JAM2, SPHK1, S100A9, NR1I2, GLI2, GJA1, B4GALT1, GCKR, FUT8, FLT3LG, FCGR3B, FCGR3A, F9, F2, ESR1, EPHA1, ECHS1, ATN1, DPP4, DMBT1, DLAT, DECR1, DDX3X, CYP27A1, CYP19A1, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2A6, CYP1B1, CX3CR1, GPC3, GNB3, CTNND1, GPR39, IL12B, IL9R, IL9, IL4R, IL2RA, IGH, IGFBP7, IGF1, HSF1, HPGD, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA1, HNF4A, NR4A1, HMGA1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-C, UBE2K, HAS3, HAS1, HABP2, GSTP1, GSPT1, GSK3B, NR3C1, GRN, GRB2, CUX1, NCAN, IRS1, CD14, CD1D, CCNE1, CASP3, CALR, BSG, CEACAM1, BDH1, BCHE, B2M, ARRB2, APP, APOC3, APOB, APOA2, BIRC5, AIRE, APC, APBA2, AMELY, ALDH2, AGRP, AFM, ADAR, ADA, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACTB, CD5L, MS4A1, CSF3, CD80, CSE1L, CRP, ATF2, CPT2, CPT1B, CPT1A, COX8A, MAP3K8, COMP, COL15A1, COL11A2, CNR1, CMKLR1, CCR4, CLTC, CLU, CIDEA, CETP, CDSN, CDKN2B, CDKN1A, CDK1, CD81, CD68, CD59, CD58, CD44, INSR, ITGAM, PROM1, RO60, AKR1D1, SPINT1, SOX11, SON, SMPD1, SLC4A1, ST6GAL1, SFRP5, SFPQ, SELP, CCL20, SERPINB4, SERPINB3, SARS1, S100B, SERPINA3, SORT1, RRM2, BRD2, RHD, RDX, RARRES2, RAP1A, RAG2, PTPRO, PTPN11, PTGS1, TRIM21, SYT1, PPARG, MAP3K7, FADD, SOCS1, SMARCA5, SYMPK, CDR3, TFEB, NELFE, XRCC1, VTN, VIM, VEGFA, VCAM1, UROD, USP4, UMOD, UBE2D1, TYRO3, TNFRSF4, TRAF6, NR2C2, TP73, TIMP2, TGFB2, TGFA, TDO2, SERPINA7, TAZ, PTEN, POLD1, JUNB, CYTB, MPO, CD200, MMP13, MMP9, NR3C2, MLH1, CXCL9, MIF, CD99, MGMT, MDM2, MBL2, MAS1, SMAD7, SMAD3, MARCKS, LTBP2, LSAMP, LGALS3BP, LEPR, LDLR, LCN2, LBP, KRT7, KLRB1, KIR3DL2, KIR2DS1, MSD, MTHFR, PML, MTTP, PLP2, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, PIK3CB, PIK3CA, PIGR, PHB, ABCB4, ABCB1, PGF, PDCD1, PC, P2RY2, P2RY1, P2RX5, P2RX4, P2RX3, P2RX1, OXA1L, OTC, OPRM1, OGG1, CNOT3, NM, NGF, NCAM1, MYCN, H3P40
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Health Effects Of Tobacco
Wikipedia
Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke , has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. [10] Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers , and it contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as premature birth , low birth weight , and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). [11] Incidence of erectile dysfunction is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. [12] [13] Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed on packaging. ... ] in hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome. 67% of the decrease occurred in non-smokers. [32] Health effects of smoking [ edit ] Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs.
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Paracetamol Poisoning
Wikipedia
The increasing liver damage also changes biochemical markers of liver function; International normalized ratio (INR) and the liver transaminases ALT and AST rise to abnormal levels. [13] Acute kidney failure may also occur during this phase, typically caused by either hepatorenal syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome . ... Retrieved October 12, 2013 . v t e Poisoning Toxicity Overdose History of poison Inorganic Metals Toxic metals Beryllium Cadmium Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Thallium Tin Dietary minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Metalloids Arsenic Nonmetals Sulfuric acid Selenium Chlorine Fluoride Organic Phosphorus Pesticides Aluminium phosphide Organophosphates Nitrogen Cyanide Nicotine Nitrogen dioxide poisoning CHO alcohol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Carbon monoxide Oxygen Toluene Pharmaceutical Drug overdoses Nervous Anticholinesterase Aspirin Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cocaine Lithium Opioids Paracetamol Tricyclic antidepressants Cardiovascular Digoxin Dipyridamole Vitamin poisoning Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Megavitamin-B 6 syndrome Biological 1 Fish / seafood Ciguatera Haff disease Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Scombroid Shellfish poisoning Amnesic Diarrhetic Neurotoxic Paralytic Other vertebrates amphibian venom Batrachotoxin Bombesin Bufotenin Physalaemin birds / quail Coturnism snake venom Alpha-Bungarotoxin Ancrod Batroxobin Arthropods Arthropod bites and stings bee sting / bee venom Apamin Melittin scorpion venom Charybdotoxin spider venom Latrotoxin / Latrodectism Loxoscelism tick paralysis Plants / fungi Cinchonism Ergotism Lathyrism Locoism Mushrooms Strychnine 1 including venoms , toxins , foodborne illnesses .
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
Wikipedia
The autoantigens believed to cause the autoreactivity are the alpha and beta subunits of the H + /K + -ATPase. [27] [28] In a study, B12 deficiency caused by Helicobacter pylori was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity, rather than gastric atrophy. [29] Less commonly, H. pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may also cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia. [30] Impaired B 12 absorption can also occur following gastric removal ( gastrectomy ) or gastric bypass surgery. ... The Schilling test distinguished PA from other forms of B 12 deficiency, [23] specifically, from Imerslund-Grasbeck Syndrome (IGS), a vitamin B12-deficiency caused by mutations in cubilin the cobalamin receptor. [47] Treatment [ edit ] Hydroxocobalamin injection usp(1000 mcg/ml) is a clear red liquid solution of hydroxocobalamin which is available in a 30-ml brown glass multidose vial packaged in a paper box. ... PMID 10386505 . ^ Grasbeck R (2006). "Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome (selective vitamin B12 malabsorption with proteinuria)" . ... External links [ edit ] Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia at Curlie Classification D ICD - 10 : D51.0 ICD - 9-CM : 281.0 MeSH : D000752 DiseasesDB : 9870 External resources MedlinePlus : 000569 eMedicine : med/1799 v t e Diseases of red blood cells ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro- : Iron-deficiency anemia Plummer–Vinson syndrome Macro- : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary enzymopathy : Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency glycolysis pyruvate kinase deficiency triosephosphate isomerase deficiency hexokinase deficiency hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle cell disease / trait Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired AIHA Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia membrane paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombotic microangiopathy Hemolytic–uremic syndrome Drug-induced autoimmune Drug-induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic (mostly normo- ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond–Blackfan anemia Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests Mean corpuscular volume normocytic microcytic macrocytic Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normochromic hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia v t e Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases Type I / allergy / atopy ( IgE ) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include: Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II / ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome " Type V "/ receptor Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III ( Immune complex ) Foreign Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV / cell-mediated ( T cells ) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant-cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/ multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease
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Candidiasis
Wikipedia
Symptoms of infection of the male genitalia (balanitis thrush) include red skin around the head of the penis, swelling, irritation, itchiness and soreness of the head of the penis, thick, lumpy discharge under the foreskin, unpleasant odour, difficulty retracting the foreskin ( phimosis ), and pain when passing urine or during sex. [34] Skin [ edit ] Signs and symptoms of candidiasis in the skin include itching, irritation, and chafing or broken skin. [35] Invasive infection [ edit ] Common symptoms of gastrointestinal candidiasis in healthy individuals are anal itching , belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, gas, intestinal cramps, vomiting, and gastric ulcers . [26] [27] [28] Perianal candidiasis can cause anal itching; the lesion can be red , papular, or ulcerative in appearance, and it is not considered to be a sexually transmissible disease . [36] Abnormal proliferation of the candida in the gut may lead to dysbiosis . [37] While it is not yet clear, this alteration may be the source of symptoms generally described as the irritable bowel syndrome , [38] [39] and other gastrointestinal diseases. [27] [40] Causes [ edit ] Main article: Candida (fungus) Candida yeasts are generally present in healthy humans, frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora, and particularly on the skin; however, their growth is normally limited by the human immune system and by competition of other microorganisms , such as bacteria occupying the same locations in the human body. [41] Candida requires moisture for growth, notably on the skin. [42] For example, wearing wet swimwear for long periods of time is believed to be a risk factor. [43] Candida can also cause diaper rashes in babies. [35] In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections. ... There is a wide variety of causal factors that contribute to yeast infection which means that candidiasis is a good example of a multifactorial syndrome. ^ a b c d Wang ZK, Yang YS, Stefka AT, Sun G, Peng LH (April 2014). ... "Yeast metabolic products, yeast antigens and yeasts as possible triggers for irritable bowel syndrome" (PDF) . European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology . 17 (1): 21–6. ... Classification D ICD - 10 : B37 ICD - 9-CM : 112 MeSH : D002177 DiseasesDB : 1929 External resources MedlinePlus : 001511 eMedicine : med/264 emerg/76 ped/312 derm/67 Patient UK : Candidiasis v t e Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal Wart Callus Seborrheic keratosis Acrochordon Molluscum contagiosum Actinic keratosis Squamous-cell carcinoma Basal-cell carcinoma Merkel-cell carcinoma Nevus sebaceous Trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles Lentigo Melasma Nevus Melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous Epidermal inclusion cyst Hemangioma Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) Keloid Lipoma Neurofibroma Xanthoma Kaposi's sarcoma Infantile digital fibromatosis Granular cell tumor Leiomyoma Lymphangioma circumscriptum Myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous Contact dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Stasis dermatitis Lichen simplex chronicus Darier's disease Glucagonoma syndrome Langerhans cell histiocytosis Lichen sclerosus Pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling Psoriasis Tinea ( Corporis Cruris Pedis Manuum Faciei ) Pityriasis rosea Secondary syphilis Mycosis fungoides Systemic lupus erythematosus Pityriasis rubra pilaris Parapsoriasis Ichthyosis Blistering Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Varicella Bullous impetigo Acute contact dermatitis Pemphigus vulgaris Bullous pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis Porphyria cutanea tarda Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular Scabies Insect bite reactions Lichen planus Miliaria Keratosis pilaris Lichen spinulosus Transient acantholytic dermatosis Lichen nitidus Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular Acne vulgaris Acne rosacea Folliculitis Impetigo Candidiasis Gonococcemia Dermatophyte Coccidioidomycosis Subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented Tinea versicolor Vitiligo Pityriasis alba Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Tuberous sclerosis Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Leprosy Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized Drug eruptions Viral exanthems Toxic erythema Systemic lupus erythematosus Localized Cellulitis Abscess Boil Erythema nodosum Carcinoid syndrome Fixed drug eruption Specialized Urticaria Erythema ( Multiforme Migrans Gyratum repens Annulare centrifugum Ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular Thrombocytopenic purpura Actinic/solar purpura Papular Disseminated intravascular coagulation Vasculitis Indurated Scleroderma / morphea Granuloma annulare Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus Necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair Telogen effluvium Androgenic alopecia Alopecia areata Systemic lupus erythematosus Tinea capitis Loose anagen syndrome Lichen planopilaris Folliculitis decalvans Acne keloidalis nuchae Nail Onychomycosis Psoriasis Paronychia Ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis Oral candidiasis Lichen planus Leukoplakia Pemphigus vulgaris Mucous membrane pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Herpesvirus Coxsackievirus Syphilis Systemic histoplasmosis Squamous-cell carcinoma v t e Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea Superficial and cutaneous ( dermatomycosis ): Tinea = skin ; Piedra ( exothrix / endothrix ) = hair Ascomycota Dermatophyte ( Dermatophytosis ) By location Tinea barbae / tinea capitis Kerion Tinea corporis Ringworm Dermatophytids Tinea cruris Tinea manuum Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) Tinea unguium/onychomycosis White superficial onychomycosis Distal subungual onychomycosis Proximal subungual onychomycosis Tinea corporis gladiatorum Tinea faciei Tinea imbricata Tinea incognito Favus By organism Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum canis Microsporum audouinii Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton schoenleini Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton verrucosum Other Hortaea werneckii Tinea nigra Piedraia hortae Black piedra Basidiomycota Malassezia furfur Tinea versicolor Pityrosporum folliculitis Trichosporon White piedra Subcutaneous , systemic , and opportunistic Ascomycota Dimorphic (yeast+mold) Onygenales Coccidioides immitis / Coccidioides posadasii Coccidioidomycosis Disseminated coccidioidomycosis Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis .AIRE, IL17A, CARD9, DEFB4A, DEFB4B, STAT1, IL1B, IL22, NUDT11, S100A1, S100B, SLC5A2, IL10, TNF, IL17RA, IL23A, PSAP, CSF2, DEFB103B, CLEC7A, DEFB103A, SLPI, ADAM17, SYK, IL17F, STAT3, SCLT1, DDX43, TGFA, CCL2, RNA18SN5, RORC, RFX2, RASGRF1, PLB1, TLR1, LRRCC1, NOD2, TRAF3, LAT2, NR4A3, IRS4, PPIG, SETD1A, PTPRH, YME1L1, LRRC7, SIRT3, CCL28, TOR1AIP1, CAP1, NAT1, SRGN, CDR2, DECR1, CYP51A1, CX3CR1, CSH2, CSH1, CSF3, ERCC8, CHEK1, CDR1, EGF, CEACAM1, BCR, APCS, ANPEP, ALS3, ALB, ADM, ADAM10, DEFB1, EGFR, PRB3, IL15, NAT2, MYD88, CYTB, MPO, MBL2, SH2D1A, LGALS3, INPP5D, IL12RB1, ELK3, IL10RB, IL4, IGHG3, HSPA9, HSPA8, HSPA4, FUT2, ELK4, PLCG2
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Abortion In Texas
Wikipedia
The law also required the woman be told how far advanced her pregnancy was. [21] Some states, such as Alaska, Mississippi, West Virginia, Texas, and Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer, and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings. [21] [22] [23] The informed consent materials in South Dakota, Texas, Utah and West Virginia given to women seeking abortions include counseling materials that say women who have abortions may have suicidal thoughts or they may experience "post abortion traumatic stress syndrome." The latter syndrome is not recognized by American Psychological Association or the American Psychiatric Association . [21] Informed consent materials about fetal pain in Texas says the ability for the fetus to feel pain does not exist until 20 weeks, before later going on to conclude that it is unknown if a fetus can feel pain at 12 weeks. [21] The legislature tried to pass a " mandatory ultrasound " bill but it failed to pass in 2007. [19] As of March 2012, 20 states require women seeking an abortion to have an ultrasound before being allowed to have the procedure.
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Medial Knee Injuries
Wikipedia
Additionally, a complete medial ligamentous disruption (sMCL, dMCL, and POL) will show increased gapping by 6.5 mm at 0° and 9.8 mm at 20° during valgus stress testing. [15] Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome can also be seen on AP radiographs. ... "Images in clinical medicine. Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome". N Engl J Med . 354 (1): e1. doi : 10.1056/nejmicm040406 . ... "Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome". American Family Physician . 75 (2): 194–202. ... "Prospective Predictors of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis" . ... "A review of the management of patellofemoral pain syndrome". The Physician and Sportsmedicine . 41 (3): 19–28. doi : 10.3810/psm.2013.09.2023 .
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Amblyopia
Wikipedia
National Eye Institute (NEI) Resource Guide Lazy Eye Site from the National Health Service , UK Look After Your Eyes - patient information on Amblyopia or ‘lazy eye’ by College of Optometrists v t e Diseases of the human eye Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Ankyloblepharon Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pseudopterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Exposure Photokeratitis Corneal ulcer Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal opacity Corneal neovascularization Kayser–Fleischer ring Haab's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher's of prematurity Bietti's crystalline dystrophy Coats' disease Sickle cell Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior (AION) posterior (PION) Kjer's Leber's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns–Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor (III) Fourth-nerve (IV) Sixth-nerve (VI) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disorders Blindness Amblyopia Leber's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis Authority control NDL : 00574975PPARGC1A, FGFR3, ACVRL1, AP4E1, SMCHD1, PUF60, AP4S1, YME1L1, AP4B1, TUBB3, WARS2, MAFB, CHST3, ARHGEF2, AP4M1, OGT, TWIST1, TRIO, TFAP2A, ADNP, PIGN, PHOX2A, B3GAT3, NPHP3-ACAD11, LAMA1, TSEN54, NPHP4, IRAK1BP1, MTFMT, LOXL3, COL25A1, TRIM8, WDR26, UBA5, XYLT2, PHIP, P4HTM, NDUFB11, ADAMTSL4, GMPPB, TBX1, SMARCB1, PTPN11, COL9A1, DPP6, CRYGC, CRYAA, COX7B, COL11A1, COL9A3, COL9A2, COL4A1, ERF, LYST, CHN1, CBS, CACNA1F, CACNA1E, CACNA1A, C1QBP, ENG, EPRS1, FBN1, LIM2, PITX2, PAX6, OCRL, GPR143, KMT2A, SMAD4, KIF11, HCCS, H1-4, GNAS, GDF2, GALC, FGFR2, VIP, MBD5, IRF1, PLXNA2, RBM19, CRYBB1, BCHE, COMETT
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Pain Management In Children
Wikipedia
Aspirin is not used in pediatric population due to its association with Reye's syndrome. Management [ edit ] Atraumatic measures [ edit ] Because children process information differently from adults, treatment centers for children often use atraumatic measures to reduce anxiety and stress. ... The extent of the cancer, and the tolerance of the child to specific medications, procedures or therapies are also taken into account, as well as the preferences of the parent or caregiver. [ medical citation needed ] Medications used to treat cancer pain include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [35] and opioids. [36] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [ edit ] Used as treatment for pain and anti-inflammatory Can be administered as oral tablet or liquid Recommended to use lowest dose and shortest duration possible to control pain Not approved for infants < 3 months old General adverse effects for NSAIDs: Renal impairment Hepatic impairment Gastrointestinal issues (Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence) Dyspepsia Rash Dizziness Abdominal pain Contraindicated for: Hypersensitivity reactions Cardiac impairment Reye's syndrome Coagulation defects Ibuprofen 5–10 mg/kg every 6–8 hours (Max dose 1200 mg/day) Opioids [ edit ] Doses based on child's body weight Can be administered as oral, parenteral, buccal, transdermal, nasal or rectal formulations Recommended to start at low dose and titrate up to effect General adverse effects for opioids: Constipation Hives Nausea Vomiting Pruritus Respiratory depression The frequency of prescribing for these pain medications has more than doubled from 1990 to 2010 with 20-50% of adolescents who complain of headache, back pain, or joint pain receiving a prescribed opioid. [37] [38] Before an adolescent or young adult is prescribed opioids, they should be screened for risk factors for opioid drug abuse.
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Tracheobronchial Injury
Wikipedia
People with TBI are provided with supplemental oxygen and may need mechanical ventilation . [13] Employment of certain measures such as Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and ventilation at higher-than-normal pressures may be helpful in maintaining adequate oxygenation. [3] However, such measures can also increase leakage of air through a tear, and can stress the sutures in a tear that has been surgically repaired; therefore the lowest possible airway pressures that still maintain oxygenation are typically used. [3] Mechanical ventilation can also cause pulmonary barotrauma when high pressure is required to ventilate the lungs. [3] Techniques such as pulmonary toilet (removal of secretions ), fluid management, and treatment of pneumonia are employed to improve pulmonary compliance (the elasticity of the lungs). [26] While TBI may be managed without surgery, surgical repair of the tear is considered standard in the treatment of most TBI. [3] [27] It is required if a tear interferes with ventilation; if mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest) occurs; or if subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema progresses rapidly; [3] or if air leak or large pneumothorax is persistent despite chest tube placement. [12] Other indications for surgery are a tear more than one third the circumference of the airway, tears with loss of tissue, and a need for positive pressure ventilation. [26] Damaged tissue around a rupture (e.g. torn or scarred tissue) may be removed in order to obtain clean edges that can be surgically repaired. [22] Debridement of damaged tissue can shorten the trachea by as much as 50%. [28] Repair of extensive tears can include sewing a flap of tissue taken from the membranes surrounding the heart or lungs (the pericardium and pleura, respectively) over the sutures to protect them. [2] When lung tissue is destroyed as a result of TBI complications, pneumonectomy or lobectomy (removal of a lung or of one lobe, respectively) may be required. [29] Pneumonectomy is avoided whenever possible due to the high rate of death associated with the procedure. [3] Surgery to repair a tear in the tracheobronchial tree can be successful even when it is performed months after the trauma, as can occur if the diagnosis of TBI is delayed. [3] When airway stenosis results after delayed diagnosis, surgery is similar to that performed after early diagnosis: the stenotic section is removed and the cut airway is repaired. [28] Prognosis and complications [ edit ] Bronchial stenosis (arrow) two weeks after surgery for a tracheobronchial laceration [1] Most people with TBI who die do so within minutes of the injury, due to complications such as pneumothorax and insufficient airway and to other injuries that occurred at the same time. [5] Most late deaths that occur in TBI are attributed to sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). [2] If the condition is not recognized and treated early, serious complications are more likely to occur; for example, [29] pneumonia and bronchiectasis may occur as late complications. [3] Years can pass before the condition is recognized. [9] [29] Some TBI are so small that they do not have significant clinical manifestations; they may never be noticed or diagnosed and may heal without intervention. [29] If granulation tissue grows over the injured site, it can cause stenosis of the airway, after a week to a month. [4] The granulation tissue must be surgically excised. [26] Delayed diagnosis of a bronchial rupture increases risk of infection and lengthens hospital stay. [28] People with a narrowed airway may suffer dyspnea, coughing, wheezing , respiratory tract infection, and difficulty with clearing secretions. [10] If the bronchiole is completely obstructed, atelectasis occurs: the alveoli of the lung collapse. [4] Lung tissue distal to a completely obstructed bronchiole often does not become infected. Because it is filled with mucus, this tissue remains functional. [22] When the secretions are removed, the affected portion of the lung is commonly able to function almost normally. [29] However, infection is common in lungs distal to a partially obstructed bronchiole. [22] Infected lung tissue distal to a stricture can be damaged, and wheezing and coughing may develop due to the narrowing. [15] In addition to pneumonia, the stenosis may cause bronchiectasis, in which bronchi are dilated, to develop. [22] Even after an airway with a stricture is restored to normal, the resulting loss of lung function may be permanent. [22] Complications may also occur with treatment; for example, a granuloma can form at the suture site. [2] Also, the sutured wound can tear again, as occurs when there is excessive pressure in the airways from ventilation. [2] However, for people who do receive surgery soon after the injury to repair the lesion, outcome is usually good; the long-term outcome is good for over 90% of people who have TBI surgically repaired early in treatment. [10] Even when surgery is performed years after the injury, the outlook is good, with low rates of death and disability and good chances of preserving lung function. [29] Epidemiology [ edit ] Rupture of the trachea or bronchus is the most common type of blunt injury to the airway. [22] It is difficult to determine the incidence of TBI: in as many as 30–80% of cases, death occurs before the person reaches a hospital, and these people may not be included in studies. [3] On the other hand, some TBI are so small that they do not cause significant symptoms and are therefore never noticed. [29] In addition, the injury sometimes is not associated with symptoms until complications develop later, further hindering estimation of the true incidence. [6] However, autopsy studies have revealed TBI in 2.5–3.2% of people who died after trauma. [3] Of all neck and chest traumas, including people that died immediately, TBI is estimated to occur in 0.5–2%. [29] An estimated 0.5% of polytrauma patients treated in trauma centers have TBI. [10] The incidence is estimated at 2% in blunt chest and neck trauma and 1–2% in penetrating chest trauma. [10] Laryngotracheal injuries occur in 8% of patients with penetrating injury to the neck, and TBI occurs in 2.8% of blunt chest trauma deaths. [6] In people with blunt trauma who do reach a hospital alive, reports have found incidences of 2.1% and 5.3%. [2] Another study of blunt chest trauma revealed an incidence of only 0.3%, but a mortality rate of 67% (possibly due in part to associated injuries). [6] The incidence of iatrogenic TBI (that caused by medical procedures) is rising, and the risk may be higher for women and the elderly. [30] TBI results about once every 20,000 times someone is intubated through the mouth, but when intubation is performed emergently, the incidence may be as high as 15%. [30] The mortality rate for people who reach a hospital alive was estimated at 30% in 1966; [2] more recent estimates place this number at 9%. [22] The number of people reaching a hospital alive has increased, perhaps due to improved prehospital care or specialized treatment centers. [10] Of those who reach the hospital alive but then die, most do so within the first two hours of arrival. [9] The sooner a TBI is diagnosed, the higher the mortality rate; this is likely due to other accompanying injuries that prove fatal. [22] Accompanying injuries often play a key role in the outcome. [10] Injuries that may accompany TBI include pulmonary contusion and laceration ; and fractures of the sternum , ribs and clavicles . [2] Spinal cord injury , facial trauma , traumatic aortic rupture , injuries to the abdomen , lung, and head are present in 40–100%. [17] The most common accompanying injury is esophageal perforation or rupture (known as Boerhaave syndrome ), which occurs in as many as 43% of the penetrating injuries to the neck that cause tracheal injury. [6] History [ edit ] Throughout most of history, the mortality rate of TBI was thought to be 100%. [5] However, in 1871 a healed TBI was noted in a duck that had been killed by a hunter, thus demonstrating that the injury could be survived, at least in the general sense. [6] This report, made by Winslow, was the first record in the medical literature of a bronchus injury. [22] In 1873, Seuvre made one of the earliest reports of TBI in the medical literature: a 74-year-old woman whose chest was crushed by a wagon wheel was found on autopsy to have an avulsion of the right bronchus. [22] Long-term survival of the injury was unknown in humans until a report was made of a person who survived in 1927. [5] [6] In 1931, a report made by Nissen described successful removal of a lung in a 12-year-old girl who had had narrowing of the bronchus due to the injury. [22] Repair of TBI was probably first attempted in 1945, when the first documented case of a successful suturing of a lacerated bronchus was made. [6] Prior to 1950, the mortality rate was 36%; it had fallen to 9% by 2001; [3] [22] this improvement was likely due to improvements in treatments and surgical techniques, including those for injuries commonly associated with TBI. [3] Notes [ edit ] ^ a b c Le Guen M, Beigelman C, Bouhemad B, Wenjïe Y, Marmion F, Rouby JJ (2007).
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Malaria
Wikipedia
Although rare in young children with severe malaria, acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs in 5–25% of adults and up to 29% of pregnant women. [15] Coinfection of HIV with malaria increases mortality. [16] Kidney failure is a feature of blackwater fever , where haemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. [12] Infection with P. falciparum may result in cerebral malaria, a form of severe malaria that involves encephalopathy . ... Although the shorter life expectancy for those with the homozygous condition would tend to disfavour the trait's survival, the trait is preserved in malaria-prone regions because of the benefits provided by the heterozygous form. [50] [51] Liver dysfunction [ edit ] Liver dysfunction as a result of malaria is uncommon and usually only occurs in those with another liver condition such as viral hepatitis or chronic liver disease . The syndrome is sometimes called malarial hepatitis . [52] While it has been considered a rare occurrence, malarial hepatopathy has seen an increase, particularly in Southeast Asia and India. ... However, if supported by training of healthcare providers and patient information, there is improvement in compliance of those receiving treatment. [157] Prognosis [ edit ] Disability-adjusted life year for malaria per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <10 0–100 100–500 500–1000 1000–1500 1500–2000 2000–2500 2500–2750 2750–3000 3000–3250 3250–3500 ≥3500 When properly treated, people with malaria can usually expect a complete recovery. [158] However, severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days. [159] In the most severe cases of the disease, fatality rates can reach 20%, even with intensive care and treatment. [4] Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria. [160] Chronic infection without severe disease can occur in an immune-deficiency syndrome associated with a decreased responsiveness to Salmonella bacteria and the Epstein–Barr virus . [161] During childhood, malaria causes anaemia during a period of rapid brain development, and also direct brain damage resulting from cerebral malaria. [160] Some survivors of cerebral malaria have an increased risk of neurological and cognitive deficits, behavioural disorders , and epilepsy . [162] Malaria prophylaxis was shown to improve cognitive function and school performance in clinical trials when compared to placebo groups. [160] Epidemiology [ edit ] Deaths due to malaria per million persons in 2012 0–0 1–2 3–54 55–325 326–679 680–949 950–1,358 Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009 The WHO estimates that in 2018 there were 228 million new cases of malaria resulting in 405,000 deaths. [3] Children under 5 years old are the most affected, accounting for 67% (272,000) of malaria deaths worldwide in 2018. [3] About 125 million pregnant women are at risk of infection each year; in Sub-Saharan Africa , maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly. [19] There are about 10,000 malaria cases per year in Western Europe, and 1300–1500 in the United States. [15] The United States eradicated malaria in 1951. [163] About 900 people died from the disease in Europe between 1993 and 2003. [68] Both the global incidence of disease and resulting mortality have declined in recent years.ICAM1, FCGR2B, HBB, CD36, NOS2, FCGR2A, TNF, CR1, G6PD, CRP, HP, ACKR1, GYPA, SLC4A1, GYPB, NCR3, TIRAP, GYPC, LTBR, CISH, IFNG, HMOX1, PKLR, ABO, ANK1, AQP4, ATP2B4, HBG2, CYTB, ENOSF1, MSMB, MST1, ZNF536, LINC00944, SMARCB1, DHODH, PDR, TREML4, ZNF804A, OR51F1, OR51B5, CDH13, PROCR, SPATA3, OR51N1P, DHFR, DDT, RECQL4, FAM155A, IGHG3, IL4, MMP26, IL6, IL10, TLR9, HLA-DRB1, CSMD1, HBE1, DNAJC5, TMPRSS13, KLHL3, HDGFL2, TLR4, ATAD1, LMLN, TENM3-AS1, MECP2, POMGNT2, MBL2, TFRC, TGFB1, MIF, HLA-B, HAMP, DHPS, SERPINA3, TLR2, IL1B, FOXP3, FHL5, ACOT7, POTEKP, POTEM, GEM, KIR3DL1, RN7SL263P, ACTG2, ACTG1, ACTB, ACTBL2, HBA2, CYP2B6, HSPA4, LSAMP, TRAP, FCGR3B, HSP90AA1, IL1A, LAMP3, CD81, OR10A4, CCL5, ABCB1, FAS, CD40LG, TEP1, CXCL8, IARS1, HLA-G, CTLA4, HBA1, INSRR, ANGPT2, TYMS, CFH, GSTP1, IFNAR1, AGT, GYPE, FCGR3A, TXN, IL13, HSPB3, APOE, MTCO2P12, ISYNA1, FCGR2C, FYB1, VDR, HLA-A, GSTM1, GSR, ATR, MBL3P, LAIR1, PNP, IL12B, MNAT1, IL1RN, CYP2D6, IGF1, CD55, ACHE, DECR1, COX2, IL3, CCL2, MAPK1, NLRP3, FBXW7, HAVCR2, THBD, VPS51, EMP1, ITGA2B, PTGS2, ANC, IL10RA, XPO1, VNN1, PLEK, UMPS, IL2, IL2RA, TPPP, VWF, ISG20, ADAMTS13, IRF1, IL7R, AIMP2, IL12RB1, CLEC11A, METAP2, CDK5R1, ING1, IL18R1, PGD, HAP1, H6PD, PRDX5, GRAP2, CXCL9, MMP9, MPO, TAP1, CCL4L2, COX1, EBI3, ITGAX, COX3, TLR6, CXCL11, MTHFR, NFKB2, NFYA, NOS1, TBC1D9, ORC1, MCF2, AKAP13, RNF19A, TLR7, NT5C3A, IRAK4, KIR2DS1, CCL4, KIR3DL2, ICOS, COQ2, PSIP1, PECAM1, TPT1, RNASE3, ARTN, TP53, POLDIP2, PDCD1, TLR1, AHSA1, UBL4A, AQP3, AGRP, H3C9P, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, GTF2H4, CRK, RNA18SN5, ANXA2, H3P37, CASP1, NANP, CCL4L1, MAPK14, CXCR3, GNAS, GLO1, FCN2, SMIM10L2B, FKBP4, CD27, FOXO3, RBM45, HM13, IL33, HK1, CCR5, IFNA13, IFNA1, H3P42, DNAJB1, CHIT1, CYP3A4, SMIM10L2A, EGF, CHI3L1, CAT, EPHA2, NSFL1C, ADRB2, MYMX, COX8A, GAPDH, ABCB6, NR1I3, TREML1, PUM3, FMN1, TICAM2, TRIM13, BMS1, FZD4, RABEPK, LANCL1, FUT9, TNFSF13B, DCTN6, CXCR6, ARL6IP5, MRGPRX1, ZNRD2, ASPM, KAT5, RAB7B, CIB1, SEMA3C, ARMH1, STING1, CFDP1, CPQ, MYLK4, DLC1, AKR1A1, PIEZO1, TMPRSS11D, HDAC9, CARTPT, DEFB4B, TIMELESS, SPHK1, TMED7-TICAM2, PSC, VNN2, PROM1, UPK3B, H3P23, H3P28, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF18, TP63, PDXK, CNTNAP1, DHX16, STK24, H3P19, LOH19CR1, WASHC1, WASH6P, LPAR2, MIR146A, APOBEC3B, SPAG6, CLOCK, ATG5, MIR142, AIM2, ABCG2, PCSK9, MIR155, NCF1, PPIG, MIR29A, VN1R17P, GPR166P, CD163, MIR451A, CXADRP1, ARHGEF2, CERS1, SPINK5, MASP2, GEMIN4, ACD, TLR8, MPPE1, MCPH1, HSPA14, RNF34, TMED7, ARMC9, PPP1R2C, IL22, TRAF3IP2, A1CF, PDCD1LG2, SLC44A4, SGSM3, MCAT, HPGDS, B3GAT1, ROPN1L, PHGDH, RAB14, IL23A, ABCG4, IFIH1, CFC1, BTNL2, MARCHF1, POLE4, CMC2, TMED9, ACKR3, PDXP, RHOF, AICDA, POLD4, RBM25, TOLLIP, TREM1, LGR6, ADA2, BACH2, ERAP1, GOLPH3, PARS2, KRT88P, TRIM5, IL17RE, CHP1, GPR151, NRSN1, EIF5AL1, CD160, APCDD1, ERFE, OXER1, DNAJB1P1, DSTN, GPRC6A, CCNI, ADIRF, EBNA1BP2, TMED2, EHD1, RNPS1, HPSE, SEPTIN9, SCLT1, NT5C2, SLC25A21, LEO1, NLRP12, TIMD4, CDCA5, DBA2, CARD16, PTPMT1, CGAS, RAB39B, TADA1, MRGPRX3, MRGPRX4, PGLS, PANX1, SPO11, LPAR3, CBX5, POFUT2, SPPL3, NBEAL2, LUC7L, PTPRC, FGF23, EIF5, FLT3LG, FLT1, FECH, FBN2, FBN1, FANCD2, F3, EPO, ENO2, ADGRE1, ELK4, ELF4, EIF5A, EIF4G2, CXADR, EGR3, EDNRA, EDN1, S1PR3, RCAN1, ATN1, DNMT1, DEFB4A, DHX9, ACE, DBP, CYP1A2, CYC1, GABPA, GCHFR, GDF1, GPR42, IL4R, IL1R1, IGFBP1, IFNGR1, IFNB1, IFNA2, IFI27, IDE, HTN3, HSPA9, HSD11B1, HRES1, HPRT1, HPR, HPGD, HMGB1, HLA-DOA, UBE2K, HGF, SERPIND1, HBG1, GTF3A, GSTT1, GSN, GPX1, GPT, GRK5, CYBB, CTSL, IL9, ANXA1, C3, BSG, BRS3, BRCA2, PRDM1, BCL2, BAX, ASPA, ASIP, ARR3, NUDT2, ANXA7, ANXA4, ANPEP, CSH2, AMBP, ALOX5, ALB, AHR, AFP, ADSL, ADRA2B, ADRA1A, ADORA2A, ADH1B, ADA, ACP1, ACACA, CAST, CASR, CD1B, CD1C, CSH1, CSF1R, CSF1, CS, CRYZ, CREM, CR2, CLDN4, CPB1, CNTF, CCR4, CLU, ERCC8, CTSC, CEL, CDC25C, CD69, CD68, CD40, ENTPD1, CD34, CD28, CD19, CD14, CD9, CD1E, CD1D, IL5, IL12A, FOSL1, SELE, SPTA1, SPP1, SPINK1, SPG7, SOD3, SOD1, SMN1, SLC16A1, SLC11A1, SLC6A7, SLC2A1, SGCG, SET, SEA, ABCA1, SDC1, CXCL5, CCL22, CCL18, CCL3L1, CCL3, CCL1, SAFB, SORT1, RPS19, RBP2, RANBP2, PEX19, SSR2, SSTR4, DENND2B, STAT6, DDX39B, PRRC2A, PFBI, RAB7A, CXCR4, MOGS, ZBTB16, TRPV1, VCP, USP1, TYRP1, TTR, TTPA, TRPC1, TRP-AGG2-5, TPO, TPH1, TNFRSF1B, TLR3, TGFB2, TRBV20OR9-2, TCN2, HNF1A, TADA2A, ADAM17, TAC1, STK3, PTPRH, PTHLH, IL15, KIR3DS1, MAL, MAF, LTB, LTA, LMAN1, LEPR, LDLR, LCN2, LBR, RPSA, LAG3, KRT13, KNG1, KIR2DS5, PSMD9, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL2, KDR, KCNG1, KARS1, ITPA, ITGB2, ITGAM, ITGAL, CXCL10, IDO1, ILF3, IL18, MAP2, MAP6, MEFV, MVD, PSMD7, PSMD2, PSMB9, PSEN1, PSAP, PRSS1, PROC, MAP2K1, PRKG1, PRKAR1A, PPP1R1A, PPARG, SEPTIN4, PLP1, PGM1, PGAM1, P2RX7, SLC22A18, TNFRSF11B, OMD, ODC1, NOS3, NQO2, NFE2L2, NEK2, MYD88, MYC, H3P5
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Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Wikipedia
Lists general information and resources on Viral hemorrhagic septicemia. v t e Fish diseases and parasites Pathogens Aeromonas salmonicida Nervous necrosis virus Columnaris Enteric redmouth Fin rot Fish dropsy Flavobacterium Hematopoietic necrosis Heterosigma akashiwo Hole in the head Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious pancreatic necrosis Koi herpes virus Mycobacterium marinum Novirhabdovirus Pfiesteria piscicida Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida Salmon anemia Streptococcus iniae Spring viraemia of carp Taura syndrome UDN VHS White spot Yellowhead Parasites Abergasilus Amoebic gill disease Anisakis Carp lice Ceratomyxa shasta Clinostomum marginatum Dactylogyrus vastator Diphyllobothrium Cymothoa exigua Eustrongylidosis Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Flukes Glugea Gyrodactylus salaris Henneguya zschokkei Ich (freshwater) Ich (marine) Kudoa thyrsites Lernaeocera branchialis Microsporidia Monogenea Myxobolus cerebralis Myxosporea Nanophyetus salmincola Pseudorhabdosynochus spp.
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Glaucoma
Wikipedia
Individuals with a family history of NTG, those of Japanese ancestry, those with a history of systemic heart disease, and those with Flammer syndrome are at a higher than average risk of developing NTG. ... Pigmentary glaucoma (also, pigmentary dispersion syndrome) is caused by pigment cells sloughing off from the back of the iris and floating around in the aqueous humor. ... Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) may be used in patients susceptible to or affected by angle closure glaucoma or pigment dispersion syndrome . During laser iridotomy, laser energy is used to make a small, full-thickness opening in the iris to equalize the pressure between the front and back of the iris, thus correcting any abnormal bulging of the iris.MYOC, LTBP2, CDKN2B, SLC4A4, TGFB2, PITX2, BDNF, CDKN2A, TDRD7, MYLK, SH3PXD2B, CPAMD8, TNF, VEGFA, NTRK2, SNCG, CNTF, TXN, BAX, SQSTM1, CDKN1B, BECN1, NGF, BCL2, EPO, BAD, MAS1, CYP1B1, LGR4, BEX3, ATF2, NMNAT3, EPOR, FOXC1, CCND2, MAP1LC3A, ANXA3, NGFR, ACE2, TXNIP, NTRK1, LOXL1, GJA1, LMX1B, CDKN2B-AS1, SBF2, FBN1, TGFB1, NHS, ELN, ADAMTS10, COL1A1, TMCO1, COL11A1, PAX6, TEK, FAS, PLEKHA7, HLA-DRB1, PEX19, GNAQ, RPGR, PEX5, LIMK1, SRBD1, OCRL, FMNL2, COL2A1, NLRP3, PEX13, NOD2, FOXE3, RBBP8, ARHGEF12, AHR, ANGPT1, DDX58, TXNRD2, PRPF8, ATR, PROM1, TRAIP, OVOL2, PLXNA2, PLOD1, STUB1, RXYLT1, PIK3R1, MASP1, PIK3C2A, AFAP1, PEX14, YAP1, MERTK, PEX12, SLC7A14, PTCH1, PEX6, PRPF31, ROM1, RLBP1, RHO, RGR, RFC2, PRPH2, RBP3, OPTN, ZSWIM6, RASA1, RAD21, CNTNAP2, PEX2, TOPORS, TMEM98, 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POU6F2, PADI2, DDX20, KERA, STIP1, PDIA5, HPSE, FRS2, ARFGEF1, FST, PRG4, DHRS9, DNM1L, ABCB6, HDAC6, SLC23A2, MFN2, PRDX6, NRG2, TBPL1, GDF15, ROCK2, AIM2, CD163, S1PR2, TH, TGFBR1, MT1M, OGN, MAPK10, MAPK9, PPARG, PON1, POLG, PLG, PLA2G4A, SERPINA1, SERPINF1, PDK1, PDGFRB, PBX1, NTF3, TFRC, NRF1, NPHS1, NOS2, NMB, NFATC3, NEFL, MYP2, MTNR1A, MTHFD1, CYTB, MT1X, MT1L, PRNP, PSD, PTPN9, PTPN11, TFAP2B, PRDX2, TAP2, TAP1, TAC3, SYT1, STAT3, SPRR2A, SPINK1, SOD1, SNCA, SLCO2A1, SLC6A2, SLC1A1, SELE, CXCL6, CCL2, SALL1, SAA2, ROS1, RNASE3, RLN2, RELA, RAN, PTPRB, H3P40