-
Complications Of Pregnancy
Wikipedia
Placenta praevia [ edit ] Placenta praevia is when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. [7] Placenta accreta [ edit ] Placenta accreta is an abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. [28] Multiple pregnancies [ edit ] Main article: Multiple birth Multiples may become monochorionic , sharing the same chorion , with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . ... "Emergency management of hyperemesis gravidarum". Emergency Nurse . 20 (4): 24–28. doi : 10.7748/en2012.07.20.4.24.c9206 . ... Archived from the original on 2010-12-28 . Retrieved 2011-08-18 . ^ Gavin AR, Holzman C, Siefert K, Tian Y (2009).
-
Doping In Russia
Wikipedia
It stated that the Federal Security Service (FSB) had regularly visited and questioned laboratory staff and instructed some of them not to cooperate with the WADA investigation. [23] : 196–197 Two staff members said that they suspected that the offices and telephones were bugged. [23] : 196–197 The report recommended that ARAF be declared non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code and that the IOC should not accept any 2016 Summer Olympics entries from ARAF until compliance was reached. [23] [26] A day later, WADA suspended the Moscow Anti-doping Center, prohibiting the laboratory "from carrying out any WADA-related anti-doping activities including all analyses of urine and blood samples". [27] On 13 November, the IAAF council voted 22–1 in favour of prohibiting Russia from world track and field events with immediate effect. [28] Under other penalties against the ARAF, Russia has been also prohibited from hosting the 2016 World Race Walking Team Championships ( Cheboksary ) and 2016 World Junior Championships ( Kazan ), and ARAF must entrust doping cases to Court of Arbitration for Sport . [28] ARAF accepted the indefinite IAAF suspension and did not request a hearing. [29] ARAF's efforts towards regaining full IAAF membership will be monitored by a five-person IAAF team. [30] On 18 November 2015 WADA suspended RUSADA , meaning that Russia does not have a functioning NADO for any sport. [31] [32] In November 2015, France began a criminal investigation into former IAAF president Lamine Diack , alleging that in 2011 he accepted a 1 million euro bribe from the ARAF to cover up positive doping results of at least six Russian athletes. [33] 2016 [ edit ] January to May 2016 [ edit ] In January 2016, the IAAF gave lifetime bans to the former head of the Russian athletics federation, Valentin Balakhnichev, and a top Russian coach, Aleksey Melnikov. [34] In mid-January, WADA released the second report by its independent commission. [35] The following month, the United Kingdom Anti-Doping (UKAD) agency was tasked to oversee testing in Russia. [36] Two former directors of RUSADA , Vyacheslav Sinev and Nikita Kamaev, both died unexpectedly in February 2016. [37] The Sunday Times reported that Kamaev had approached the newspaper shortly before his death planning to publish a book on "the true story of sport pharmacology and doping in Russia since 1987". [38] Grigory Rodchenkov , the director of a prominent laboratory who has been described by WADA as "the heart of Russian doping", was fired by Russian authorities and fled in fear of his safety to the United States, where he shared information [39] with the help of filmmaker Bryan Fogel , which was documented in the film Icarus . ... The court overturned the sanctions on 28 of the appellants, resulting in their Sochi medals and results being reinstated, but the court ruled that there was sufficient evidence against eleven of the athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions. The IOC issued a statement saying "the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation" and that "this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping". The IOC found it imperative to point out that the CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent" and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision. ... The IOC expressed their disappointment at the positive doping tests and stated that the OAR team would consequently not be allowed to parade under the Russian flag at the closing ceremony. [123] Despite the two disqualifications, the IOC announced on 28 February that it had chosen to reinstate Russia's Olympic membership, just days after the end of the Winter Games, as no more cases of doping had been found in the delegation.
-
Battered Woman Syndrome
Wikipedia
The statute does not leave each jury free to set whatever standard they consider appropriate in the circumstances by which to judge whether the defendant's conduct is 'excusable'. [27] Since the passage of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , the defence of provocation—used in a number of the aforementioned cases—has been replaced with 'loss of control'. [28] The Law Commission Report on Partial Defences to Murder (2004) rejects the notion of creating a mitigatory defence to cover the use of excessive force in self-defence but accepts that the "all or nothing" effect of self-defence can produce unsatisfactory results in the case of murder. [29] [ clarification needed ] Provocation is a common defense used in England and Wales in murder cases. ... Under the new laws, victims of family violence will be able to put evidence of their abuse before the court as part of their defence, and argue self-defence even in the absence of an immediate threat, and where the response of killing involved greater force than the threatened harm. [34] Canada [ edit ] In 1911 in Sault Ste. Marie , Angelina Napolitano , a 28-year-old, pregnant immigrant, killed her abusive husband Pietro with an axe after he tried to force her into prostitution. [35] She confessed and was sentenced to hang after a brief trial, but during the delay before the sentence was carried out (a delay necessary to allow her to give birth to her child), a public campaign for her release began. [36] Napolitano's supporters argued that the judge in the case had been wrong to throw out evidence of her long-standing abuse at Pietro's hands (including an incident five months before when he stabbed her nine times with a pocket knife). [36] The federal cabinet eventually commuted her sentence to life imprisonment . [36] She was the first woman in Canada to use the battered woman defense on a murder charge. [37] The Supreme Court of Canada set a precedent for the use of the battered women defence in the 1990 case of R. v. ... Online version accessed June, 2008. ^ R v Fate (1998) 16 CRNZ 88. ^ The Queen v Epifania Suluape (2002) NZCA 6(21 February 2002) ^ Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001) found at New Zealand Law Commission Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Battered Spouse", SpringerReference , Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2011, doi : 10.1007/springerreference_308108 Further reading [ edit ] American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence, Bibliography Archives Downs, Donald Alexander, (1996) More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Morality and Society Series) Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
-
Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions
Wikipedia
Allopurinol and sulfasalazine account for almost 66% of DRESS syndrome cases with minocycline being the third most common cause of the disorder; Strontium ranelate , leflunomide , dapsone , and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( diclofenac , celecoxib , ibuprofen , and phenylbutazone ) are less common causes of the disorder. [10] AGEP [ edit ] Main article: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis AGEP is a rare Type IV , subtype IVd, hypersensitivity reaction dependent on neutrophils and characterized by the rapid formation of skin pustules on an erythematous background. [2] [11] In one study of 28 patients, the disorder was complicated by involvement of the kidney (36% of cases), lung (27%), and liver (11%). [12] It is the least severe of the SCARs disorders, typically shows a mild course, and is rarely associated with severe complications although superinfection of skin lesions may be life-threatening. [2] [13] [11] Pathophysiology [ edit ] Individuals are predisposed to develop SCARs in response to a given drug based on the types of human leukocyte antigen (i.e. ... PMID 28439852 . ^ Uzzaman A, Cho SH (2012). "Chapter 28: Classification of hypersensitivity reactions". ... "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, treatments, and outcomes in a series of 28 patients at Mayo Clinic, 1996-2013".
-
Cyanide Poisoning
Wikipedia
The United States standard cyanide antidote kit first uses a small inhaled dose of amyl nitrite , followed by intravenous sodium nitrite , followed by intravenous sodium thiosulfate . [26] Hydroxocobalamin is newly approved in the US and is available in Cyanokit antidote kits. [27] Sulfanegen TEA , which could be delivered to the body through an intra-muscular (IM) injection, detoxifies cyanide and converts the cyanide into thiocyanate , a less toxic substance. [28] Alternative methods of treating cyanide intoxication are used in other countries. ... On 6 June 1985, serial killer Leonard Lake died in custody after having ingested cyanide pills he had sewn into his clothes. On 28 June 2012, Wall Street trader Michael Marin ingested a cyanide pill seconds after a guilty verdict was read in his arson trial in Phoenix, AZ; he died minutes after. [56] On 22 June 2015, John B. ... "Comparative effects of prolonged administration of cyanide, thiocyanate and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) to goats" . Journal of Applied Toxicology . 28 (3): 356–63. doi : 10.1002/jat.1286 . ... Archived from the original on 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Longerich 2010 , pp. 281–282. ^ Hayes 2004 , pp. 2, 272. ^ Piper 1994 , p. 161. ^ Hayes 2004 , p. 272. ^ Steinbacher 2005 , pp. 132–133. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSteinbacher2005 ( help ) ^ Hayes 2004 , pp. 288–289. ^ Hayes 2004 , p. 296. ^ Hayes 2004 , pp. 294–297, chpt. " Degesch and Zyklon B. ". ... —Peter Hayes ^ Hayes 2004 , p. 283. ^ Hayes 2004 , p. 284. ^ "Gas chamber | execution device" . Archived from the original on 28 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . second paragraph ^ "Execution by gas in Md.
-
Schistosomiasis
Wikipedia
In cases with advanced hepatosplenic and urinary schistosomiasis, the continuous embolization of eggs from the portal mesenteric system ( S. mansoni ) or portal mesenteric-pelvic system ( S. haematobium ) to the brain, results in a sparse distribution of eggs associated with scant periovular inflammatory reaction, usually with little or no clinical significance. [28] Transmission [ edit ] Infected individuals release Schistosoma eggs into water via their fecal material or urine. [29] After larvae hatch from these eggs, the larvae infect a very specific type of freshwater snail. ... All cases of suspected schistosomiasis should be treated regardless of presentation because the adult parasite can live in the host for years. [51] Schistosomiasis is treatable by taking by mouth a single dose of the drug praziquantel annually. [52] The WHO has developed guidelines for community treatment based on the impact the disease has on children in villages in which it is common: [52] When a village reports more than 50 percent of children have blood in their urine, everyone in the village receives treatment. [52] When 20 to 50 percent of children have bloody urine, only school-age children are treated. [52] When fewer than 20 percent of children have symptoms, mass treatment is not implemented. [52] Other possible treatments include a combination of praziquantel with metrifonate , artesunate , or mefloquine . [53] A Cochrane review found tentative evidence that when used alone, metrifonate was as effective as praziquantel. [53] Another agent, mefloquine, which has previously been used to treat and prevent malaria, was recognised in 2008–2009 to be effective against Schistosoma . [54] Historically, antimony potassium tartrate remained the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis until the development of praziquantel in the 1980s. [55] Epidemiology [ edit ] Deaths from schistosomiasis per million persons in 2012 no data 0-1 1-2 3-4 5-13 14-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-28 29-40 Disability-adjusted life year for schistosomiasis per 100,000 inhabitants. no data less than 50 50–75 75–100 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400 400–450 450–500 more than 500 The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean , eastern South America, Southeast Asia , and the Middle East . ... Archived from the original on 4 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g h Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (September 2006). ... Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. ... Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. ^ "Proceedings of the 13h Annual History of Medicine Days" Archived 2012-10-28 at the Wayback Machine , a medical historical paper from the University of Calgary.
-
Hypersomnia
Wikipedia
In all cases with these mood disorders, the MSLT is normal (not too short and no SOREMPs). [9] Posttraumatic hypersomnias [ edit ] In some cases, hypersomnia can be caused by a brain injury. [27] Researchers found that the level of sleepiness is correlated with the severity of the injury. [28] Even if patients reported an improvement, sleepiness remained present for a year in about a quarter of patients with traumatic brain injury. [28] Recurrent hypersomnias [ edit ] Recurrent hypersomnias are defined by several episodes of hypersomnia persisting from a few days to weeks. [29] These episodes can occur weeks or months apart from each other. [29] There are 2 subtypes of recurrent hypersomnias: Kleine-Levin syndrome and menstrual-related hypersomnia. [30] Kleine-Levin syndrome is characterized by the association of episodes of hypersomnias with behavioral, cognitive and mental abnormalities. [30] [31] The behavioral disturbances can be composed of hyperphagia , irritability , or sexual disinhibition. [4] The cognitive disorders consist of confusion, hallucinations or delusions and mental symptoms are characterized by anxiety or depression. [4] Menstrual-related hypersomnia is characterized by episodes of excessive sleepiness associated with the menstrual cycle. [4] Researchers found that the degree of premenstrual symptoms were correlated with the daytime sleepiness. [32] Unlike the Kleine-Levin syndrome, hyperphagia and hypersexuality are not reported in people suffering from menstrual-related hypersomnia but hypophagia could be present. [33] [34] Ordinarily these episodes appear 2 weeks before the period. [34] A few studies have attested that some hormones as prolactin and progesterone could be responsible of the Menstrual-Related Hypersomnia. [34] Therefore, different contraceptive pills could improve the symptoms. [34] The sleep architecture changes. [34] There is a decrease of Slow-wave sleep and an increase of Slow Theta wave activity. [34] Assessment tools [ edit ] Polysomnography [ edit ] Polysomnography is an objective sleep assessment method. [35] It comprises a lot of electrodes which measure physiological variables related to sleep. [36] Polysomnography often includes electroencephalography , electromyography , electrocardiography , muscle activity and respiratory function. [36] [37] Polysomnography is helpful to identify the very short sleep onset latency period, the very efficient sleep (more than 90%), the increased slow wave sleep and sometimes an elevated amount of sleep spindles in idiopathic hypersomnia patients. [38] Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) [ edit ] The 'multiple sleep latency test' (MSLT) is an objective tool which indicates the degree of sleepiness by measuring the sleep latency (i.e. the speed of falling asleep). [39] [40] It also gives information regarding the presence of abnormal REM sleep onset episodes. [39] During that test, patients have a series of opportunities to sleep at 2-h intervals across the day in a darkened room and with no external alerting influences. [41] [40] The MSLT is often administered the day after recording the polysomnography, and the mean sleep latency score is often found to be around (or less than) 8 minutes in idiopathic hypersomnia patients. [38] Some patients might even have a sleep onset latency of 5 minutes or less. ... Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep, 28 (1), 113–121. ^ The Clinical Use of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. (1992).
-
Sexual Fetishism
Wikipedia
None of the women's favorite fantasies had fetishistic themes. [23] Another study found that 28% of men and 11% of women reported fetishistic arousal (including feet, fabrics, and objects "like shoes, gloves, or plush toys"). [24] 18% of men in a 1980 study reported fetishistic fantasies. [17] Fetishism to the extent that it becomes a disorder appears to be rare, with less than 1% of general psychiatric patients presenting fetishism as their primary problem. [17] It is also uncommon in forensic populations. [17] History [ edit ] The word fetish derives from the French fétiche , which comes from the Portuguese feitiço ("spell"), which in turn derives from the Latin facticius (“artificial”) and facere ("to make"). [25] A fetish is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a man-made object that has power over others. ... Fétichisme was first used in an erotic context by Alfred Binet in 1887. [26] [27] A slightly earlier concept was Julien Chevalier's azoophilie . [28] Early perspectives on cause [ edit ] Alfred Binet suspected fetishism was the pathological result of associations . ... Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment . 28 (1): 20–45. doi : 10.1177/1079063214525645 .
-
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Wikipedia
However, there is growing evidence that shows proximal factors play a much larger role than vastus medialis (VMO) strength deficits or quadriceps imbalance. [28] Hip abductor, extensor, and external rotator strengthening may help. [29] Emphasis during exercise may be placed on coordinated contraction of the medial and lateral parts of the quadriceps as well as of the hip adductor, hip abductor and gluteal muscles. [6] Many exercise programs include stretches designed to improve lower limb flexibility. [6] Electromyographic biofeedback allows visualization of specific muscle contractions and may help individuals performing the exercises to target the intended muscles during the exercise. [6] Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to strengthen quadracep muscles is sometimes suggested, however the effectiveness of this treatment is not certain. [30] Inflexibility has often been cited as a source of patellofemoral pain syndrome. ... The Physician and Sportsmedicine . 41 (3): 19–28. doi : 10.3810/psm.2013.09.2023 . ... Pediatrics in Review . 30 (11): 419–28, quiz 429–30. doi : 10.1542/pir.30-11-419 .
-
Prediabetes
Wikipedia
One study has looked at screening through dental visits followed up by intervention programs such as the commercial Weight Watchers and found it a cost-effective means to identify and treat affected people in the long term. [27] Cost is a factor people at risk might need to consider, since, on average, people diagnosed with diabetes have approximately 2.3 times higher medical expenditure that what expenditures would be in its absence. [28] A simple test may be instituted at the dentist’s office, in which an oral blood sample is taken during a normal visit to the dentist’s. ... "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Care . 28 Suppl 1: S37–42. doi : 10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.s37 .KCNJ11, UCP3, PPARGC1A, UCP1, RELB, CALCA, MFN2, SLC4A2, SIRT3, SLC4A8, HLA-DRA, AGT, ADA, IFNG, ALB, LOC102723407, RBP4, ADIPOQ, GCG, CRP, BGLAP, TNFRSF11B, ANGPTL8, TNF, INS, GCK, IL6, IGF1, PCSK9, LINC01672, IL22, GAD2, GPT, MIR375, HNF4A, GLP1R, PTH, GIP, CDKAL1, PRL, SERPINE1, SLC30A10, GAD1, CAD, SOST, PPARG, CETP, SLC30A8, LPA, SIRT6, LGALS3, MIR192, CXCL10, SLC2A4, IL18, SHBG, FTO, PADI4, ATF6, CABIN1, IGF2BP2, ADAMTS13, EIF2AK3, VWF, XBP1, MANF, FGF23, TNFSF11, DLK1, NOG, GDF15, LILRB1, CLOCK, TBC1D4, FST, SCGN, SLCO1B1, KIFBP, YKT6, APPL1, ABO, SLC17A5, IL33, SNAP47, PTRH1, NRG4, CILP2, ERFE, METRNL, MIR10B, MIR126, MIR143, MIR152, MIR15A, MIR223, MIR27A, MIR193B, MIR486-1, ZGLP1, OCLN, C1QTNF5, SPX, ANGPTL3, PNPLA3, MBL3P, PNPLA8, MLXIPL, PTRH2, TLR9, VEGFA, STAP2, AMBRA1, RETN, PNPLA2, HAMP, HHIP, RTN4R, INTS3, MTMR9, DHX40, EHMT1, BEST1, SLC5A2, UMOD, CPD, DACH1, DBP, DMD, DPP4, DSPP, EDN1, F3, FANCA, FBN1, NR5A1, MSTN, GDF10, FFAR1, HGF, HIF1A, HRAS, HSPA5, CRHR1, CP, UCP2, CHI3L1, AFM, AGTR1, AHR, AHSG, AMY2A, APP, AZGP1, BDNF, BMP4, BTF3P11, CALCR, CAPNS1, CAT, CD36, CD40LG, CD68, CDKN2A, IAPP, IDE, IGF2, IL4, SFRP5, SLC2A1, ACTB, SLC18A2, SOAT1, SPP1, SPR, SREBF1, HNF1A, TCF7L2, TRBV20OR9-2, TGFB1, THBS4, TLR2, TLR4, TPM3, TTN, CXCL12, CCL5, PTPRN2, MTNR1B, IL15, MAP6, MBL2, MET, MGP, MMP8, MPO, MVD, PYY, SNU13, NHS, NOTCH4, PDK1, PGC, SRGN, MAPK8, LINC02210-CRHR1
-
Dysentery
Wikipedia
Extreme dehydration can delay recovery and significantly raises the risk for serious complications. [23] Epidemiology [ edit ] Insufficient data exists, but Shigella is estimated to have caused the death of 34,000 children under the age of five in 2013, and 40,000 deaths in people over five years of age. [20] Amoebiasis infects over 50 million people each year, of whom 50,000 die (one per thousand). [24] History [ edit ] The seed, leaves, and bark of the kapok tree have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous peoples of the rainforest regions in the Americas, west-central Africa, and Southeast Asia in this disease. [25] [26] [27] Bacillus subtilis was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as rotavirus and Shigella , [28] but declined in popularity after the introduction of consumer antibiotics. ... At Basel . [31] 1596 – Sir Francis Drake , vice admiral , died of dysentery on 28 January 1596 whilst anchored off the coast of Portobelo . [32] 1605 – Akbar , ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, died of dysentery. ... Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ a b c d e " Dysentery " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ a b "WHO EMRO | Dysentery | Health topics" . www.emro.who.int .
-
Cataract
Wikipedia
Some surveys have shown a link, but others which followed people over longer terms have not. [24] Inadequate vitamin C [ edit ] Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. [25] However, use of supplements of vitamin C has not demonstrated benefit. [26] Medications [ edit ] Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids , may increase the risk of cataract development. [27] [28] Corticosteroids most commonly cause posterior subcapsular cataracts. [28] People with schizophrenia often have risk factors for lens opacities (such as diabetes, hypertension, and poor nutrition) but antipsychotic medications are unlikely to contribute to cataract formation. [29] Miotics [30] and triparanol may increase the risk. [31] Post-operative [ edit ] Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy —without ever having had cataract surgery—will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation. [32] This may be because the native vitreous humor is different from the solutions used to replace the vitreous ( vitreous substitutes ), such as BSS Plus . [33] This may also be because the native vitreous humour contains ascorbic acid which helps neutralize oxidative damage to the lens and because conventional vitreous substitutes do not contain ascorbic acid. [34] [35] Accordingly, for phakic patients requiring a vitrectomy it is becoming increasingly common for ophthalmologists to offer the vitrectomy combined with prophylactic cataract surgery to prevent cataract formation. [36] Other diseases [ edit ] Metabolic and nutritional diseases Aminoaciduria or Lowe's syndrome Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis Diabetes mellitus Fabry's disease Galactosemia / galactosemic cataract Homocystinuria Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Hypervitaminosis D Hypothyroidism Hypocalcaemia Mucopolysaccharidoses Wilson's disease Congenital Congenital syphilis Cytomegalic inclusion disease Rubella Cockayne syndrome Genetic syndromes Down syndrome Patau syndrome Edwards syndrome Infections: Cysticercosis Leprosy Onchocerciasis Toxoplasmosis Varicella Secondary to other eye diseases: Retinopathy of prematurity Aniridia Uveitis Retinal detachment Retinitis pigmentosa Sunflower cataract of a forty-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Diagnosis [ edit ] Classification [ edit ] Cross-sectional view, showing the position of the human lens Play media Ultrasound scan of a unilateral cataract seen in a fetus at twenty weeks of pregnancy Cataracts may be partial or complete, stationary or progressive, or hard or soft. ... Current Opinion in Ophthalmology . 22 (1): 28–30. doi : 10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d . ... "Microincision cataract surgery combined with vitrectomy: a case series" . Eye . 28 (4): 386–9. doi : 10.1038/eye.2013.300 .CRYGD, MIP, CRYAA, PITX3, CRYAB, GALK1, GJA8, CRYGS, CRYGC, PAX6, CRYBB1, SLC4A4, GALT, LIM2, TDRD7, COL2A1, CPAMD8, DHCR7, SLC33A1, HSF4, SLC2A1, SC5D, ERCC6, AKR1B1, COL18A1, BFSP2, MYH9, VIM, INTS1, PITX2, PISD, ALDH3A1, NDRG2, ATP2B1, TKFC, ATM, MIR221, CRYBB2, FTL, MAF, LOXL1, OPA3, OCRL, ABHD12, CRYBA4, COL4A1, FOXE3, DMPK, SLC16A12, ACTB, ERCC2, WRN, OPA1, CYP27A1, DHDDS, EBP, AKT1, NHS, ALDH18A1, GJA1, IL10, TBC1D20, CLPB, BDNF, IARS2, AGK, HLA-B, TGFBI, PIK3CA, JAG1, POLG, SMAD4, COX3, COX1, PEX13, CTDP1, CLRN1, FAR1, KCNJ13, VSX2, NOD2, DNMT1, GEMIN4, COMT, INPP5K, FBN1, XPC, PLOD3, AIPL1, RAB18, BUB1B, RAB3GAP2, GJB6, P3H2, ALDOB, RAB3GAP1, AHR, POLG2, PTPN22, RPS6KA3, RNF13, SALL1, KIAA1109, SAG, RS1, RREB1, CEP164, POMK, CEP78, RPE65, RPGR, RP2, RP1, RP9, ROM1, ARSG, PHGDH, RLBP1, RHO, RGR, RFC2, FAM161A, SDHC, SDHB, POLR3A, ZBTB20, SOX11, PLK4, SOX4, TRAF3IP1, ADAMTS10, MED25, ABCA12, JAM3, SMARCE1, SMARCC2, SMARCB1, SMARCA4, SLC19A1, SDCCAG8, IFT172, BRIP1, ADGRV1, FSCN2, SKI, PNPLA6, ARL6, B4GAT1, SDHD, PHF6, DPF2, PRDM16, PRPF31, PEX14, RPGRIP1L, PIK3R1, SMCHD1, TBL2, ELP4, BTNL2, ARHGEF18, PHYH, WDR34, TMEM67, CRB1, NPHP3, WDR35, PNPT1, PEX12, PEX10, PEX7, PEX6, ARHGAP31, PEX1, ARL2BP, PDE6B, PDE6G, PDE6A, PCYT1A, B9D1, CC2D2A, PMM2, SNRNP200, PEX19, PRPH2, TMEM107, RBP3, RB1, RAD51C, PRPF6, RAD51, RAD21, SLX4, DOCK6, PEX5, PEX2, TINF2, IFT80, PMPCA, LOXL3, VPS13A, PTH1R, POMGNT2, PTH, PTEN, PTCH1, WDR73, USP45, ALG2, TUBGCP6, TBR1, STAT4, CYP7B1, IKBKG, PROM1, WDR19, PEX11B, HNRNPDL, NIPBL, EED, NR2E3, STX16, DNM1L, PTCH2, CASK, SEMA4A, KCNAB2, XYLT2, PEX3, OFD1, GNPAT, USH1C, PQBP1, SIL1, KLRC4, ARID1A, LPAR6, EPG5, NMNAT1, NAA10, TRPV4, FIG4, USP9X, LARGE1, PEX16, CDH23, RECQL4, LONP1, POLR1C, ARID1B, TRIP13, GTF2IRD1, SEC24C, IQCB1, GCM2, LRAT, ZNF335, BAZ1B, CEP57, IFT140, TRAPPC11, BUB3, DHX38, PRPF3, PRPF4, SMC3, SHROOM4, AGBL5, ZEB2, USP8, SMC1A, PCDH15, B9D2, CIB2, GBA2, DYNC2H1, HIRA, TULP1, TUB, WHRN, PALB2, ZNF408, TLR4, CSPP1, TCTN2, UBA5, POMT1, SRD5A3, PDZD7, MAB21L2, PRPF8, CTC1, TFAP2A, TERT, TERC, CEP290, FANCM, TCOF1, TBX1, KIAA1549, USB1, UFD1, ALG8, RXYLT1, IFT88, ALX1, ALMS1, SLC25A13, CNBP, COG4, CCDC28B, XRCC2, TOPORS, XPA, WT1, SLC7A14, WNT3, SEC23B, INVS, FYCO1, TMEM231, CLIP2, BEST1, VLDLR, YAP1, MAD2L2, VHL, VCP, USH2A, MERTK, FKRP, KLHL7, PARN, NPHP4, ELN, KCTD1, EPHA2, ADAMTSL4, EOGT, NDUFB11, DPAGT1, DLL4, DYNC1H1, DKC1, DGUOK, SUMF1, UBAC2, DDB2, CNGB3, DAG1, RSPO2, RD3, EYS, TUBB2B, VCAN, TRIM44, CERKL, AHI1, CRX, BCOR, CREBBP, CPT2, NSUN2, EP300, ERCC1, COL11A1, ERCC3, B4GALNT1, GABRD, NEK9, KDSR, ATOH7, JMJD1C, FLNB, FLNA, FLI1, RPGRIP1, FOXC2, FOXC1, FH, FGF5, FGF3, RTEL1, ERAP1, FKTN, FANCG, FANCF, FANCB, BPTF, FANCE, FANCD2, FANCC, FANCA, ATP8A2, ERCC5, ERCC4, COX7B, COL9A3, LIPH, TWNK, INPP5E, NOP10, BCS1L, BBS2, BBS1, CRPPA, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1A, PRCD, POMGNT1, RERE, ARVCF, ARSL, KLLN, ARL3, FAS, NHP2, PEX26, VAC14, AIRE, APC, SLC25A4, ALX3, IL12A-AS1, SPATA7, KIZ, AGA, HDAC8, ABCA4, BMP4, FANCI, COL9A2, BRCA1, COL9A1, COL7A1, COL5A1, MKS1, COL4A4, COL4A3, WDR60, FANCL, PCARE, CNGA1, CNGB1, CCR1, CLN3, ERCC8, CENPF, GDF6, GTF2H5, ANO10, WRAP53, RFWD3, CBS, CEP55, SETD5, ATAD3A, CA8, CA4, C4A, BUB1, BRCA2, GFER, MYO7A, GJA3, LMX1B, NACC1, ALDH6A1, MMP1, HTRA2, FLVCR1, KMT2A, TBC1D24, MEFV, UBE2T, GMPPB, MAK, LTBP2, LRP5, LRP4, LMNA, KCNH1, LIMK1, LIG4, LAMA3, KRT86, KRT83, KRT81, KRT17, KRT16, KRT6B, KRT6A, ARID2, KIF11, POMT2, TTC8, COX2, KRT71, ND1, ND4, PAH, OTX2, SIX6, CHRDL1, CDHR1, NRL, NPHP1, NOTCH2, NOTCH1, BBIP1, REEP6, TONSL, NF2, NEU1, NEK2, NDP, NAGA, MVK, TRNW, TRNS2, TRNS1, TRNQ, TRNL1, TRNK, TRNH, TRNF, TRNE, ND6, ND5, USH1G, KRT74, HMX1, AMER1, HSPG2, POLR1D, SALL4, B3GLCT, RDH12, GSTM1, TMEM216, SUFU, KRT25, IL23R, B3GALNT2, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA1, GTF2I, HLA-DRB1, HLA-A, DSG4, DACT1, HCCS, HBB, HARS1, GUCY2D, ESCO2, GSN, HGSNAT, GJB3, WDR81, PSAT1, SLC40A1, IMPDH1, GJB4, IL12A, SCAPER, GLA, GNAS, GUCA1B, GP1BB, RRM2B, ZNF513, LCA5, RBPJ, IMPG2, WDPCP, C8orf37, IDH3B, IDH3A, TGFB2, GSTT1, G6PD, CRYBA1, CAT, VEGFA, SIRT1, XRCC1, TGFB1, MMP9, FN1, SOD1, NFE2L2, PLXNA2, CRYBB3, HPGDS, CHMP4B, GCNT2, CRYGA, PRDX6, GABPA, MAPK3, IL6, TP53, IL1B, KEAP1, LSS, SIPA1L3, HP, BCL2, CHPT1, PLXNA3, PIK3CB, BFSP1, MMP2, GSTO2, KLC1, INS, BLM, CXCL8, IGF1, MIR34A, IFNG, MIR23B, CASP1, KCNQ1OT1, MIR204, MIR15A, FDFT1, ESR1, TMEM114, EGFR, EFNA5, DNM2, ACE, COL4A5, APOE, CRYGB, SOD2, SPP1, SPARC, SOX2, PSC, PCNA, ST3GAL4, CCL2, RNASE3, TIMP1, TPT1, FTO, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, VIT, ADAM9, AGER, NANOGP8, CRYAA2, PERCC1, CCL4L1, MFT2, MIR181A2, MIR214, TRPV5, XRCC6P5, LINC01672, MIR378A, MIR4328, TBPL2, POTEF, SOD2-OT1, CFAP97, UNC45B, MALAT1, SLC16A10, RIC1, DMRTA1, TNMD, TRPM3, WDR87, FAM126A, NLRP12, OPN4, NLRP3, SLC26A8, MRGPRX3, CALR3, GSTK1, DMBX1, FBLN7, SLCO6A1, TRIM69, RHOJ, OR2AG1, SIX5, PLB1, IL27, PCSK9, PYDC1, A2M, TCP1, MYDGF, FGF2, TNC, HSPB2, HSPB1, HSPA4, HSPA1L, HSPA1B, HSF1, HIF1A, HGD, GSTP1, GSTM3, GSTM2, GSPT1, GPT, UTS2R, GJB2, GH1, MTOR, FXN, IAPP, IFNGR1, IL2, MBNL1, NOS1, NGF, MTHFR, MSRA, NR3C2, AFF1, MAP3K1, MEF2C, KRT1, IL2RG, KLRB1, KCNQ1, INPP5B, IDO1, IL17A, IL15, IL9, IL4, FOXO1, ETV5, NT5E, EPHA1, CCT, CASR, CASP3, CAPN2, CALCR, DST, BMP7, BCL2L2, AXL, ALDH7A1, ATP2B2, ARSA, APEX1, APEH, AMD1P2, AMD1, ALDH1A1, ALB, AFM, CD14, CD19, CD81, CTSD, STOM, ELANE, EGF, TIMM8A, DECR1, CYP51A1, CYP19A1, CYLD, CCN2, CDKN2A, CRYZ, CRYM, CRP, CPE, COL4A6, COL4A2, CNTF, CNP, NOS2, OGG1, POLR3B, LAT2, MED13, MFN2, GIT2, KMT2B, IPO13, CCL4L2, GSTO1, SELENOF, RGN, TAF1A, HSPB3, CHST1, FZD4, UBL4A, SLC14A2, MCOPCT1, ZAP70, XRCC5, WNT2, WASF2, SPRY2, SEC23A, TXN2, PACC1, PANK4, IL17D, MSRB1, TRNT1, CRYL1, SOX8, MRPL13, PRDX5, TXNIP, CABIN1, RPL13A, DNMBP, ARC, KIF1B, NCOA6, PPARGC1A, PMVK, WFS1, UCHL1, SERPINE1, TYR, CCL16, CCL4, ACSM3, RPS6KB2, RPL21, REN, OPN1LW, RAC1, PTX3, PTPN11, PTGS2, PSEN1, PRL, PPARG, PON1, PLA2G4A, PHEX, ABCB1, PCOS1, SELP, SLC5A2, SLC6A8, TGFB3, TXN, TPM2, TNF, TIMP4, TIMP3, TIMP2, THBS2, TGM2, TGFA, SLC7A2, TRD, NAT2, TACR3, SPG7, SORD, CAPN15, SOD3, SNCA, RN7SL263P
-
Ear Pain
Wikipedia
This condition tends to occur in adults older than 50. [16] Pathophysiology [ edit ] Primary ear pain [ edit ] The ear can be anatomically divided into the external ear , the external auditory canal , the middle ear, and the inner ear . [28] These three are indistinguishable in terms of the pain experienced. [2] Secondary ear pain [ edit ] Referred otalgia from neck and head sources [29] Many different nerves provide sensation to the various parts of the ear, including cranial nerves V ( trigeminal ), VII ( facial ), IX ( glossopharyngeal ), and X ( vagus ), and the great auricular nerve (cervical nerves C2-C3). [28] [30] These nerves also supply other parts of the body, from the mouth to the chest and abdomen. Irritation of these nerves in another part of the body has the potential to produce pain in the ear. [28] This is called referred pain. Irritation of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) is the most common cause of referred ear pain. [3] Diagnostic [ edit ] Acute ear pain decision tree [4] [8] [9] Chronic ear pain decision tree [4] [8] [9] While some disorders may require specific imaging or testing, most etiologies of ear pain are diagnosed clinically.
-
Tracheobronchial Injury
Wikipedia
People with TBI are provided with supplemental oxygen and may need mechanical ventilation . [13] Employment of certain measures such as Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and ventilation at higher-than-normal pressures may be helpful in maintaining adequate oxygenation. [3] However, such measures can also increase leakage of air through a tear, and can stress the sutures in a tear that has been surgically repaired; therefore the lowest possible airway pressures that still maintain oxygenation are typically used. [3] Mechanical ventilation can also cause pulmonary barotrauma when high pressure is required to ventilate the lungs. [3] Techniques such as pulmonary toilet (removal of secretions ), fluid management, and treatment of pneumonia are employed to improve pulmonary compliance (the elasticity of the lungs). [26] While TBI may be managed without surgery, surgical repair of the tear is considered standard in the treatment of most TBI. [3] [27] It is required if a tear interferes with ventilation; if mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest) occurs; or if subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema progresses rapidly; [3] or if air leak or large pneumothorax is persistent despite chest tube placement. [12] Other indications for surgery are a tear more than one third the circumference of the airway, tears with loss of tissue, and a need for positive pressure ventilation. [26] Damaged tissue around a rupture (e.g. torn or scarred tissue) may be removed in order to obtain clean edges that can be surgically repaired. [22] Debridement of damaged tissue can shorten the trachea by as much as 50%. [28] Repair of extensive tears can include sewing a flap of tissue taken from the membranes surrounding the heart or lungs (the pericardium and pleura, respectively) over the sutures to protect them. [2] When lung tissue is destroyed as a result of TBI complications, pneumonectomy or lobectomy (removal of a lung or of one lobe, respectively) may be required. [29] Pneumonectomy is avoided whenever possible due to the high rate of death associated with the procedure. [3] Surgery to repair a tear in the tracheobronchial tree can be successful even when it is performed months after the trauma, as can occur if the diagnosis of TBI is delayed. [3] When airway stenosis results after delayed diagnosis, surgery is similar to that performed after early diagnosis: the stenotic section is removed and the cut airway is repaired. [28] Prognosis and complications [ edit ] Bronchial stenosis (arrow) two weeks after surgery for a tracheobronchial laceration [1] Most people with TBI who die do so within minutes of the injury, due to complications such as pneumothorax and insufficient airway and to other injuries that occurred at the same time. [5] Most late deaths that occur in TBI are attributed to sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). [2] If the condition is not recognized and treated early, serious complications are more likely to occur; for example, [29] pneumonia and bronchiectasis may occur as late complications. [3] Years can pass before the condition is recognized. [9] [29] Some TBI are so small that they do not have significant clinical manifestations; they may never be noticed or diagnosed and may heal without intervention. [29] If granulation tissue grows over the injured site, it can cause stenosis of the airway, after a week to a month. [4] The granulation tissue must be surgically excised. [26] Delayed diagnosis of a bronchial rupture increases risk of infection and lengthens hospital stay. [28] People with a narrowed airway may suffer dyspnea, coughing, wheezing , respiratory tract infection, and difficulty with clearing secretions. [10] If the bronchiole is completely obstructed, atelectasis occurs: the alveoli of the lung collapse. [4] Lung tissue distal to a completely obstructed bronchiole often does not become infected.
-
Cerebrovascular Disease
Wikipedia
There are various hereditary disorders associated with intracranial aneurysms, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease , and familial hyperaldosteronism type I. [26] [27] [28] However, individuals without these disorders may also obtain aneurysms. ... Current Opinion in Neurology . 27 (1): 20–28. doi : 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000056 . ... Further reading [ edit ] Chan, Pak H. (2002-03-28). Cerebrovascular Disease: 22nd Princeton Conference .ACE, TNF, ITGB3, ICAM1, ITGA2B, NOS2, EDNRA, COL4A1, HDAC9, F2, F5, CST3, MTHFR, NOTCH3, LPA, APP, ZFHX3, CASZ1, ABO, SH2B3, ALB, ALOX5AP, NOS3, PLA2G7, IL1B, GLA, PTGS2, IL1RN, IL6, PDE3A, KCNK3, LRCH1, CDK6, PLAT, EDN1, WNT2B, APOA1, VKORC1, UCP2, PITX2, JAK2, SOD1, TGFB1, MMP12, FGA, RGS7, NKX2-5, COL3A1, FOXF2, CXCR3, FOXC1, NR3C1, TSPAN2, PLAU, IL10, VEGFA, AGER, CCL2, PRKAA2, MMP9, MMP3, ITGAV, IRF1, HTR4, PRPF8, ZCCHC14, TBX3, PAOX, PDE4D, IGF1, CASP3, ITM2B, ANK2, SMOX, SH3PXD2A, NGF, MMP2, ANGPT1, S100B, ADM, KDR, HDAC2, LIF, AGTR2, ANGPT2, MIF, NOS1, PDE5A, ESR2, HGF, IL18, TIMP1, EPHX2, APOD, ASCL1, HDAC1, NEDD4L, CASP2, NDUFC2, PDGFRA, MAPK8, GFRA1, CFH, TGFA, HDAC4, CXCL1, CD44, SRC, CAST, NPY1R, NDFIP1, PPP1R15A, NOSTRIN, NPPA, ERBB4, ACAN, HMGCR, CSPG4, PRKCD, BMP4, CBS, PRKCH, LDLR, ALDH2, CDKN2B-AS1, PIK3CA, ADA2, ENG, TREX1, ABCC6, TCF7L2, PROCR, KCNQ1, HBB, PRKAG2, MPL, GTF2I, FTO, TNXB, PARK7, HTRA1, NAA25, ELN, GUCY1A1, SMARCA4, PHACTR1, LIPC, FLNA, APOE, NFE2L2, PHF14, MICAL2, PHF20L1, COX7A2L, AGXT, ALOX5, HIF1A, ASB3, GTF2IRD1, GDF15, CCHCR1, MYD88, POLK, ZC3HC1, CDKAL1, AQP4, TET2, MYH11, DPP4, PTPRG, GYS1, PTPRF, FADS2, ADIPOQ, SEMA5B, CELSR2, SNAP29, RNF43, GSDME, ZGLP1, FADS1, AGTR1, GRHL1, PMF1-BGLAP, GCG, SERPINE1, SLC19A2, PLCG1, F10, TRIM29, FASTK, ABHD2, LIPC-AS1, ADAMTS13, TSPAN15, PMF1, SIK3, LINC02828, SERPINA5, PCNT, GCKR, TSPOAP1-AS1, ESR1, CERT1, AGT, GNAQ, GLP1R, BAZ1B, JAG1, ACAD9, C20orf181, LINC00624, PRG3, TBL2, PPARG, EPO, PON1, PLG, GFAP, SIGMAR1, CYP11B1, CHDH, HMGB1, SLC5A2, MECP2, INPPL1, TTR, CHD3, TULP2, IMPA2, SHBG, FUNDC2, UBE2Z, ILF3, F11-AS1, TSPAN33, BDNF, TCF21, SELP, COL4A2, MIR100HG, TPP2, EHMT1, XYLT1, SLC5A4, FMNL2, NLRP3, LIMK1, CEACAM20, SPSB4, ARL6IP6, SLC7A13, TGFBI, LEP, LAMC2, NAGS, TLR4, CCM2, PCSK9, SPINK2, COPD, ITPK1, XYLT2, PKD1L3, VHL, CSF3, CMAHP, ATXN2, SLC39A8, RFC2, REN, TRNL1, PLPP3, HSD11B2, WDR12, ALDH1A2, CARMIL1, ZPR1, SELENBP1, ZCCHC8, CYP2C19, MAML3, MMUT, SLC44A2, CCDC102B, CSF2, WDFY4, CLIP2, PAPPA2, VWF, ZNF880, CXCL12, SCN5A, ZAP70, SUGP1, CRP, SLC30A3, MPO, ATP2B1, CAD, FGB, NHS, SPP1, F3, LGALS3, LPL, DBP, ACTB, SLC6A4, PROC, PCYT1A, NINJ2, VCAM1, GABPA, ACSM3, SGCA, AVP, RETN, APOA5, SIRT1, CERNA3, ADD1, APOB, IL17A, PSG2, P2RY12, CEACAM5, GDNF, NPPB, ENO2, CEACAM7, INSRR, REST, CEACAM3, DLG4, DECR1, PARP1, ADRB2, CTNND1, NGB, KL, RCBTB1, FABP4, IL1A, ABCA1, THBD, CXCR4, MIR126, DSPP, TMX2-CTNND1, TP53, CYP4F2, SELE, GOLGA6A, ABCB1, BRCA1, ITGB2, CSE1L, PTGS1, GH1, HSPB3, PLA2G15, PAEP, ACSS2, ACCS, F2R, CPB2, HSPA4, SLC8A1, G6PD, PLA2G2A, HMOX1, CD14, APC, BCAR1, CDKN2A, HABP2, CLDN5, STAT3, TRPM4, ITGA2, NRG1, CYP11B2, CHM, CYBB, CX3CR1, XRCC1, HSPB1, HSPB2, TP63, CD36, FGF23, TEK, PLA2G6, KLK3, AR, RBP4, TNFRSF11B, ACTA2, NR3C2, F11, HPSE, ACHE, TSPO, PLA2G1B, PIK3CG, SIRT3, CAV1, FGFR1, MAG, PIK3CD, PIK3CB, CST12P, OLR1, PREP, COX8A, CXCL8, OCLN, ACE2, SERPINB2, MANF, NLN, MAPK3, CCR2, CXCL10, ALOX15, ANXA1, TLR2, LTA, TAC1, CD59, KCNJ13, ABCC8, CDK5, SOD2, C3AR1, C3, SLC25A1, CCL11, CETP, CIMT, CD200, IRF4, MIR146A, RAC1, CHI3L1, LCN2, MIR221, FGG, CDKN2B, HP, CYP2C9, MTOR, SAMHD1, GJA1, SETD2, CYBA, GAL3ST1, DLD, SLC35A1, PTPN22, TREM2, PROZ, GSK3B, GPR17, NTN1, GAS6, WDHD1, ABCB6, GP6, GRIN2B, GNB3, DCX, NOX4, PVR, CASP6, ABCD2, MIR363, IL33, CD200R1, PYCARD, TGM2, GP1BA, GSTM1, NRGN, RPSA, ENTPD1, LAD1, THBS1, BCL2, MIR21, PWAR1, GRIN1, MAP3K5, SGSM3, MIR223, BMP7, EFNA5, NEFL, SLC12A2, APOC3, GRIA2, SMN1, SMN2, IL37, APEX1, NPY, IS1, VPS51, SERPINA3, EGR1, KLK4, MMP1, ANGPTL4, ADAM17, PTX3, TIMP2, TBXAS1, NOTCH1, AHR, OPA1, CBSL, TCFL5, PC, UCHL1, CNR1, ARG1, IKZF5, F13A1, COX2, NR1I2, PDE4A, PADI4, ZMYM2, IL2, RNF213, TNFSF10, MTCO2P12, AOC3, HTR2A, FN1, IGFBP3, IGFALS, ENPP1, IFNG, ARRB2, MIR149, MMRN1, CCR5, SLC2A1, GAP43, SLC52A2, HDAC6, TM7SF2, TSPAN31, NANS, REG1A, PON2, POLG, TNFRSF1A, TNNI3, DHX40, DAPK1, HFE, F8, MARCHF1, TRPM2, ADH1B, HLA-DRB1, CYP4A11, CHAT, SH2B2, RELA, MIR210, REM1, SRA1, PVALB, MIR15A, MIR200B, PTPRC, ABCD3, SERPINB6, PTH, POU2F3, ATF6, TBC1D9, RBPMS, BTG3, UPK3B, NES, PPARA, PANX1, DEFB4B, ATG7, PPIA, TPSG1, CAP2, MAPK1, PSMD4, RENBP, MIR503, MAP2K1, PRL, MIR424, POLDIP2, MIR133B, CDNF, MIR17HG, PROS1, PSD, GDF11, CEBPZ, MIR155, TIGAR, FLVCR1, RTEL1, LRRFIP1, TRAF6, MSC, SACM1L, TREM1, MAP9, TMSB4X, PDGFD, SESN2, SYS1, GDE1, GSTO1, TIMP3, ORAI1, THY1, EIF2AK3, TH, KRT90P, CLDN1, F2RL3, TNFSF4, KALRN, SPHK2, CSRP3, MRS2, ST8SIA4, APOL1, LRRC8A, NDRG2, CFLAR, HDAC3, CDK5R1, CPAT1, PKNOX2, TRPV1, GORASP1, UGCG, WNK1, TYMS, WNT3A, TNFRSF12A, RNASE3, MALAT1, UBQLN1, SHH, SGK1, RGMB, GADL1, MFN2, SFPQ, PWAR4, RBM8A, CDCA5, CCS, MIR107, MIR122, SCN2A, MIR132, MIR134, S100A9, RYR1, OR10A4, NPAS4, RGS5, APH1A, PTGES, AZIN2, TCN2, ZEB1, MARCHF10, CENPV, TBL1X, CKLF, TAL1, SYT1, PRDX6, TRIM21, SRF, KIF6, SOX9, ARHGEF10, SOAT1, AKR1A1, A2M, GPER1, DHCR24, GPT, GPX1, MC4R, MBL2, GPX3, GRN, NQO1, DEFB4A, COX1, MAS1, CALCA, GRM2, MAP6, MAOB, CALR, CAPN1, C4B, BTF3P11, BSG, SEPTIN1, GCHFR, ARNTL, ARSA, MSTN, MSR1, STS, ALDH7A1, GDF10, MNAT1, RCAN1, MMP10, MFAP1, BCKDHA, GCLC, IFNGR2, CYP19A1, CYP3A5, CYP2J2, IRF5, INS, CD68, IL13, CLDN7, CPB1, IL12A, TNC, CXCR2, IL9, COL17A1, IL6R, IL4R, IL4, CHRM3, IFNB1, INPP5D, CD40LG, CYP1A1, CD40, LTC4S, LTA4H, CASP1, CTSL, HBA1, HBA2, CASP9, CASQ1, CTNNB1, CSF1R, KCNK2, HPX, ITGAM, HSPA1A, ITGA4, APRT, IGFBP7, ADCYAP1, NDUFAB1, ENPEP, F7, MYH6, MYO5A, EZH2, AKT1, P4HB, ADH1C, FCN2, FES, NFKB1, ELAVL2, OGG1, NOP2, APLNR, ODC1, ERCC2, NPR3, NR4A2, FGF2, GRK2, NT5E, PAWR, NTF3, ACR, PDGFRB, FABP2, ELANE, MEPE, PCDHGA3, KANK2, LTB4R2, CTLA4, CTAA1, ANKS1B, SPIRE1, IL25, FAM20C, AGXT2, ACKR3, VCAN, RTN4, CSF3R, PELI1, JPH3, ERN1, ALG1, MOAP1, MAPK14, AMACR, NSUN5, CLU, CCDC88A, DDAH1, CUX1, SELENOS, CCR6, HDAC8, SS18L1, ZC4H2, NKRF, MARCKSL1, TSKU, RTN4R, SMUG1, MYDGF, CHMP2B, NBEAL1, SLC12A5, RNF19A, GCA, NLRC4, COMT, SNHG1, SCAF1, IL21, CRH, HPSE2, SH3BP4, IGAN1, CPOX, F9, F12, NEUROG2, LRRC4, TINAGL1, CP, FABP1, CXCL16, SPDEF, CRYGD, CRHBP, LTB4R, COL1A2, ALPK3, SH3RF1, MPP5, CRYAB, CHD8, COL11A2, CRK, ROBO3, CHD7, GBA3, ESD, MARK4, BACE1, CRIP1, HAMP, EGF, DRAM1, STAP2, FXYD5, TLR7, MARK2, DYRK1A, UBR5, ANGPT4, DVL1, HBEGF, LAMTOR2, ENSA, DCDC2, DTNA, SCLY, SIRT6, IL23A, LSR, HTRA2, ATP6V1H, SF3B6, CMPK1, DRD1, DPYSL2, CLEC1B, MZB1, MRPL18, RMC1, PSAT1, NT5C, DUOX2, EEF1A2, IL20, IL22, NEUROG3, AK3, F11R, TRAT1, ECE1, MRPL4, SH3GLB1, EDNRB, EGR2, EDN3, EDN2, S1PR1, EGFL7, EDA, BCL11A, EPHA4, CXADR, DUOX1, ANKRD1, SIGLEC7, TRPM7, NPTN, EPHB4, DEFB1, DCN, SLC17A5, TTC19, MKS1, SERGEF, SARS2, TUG1, LRIT1, MOCOS, ERCC5, RHOT1, RNLS, SLC40A1, IMPACT, CYP2C8, CACYBP, TMED9, INTU, ANGPTL3, DNMT3B, DNASE1, DMRT1, RABGEF1, TERF2IP, DMD, XRN1, TOLLIP, KRT20, DIAPH2, CROT, EPB41L4B, HPGDS, CRCP, SERP1, IL17B, DLL4, UGT1A1, EPHB2, AGO2, PIK3C2B, COL18A1, CKMT2, FASLG, MIR141, MIR143, MIR145, ARR3, AREG, MIR17, MIR181C, MIR195, MIR200A, AQP9, MIR206, FAS, SERPINC1, MIR211, APOH, MIR24-1, MIR29B1, MIR29B2, MIR34A, MIR93, MIR98, ANG, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, AMH, MIR140, MIR130A, PPP1R42, BBS2, SERPINA9, RAB7B, CEACAM1, BGLAP, BCL2A1, MCIDAS, BCHE, IRF2BP2, ASPG, SLC26A5, ENHO, THEMIS, ATM, RTL1, CCL4L1, SMIM10L2A, AZGP1, AXL, CRIP3, KIF1A, MIR103A1, ATRX, MIR124-1, MIR125A, ZFAS1, AMBP, MIR371A, OPN1MW3, ENDO1, ADRB1, MIR1247, FAS-AS1, MTRNR2L8, APELA, ADRA2B, ADORA2A, RBM14-RBM4, PTCSC3, PGR-AS1, EMSLR, AKR1B1, ADCY9, LOC102724197, ADAM10, ACVRL1, ACOX1, CREST2, ASIC1, RN7SL263P, ACACA, LOC110806262, STIN2-VNTR, SOD2-OT1, AGRP, MIR874, MIR374B, DEFB104B, ALCAM, MIR451A, MIR410, MIR146B, MIR494, MIR181D, MIR499A, MT1IP, SMIM10L2B, CXADRP1, SPAG11A, SFTPA1, GGTLC5P, SCARNA6, MIR574, MIR638, GGTLC3, GGT2, OPN1MW2, AIF1, GGTLC4P, AHSG, CELIAC2, BHMT, CHRNA4, TSLP, PPP1R1B, SLA2, MAML2, SPIRE2, SPZ1, ATP5MD, ZNF566, SNHG12, ABCC11, CD38, DCLK3, CD34, CD47, KCNK17, RHOT2, CD28, LRSAM1, MS4A1, CREB3L1, TRIM47, NLRP12, TIMD4, GGTLC1, INTS4, TSPAN10, RNF146, BID, CDKN1B, MMEL1, NOX5, CGA, TNFAIP8L2, CECR, MYH14, SHCBP1, CEBPD, CEBPB, AGBL2, RABEP2, MINDY3, TUBB1, CDC42, ZC3H12A, ARMC9, RAB11FIP1, CDC25A, COASY, PDCD1LG2, MPIG6B, CD74, FANCC, INTS5, MTG1, SERPINH1, SPECC1, CACNA1C, C1orf52, HJV, PDIK1L, KCTD7, CALM1, CALD1, PTCRA, MLKL, MCEMP1, TET3, HTR3D, PRSS55, MUC16, CACNA1A, CA8, MSRB3, CALHM1, CA3, HSPA12A, TAS2R50, C5, HECTD4, BTBD8, STPG4, TICAM1, LYPD4, APCDD1, WIPF2, TP53INP1, SERPINA6, CAT, TMEM54, CASR, LRRC3B, CASP8, HSPA12B, LRG1, ANTXR2, GSTO2, FOPNL, TSACC, RBM45, CARS1, DEFB104A, TRIM69, TRPM6, CACUL1, TTC7B, CAPN2, IL34, UNC45B, DDAH2, MGLL, PSD4, NNT, MAT1A, MARS1, SOX10, SPG7, MAPT, MAP2, SREBF1, MAOA, SSB, ST2, STAT1, MAL, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6, STC1, SULT1E1, STIM1, STK11, SMAD4, SMAD3, SMAD2, SMAD1, MAP3K7, TAT, MATN2, SUMO2, SUMO3, SLC6A13, MET, SHMT1, SI, SLC1A2, MEN1, SLC4A1, ME1, MDM4, SLC6A1, MDM2, SLC6A11, SLC8A2, SMS, SMCP, SLC8A3, CD46, SLC12A3, SLC19A1, MCL1, SLPI, SMARCA1, MBP, SMO, SMPD1, TBX1, LRP6, LRP4, TRAF2, JAK3, ITPR2, TNFRSF1B, ITGAL, TNNT2, TNR, ITGA5, IRF6, CRISP2, NR2C2, TRAF1, HSP90B2P, TLR5, TRPC1, IRF3, IDO1, TXN, FOXK2, TYRP1, UBE2V1, IL15, UCN, IL12B, UMOD, KCNJ11, KCNMA1, TCF3, LGALS3BP, LRP1, LOXL1, LOX, LNPEP, TRA, PRDX2, TEAD1, TMBIM6, LIFR, TFPI, LGALS9, LGALS2, KIR3DL1, TGFBR1, TGFBR3, LGALS1, LDHC, LBP, KTN1, KRT7, KNG1, KLKB1, KLK1, TIMP4, SHC1, MFGE8, MAP3K11, PSMB7, NRAS, SLC11A2, NPC1, PRNP, NOTCH4, KLK6, NME1, NM, PSEN1, NINJ1, PSMA6, PSMD9, PRKAR1A, PTEN, PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER4, NEDD9, NCAM1, PTPRB, NBN, NUBP1, MYO6, GADD45B, NRDC, PRH2, MTRR, SERPINF2, PFN1, PFKFB3, SERPINF1, PIN1, PKM, PDGFB, PDC, PLAG1, PAM, PAK3, PRDX1, PLIN1, PRH1, FXYD1, PLXNA2, PLXNB1, PMAIP1, POMC, P2RX7, P2RX4, PON3, OSM, OMG, PTPA, MUC2, MOK, SRSF3, CCL4, S100A12, MT1E, MT1B, SARS1, MT1A, SCD, MS, MRC1, SCT, MOS, CCL3, CCL7, MT1F, MOG, CCL19, CCL25, CX3CL1, SDC4, MMP14, SELL, SELPLG, SELENOP, SETMAR, MMP8, S100A10, S100A8, RAG1, MT1M, RAP1A, RARRES2, RASA1, RASGRF2, MTR, OPN1LW, MTNR1A, MT2A, MT1X, MT1L, RFC1, TRIM27, S100A1, MT1JP, RHO, RNASE2, MT1H, ROCK1, ROS1, RPS6KB1, RRAD, RTN1, MT1G, RYR3, UNG, UROD, USF1, OPN1MW, APBB3, KLF2, CITED2, SEMA3A, TUBA1B, IRF9, NOD1, SPAG11B, RAPGEF3, RBM14, EMG1, CAP1, FSTL3, SEMA4D, CHERP, GBE1, GATM, GATA4, SORBS1, TXNRD2, GATA3, AHSA1, GART, PAICS, GEM, RAMP1, TXNIP, GJA4, IQCB1, NOS1AP, SEMA3E, GPR37, RAPGEF5, KEAP1, GP9, FGF19, NR1I3, GOLGB1, GLO1, MAMLD1, RAMP2, GIPR, DNM1L, NR1H3, GIP, GHR, NAMPT, GGT1, FARP1, TRIM13, GGCX, CDK2AP2, PDLIM5, POSTN, GRIN2A, MLC1, NTNG1, CARD8, FHL1, FGFR4, SIRT2, PDCD11, MYH15, FAIM2, KIF1B, FGF1, CYFIP1, DMXL2, VEGFD, MAN2B2, FCN1, FCGR1A, SIRT5, FBN2, FAP, TARDBP, TRS-AGA2-3, NPTXR, BRD4, TNFRSF13B, PHB, FOXJ1, YME1L1, STIP1, GALNT3, GALNT2, FUT1, PPARGC1A, LYVE1, BRD8, FUS, SUB1, SPIN1, PRSS21, FSHMD1A, COPS5, USP18, FXN, FPR2, TPPP, FOLH1, ADAMTS5, NUP42, RPP14, PSIP1, FOXO3, PDCD10, FOXM1, GPX4, CELSR1, VASP, HTR1D, AKAP1, MADCAM1, BRAP, IDUA, IDS, KLF11, SEMA7A, IDE, IAPP, KHSRP, HTR2B, RTCA, IFNAR2, HTR1A, HTC2, VAMP8, BECN1, TNFRSF25, MBTPS1, RNGTT, TNFSF14, TNFSF12, HSPA2, TNFRSF10A, IFNAR1, CUBN, SYNGAP1, GET1, IL11, VGF, VIM, BEST1, VSNL1, VTN, CXCR1, WAS, IL6ST, WNT3, WNT5A, XBP1, NR4A3, XPNPEP1, ZFP36, MZF1, ZBTB16, IL2RB, IL1R1, IGSF1, PRRC2A, AIMP2, GHS, TFPI2, NRP1, HSPA1L, ABCG1, ADAMTS2, GZMB, GYPC, ABCG2, GSTZ1, GSTT1, AIM2, GSTM2, HOMER2, HOMER1, ROCK2, MAPK8IP1, ADAMTS1, COX5A, GSTA1, GSR, TBPL1, NPEPPS, GSN, CXCL14, CCL4L2, CXCL3, CLOCK, GRINA, CARTPT, GRAP2, ZFYVE9, HSPA1B, HLA-DPA1, PROM1, HRES1, HRH1, PER2, TLX2, MGAM, HNRNPU, HMOX2, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DPB1, SOCS3, SEMA5A, H1-3, ARTN, ANGPTL1, HLA-B, AIFM1, CBFA2T2, HLA-A, SLC33A1, HACD1, UBE2K, NOG, HCLS1, H3P8
-
Cushing's Syndrome
Wikipedia
Additionally, Cushing's syndrome may cause sore and aching joints, particularly in the hip, shoulders, and lower back. [ citation needed ] Brain changes such as cerebral atrophy may occur. [25] This atrophy is associated with areas of high glucocorticoid receptor concentrations such as the hippocampus and correlates highly with psychopathological personality changes. [26] [27] [28] [29] Rapid weight gain Moodiness, irritability, or depression Muscle and bone weakness Memory and attention dysfunction Osteoporosis Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Immune suppression Sleep disturbances Menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea in women Infertility in women Impotence in men Hirsutism Baldness Hypercholesterolemia Hyperpigmentation [ edit ] Cushing's syndrome due to excess ACTH may also result in hyperpigmentation . ... PMID 12516933 . ^ "Cushing syndrome" . Mayo Clinic . March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015 . ... Behavioral Sciences & the Law . 26 (1): 7–28. doi : 10.1002/bsl.802 . PMID 18327824 . ^ a b Chaudhry HS, Singh G (2019).POMC, NR3C1, HSD11B1, CYP11B1, GH1, VWF, CRH, ARMC5, CYP11B2, IGF1, PRKACA, PRKAR1A, SERPINE1, REN, LEP, PPARG, PLG, SLC6A4, BRD2, KCNJ5, SST, SULT2A1, PHLDA2, TWIST1, CD163, SOST, LOC110673971, KRT5, ACP5, IL10, ACE, BDNF, CETP, CHGA, COX8A, CPA1, CRHR1, CRP, CYP19A1, F12, BAG1, GABRA6, GIP, GIPR, GNAS, HMGCR, NR4A1, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, LOC110673972
-
Abortion In Mississippi
Wikipedia
This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% for abortions sought after 12 weeks. [19] [20] On February 27, 2006, Mississippi 's House Public Health Committee voted to approve a ban on abortion, but that bill died after the House and Senate failed to agree on compromise legislation. [21] The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement. [22] Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota and Ohio all had statutes in 2007 that required specific informed consent on abortion but also, by statute, allowed medical doctors performing abortions to disassociate themselves with the anti-abortion materials they were required to provide to their female patients. [23] By law, abortion providers in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi were required to perform ultrasounds before providing women with ultrasounds, even in situations like in the first trimester where an ultrasound has no medical necessity. [23] Some states, such as Alaska, Mississippi, West Virginia, Texas, and Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer, and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings. [24] [25] [23] On November 8, 2011, the Personhood amendment, to define personhood as beginning "at the moment of fertilization, cloning, or the functional equivalent thereof," was rejected by 55 percent of voters. [26] [27] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics. [28] The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a fetal heartbeat bill in 2013. ... JSTOR 2136110 . ^ MacIntyre, Krystal. " Mississippi abortion ban bill fails as legislators miss deadline for compromise ", Jurist News Archive (2006-03-28). Retrieved 2007-01-23. ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF) . ... Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain" . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials" . 25 October 2006. ^ Curry, Tom.
-
Chikungunya
Wikipedia
Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a person suffering a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial onset. [28] Additionally, viral antigen and viral RNA were found in macrophages in the synovial joint of a person experiencing a relapse of musculoskeletal disease 18 months after initial infection. [29] Several animal models have also suggested Chikungunya virus may establish persistent infections. ... Viral replication is highly cytopathic , but susceptible to type-I and -II interferon . [44] In vivo , in studies using living cells, chikungunya virus appears to replicate in fibroblasts, skeletal muscle progenitor cells, and myofibers. [28] [45] [46] The type-1 interferon response seems to play an important role in the host's response to chikungunya infection. ... Current Infectious Disease Reports . 13 (3): 218–28. doi : 10.1007/s11908-011-0180-1 . ... PMID 17008866 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. ^ Robinson MC (January 1955). ... Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 49 (1): 28–32. doi : 10.1016/0035-9203(55)90080-8 .RTN2, BCAR3, SH2D3A, SH2D3C, ERVK-6, ERVK-32, PRSS57, UBE2B, IL6, G3BP1, LAMP3, LSAMP, MYMX, CD40LG, NR1H4, PDR, IRF3, DDX58, OAS3, PIK3CD, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CG, PLAAT4, IFNA13, SARS1, TSPAN9, TNF, SARS2, IRF1, IFNA1, GOLPH3, HLA-DQB1, ROBO3, GZMA, MIR23A, MIR15A, G3BP2, CCR2, DHX40, RSAD2, SMUG1, PADI4, ARC, NLRP3, SLAMF6, RBM45, PIWIL4, MIR363, LILRB2, NUTF2, AGO3, IL27, IFNL1, AHSA1, IL21, FBXW7, CD209, MXRA8, PTOV1, IL17D, MYDGF, POLR3K, SLC15A3, IL22, TM9SF2, SPHK2, SIGLEC9, CD2AP, SNX5, MAVS, ATP2C1, POLDIP2, ENOPH1, PARS2, SAMHD1, RNF19A, PART1, GRAP2, BST2, PIWIL1, IFNG, IFNAR2, IFN1@, IFI16, NDST1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB2, HLA-C, HLA-A, GZMB, GNAO1, GLS, FHL1, FASN, EPRS1, EIF4A2, EIF4A1, EEF2, CTRL, CTLA4, CSF2, MAPK14, CRK, CPE, AKR1C4, CD74, IFNB1, IL1RN, XPR1, CXCL8, AIMP2, VIM, UBE2L3, TLR3, STAT1, CALCR, SNAP25, CCL2, RAF1, MAPK8, MAPK1, OAS2, OAS1, NPM1, NCAM1, MPG, MIF, LAMC2, LAMP1, KLRD1, KIR2DL1, ISG20, IRF7, TNFRSF9, IL10, SOAT1
-
Sweating Sickness
Wikipedia
There is no definitive statement that the sickness was present in troops landing at Milford Haven . Henry arrived in London on 28 August soon after the Battle of Bosworth Field , and the disease broke out on 19 September 1485; [14] it had killed several thousand people by its conclusion in late October that year. [15] Among those killed were two lord mayors, six aldermen, and three sheriffs. [16] Mass superstition and paranoia quickly followed the new plague. ... One possible cause was a genetic ailment which also affected Arthur's nephew Edward VI . [27] Catherine recovered, but Arthur died on 2 April 1502 in his home at Ludlow Castle , six months short of his sixteenth birthday. [28] A second, less widespread outbreak occurred in 1507, followed by a third and much more severe epidemic in 1517, a few cases of which may have also spread to Calais . [14] In the 1517 epidemic, the disease showed a particular affinity for Englishmen; the ambassador from Venice at the time commented on the peculiarly low number of cases in foreign visitors. [29] A similar effect was noted in the subsequent epidemic in 1528 when Calais (an English territory bordering France) experienced an outbreak of sweating sickness which did not spread into France. [29] It was frequently fatal; half the population perished in some areas. ... PMID 9327632 . ^ Henry Machin (1848), The Diary of Henry Machyn 1550–1563 , pp. 7–8 ^ Taylor, D (28 March 1972). "Annals of the Parish of Halifax".
-
Postpartum Bleeding
Wikipedia
Syntocinon alone lowers the risk of PPH. [22] Based on limited research available it is unclear whether syntocinon or syntometrine is most effective in preventing PPH but adverse effects are worse with syntometrine making syntocinon a more attractive option. [22] Ergometrine also has to be kept cool and in a dark place so that it is safe to use. [23] It may reduce the risk of PPH by improving the tone of the uterus when compared with no treatment however it has to be used with caution due to its effect raising blood pressure and causing worse after pains. [23] More research would be useful in determining the best doses of ergometrine [23] and syntocinon. [21] Oxytocin requires refrigeration, which may not always be available, particularly in low-resourced settings. [24] When oxytocin is not available, misoprostol can be used. [20] Misoprostol does not need to be kept at a certain temperature and research into its effectiveness in reducing blood loss appears promising when compared with a placebo in a setting where it is not appropriate to use oxytocin. [24] Misoprostol can cause unpleasant side effects such as very high body temperatures and shivering. [25] Lower doses of misoprostol appear to be safer and cause less side effects. [25] Giving oxytocin in a solution of saline into the umbilical vein is a method of administering the drugs directly to the placental bed and uterus. [26] However quality of evidence around this technique is poor and it is not recommended for routine use in the management of the third stage. [26] More research is needed to ascertain whether this is an effective way of administering uterotonic drugs. [26] As a way of treating a retained placenta, this method is not harmful but has not been shown to be effective. [27] Carbetocin compared with oxytocin produced a reduction in women who needed uterine massage and further uterotonic drugs for women having caesarean sections. [28] There was no difference in rates of PPH in women having caesarean sections or women having vaginal deliveries when given carbetocin. [28] Carbetocin appears to cause less adverse effects. More research is needed to find the cost effectiveness of using carbetocin. [28] Tranexamic acid , a clot stabilizing medication, may also be used to reduce bleeding and blood transfusions in low-risk women, [29] however evidence as of 2015 was not strong. [2] A 2017 trial found that it decreased the risk of death from bleeding from 1.9% to 1.5% in women with postpartum bleeding. [3] The benefit was greater when the medication was given within three hours. [3] In some countries, such as Japan, methylergometrine and other herbal remedies are given following the delivery of the placenta to prevent severe bleeding more than a day after the birth.
