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Language-Based Learning Disability
Wikipedia
Dysgraphia . v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia
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Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy (Limb-Girdle), Type C, 1
Omim
The most severe end of the phenotypic spectrum of dystroglycanopathies is represented by congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A; see MDDGA1, 236670), previously designated Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) or muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and the intermediate range of the spectrum is represented by congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with or without mental retardation (type B; see MDDGB1, 613155).
- Portal Hypertension, Noncirrhotic Omim
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Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Mitochondrial, With Abnormal Movements And Lactic Acidosis, With Or Without Seizures
Omim
Three patients had seizures, including 2 with a clinical diagnosis of West syndrome, and 1 had suspected seizures.
- Intellectual Developmental Disorder With Dysmorphic Facies And Behavioral Abnormalities Omim
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Alcohol Enema
Wikipedia
Sulfonic acids : Acamprosate Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol History Bratt System Related Index of alcohol-related articles Austrian syndrome Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Brief intervention Gateway drug effect Last call Mood disorder Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Self-medication Spins Sober companion Sober living houses Sobering center Town drunk Category
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Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Wikipedia
The sometimes occur in conjunction with other hereditary cancers, including Li–Fraumeni syndrome and malignant rhabdoid tumors .
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Legionnaires' Disease
Mayo_clinic
This can be a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or certain medications, especially corticosteroids and drugs taken to prevent organ rejection after a transplant.
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Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Wikipedia
Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : C22.0 ICD - 9-CM : 155 ICD-O : M8171/3 MeSH : C537258 DiseasesDB : 34518 External resources eMedicine : med/787 v t e Digestive system neoplasia GI tract Upper Esophagus Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Stomach Gastric carcinoma Signet ring cell carcinoma Gastric lymphoma MALT lymphoma Linitis plastica Lower Small intestine Duodenal cancer Adenocarcinoma Appendix Carcinoid Pseudomyxoma peritonei Colon/rectum Colorectal polyp : adenoma , hyperplastic , juvenile , sessile serrated adenoma , traditional serrated adenoma , Peutz–Jeghers Cronkhite–Canada Polyposis syndromes: Juvenile MUTYH-associated Familial adenomatous / Gardner's Polymerase proofreading-associated Serrated polyposis Neoplasm: Adenocarcinoma Familial adenomatous polyposis Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Anus Squamous cell carcinoma Upper and/or lower Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) Accessory Liver malignant : Hepatocellular carcinoma Fibrolamellar Hepatoblastoma benign : Hepatocellular adenoma Cavernous hemangioma hyperplasia : Focal nodular hyperplasia Nodular regenerative hyperplasia Biliary tract bile duct : Cholangiocarcinoma Klatskin tumor gallbladder : Gallbladder cancer Pancreas exocrine pancreas : Adenocarcinoma Pancreatic ductal carcinoma cystic neoplasms : Serous microcystic adenoma Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm Mucinous cystic neoplasm Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm Pancreatoblastoma Peritoneum Primary peritoneal carcinoma Peritoneal mesothelioma Desmoplastic small round cell tumorPRKACA, DNAJB1, EGFR, NTS, TP53, DNAJA2, SDC1, HNF1A, TPT1, PAX8, NR0B2, DNAJB6, YAP1, PRKCA, IGF2BP1, RASSF1, CD274, CLPTM1L, GLIS2, DNAJC14, LINC00473, GLIS1, GLIS3, BRD2, APC, PRKAR1A, FGFR1, ARAF, CCND1, CBFA2T3, CD68, CDH1, CTNNB1, CYP19A1, ERBB2, FGFR2, APRT, HSPA4, KRAS, KRT19, MB, MDM4, MFAP1, NFYA, PDCD1, DNAJB1P1
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Surface Dyslexia
Wikipedia
PMID 26282550 . v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia v t e Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self-report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) William James (1842–1910) Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Edward Thorndike (1874–1949) Carl Jung (1875–1961) John B.
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Liposarcoma
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD-O : M8850/3 MeSH : D008080 DiseasesDB : 31482 External resources eMedicine : derm/856 v t e Connective / soft tissue tumors and sarcomas Not otherwise specified Soft-tissue sarcoma Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Connective tissue neoplasm Fibromatous Fibroma / fibrosarcoma : Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Desmoplastic fibroma Fibroma / fibromatosis : Aggressive infantile fibromatosis Aponeurotic fibroma Collagenous fibroma Diffuse infantile fibromatosis Familial myxovascular fibromas Fibroma of tendon sheath Fibromatosis colli Infantile digital fibromatosis Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis Plantar fibromatosis Pleomorphic fibroma Oral submucous fibrosis Histiocytoma / histiocytic sarcoma : Benign fibrous histiocytoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Atypical fibroxanthoma Solitary fibrous tumor Myxomatous Myxoma / myxosarcoma Cutaneous myxoma Superficial acral fibromyxoma Angiomyxoma Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour Fibroepithelial Brenner tumour Fibroadenoma Phyllodes tumor Synovial -like Synovial sarcoma Clear-cell sarcoma Lipomatous Lipoma / liposarcoma Myelolipoma Myxoid liposarcoma PEComa Angiomyolipoma Chondroid lipoma Intradermal spindle cell lipoma Pleomorphic lipoma Lipoblastomatosis Spindle cell lipoma Hibernoma Myomatous general: Myoma / myosarcoma smooth muscle : Leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma skeletal muscle : Rhabdomyoma / rhabdomyosarcoma : Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma Sarcoma botryoides Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyoma Angioleiomyoma Angiolipoleiomyoma Genital leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma Neural fibrolipoma Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma STUMP Complex mixed and stromal Adenomyoma Pleomorphic adenoma Mixed Müllerian tumor Mesoblastic nephroma Wilms' tumor Malignant rhabdoid tumour Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney Hepatoblastoma Pancreatoblastoma Carcinosarcoma Mesothelial Mesothelioma Adenomatoid tumorCDK4, FRS2, FASN, YEATS4, NF1, CDK6, IL22, FUS, TP53, MDM2, DDIT3, PPARG, HMGA2, CD6, CDKN2A, MIR155, TBC1D9, TARDBP, PLIN1, CD274, ABCB1, MIR193B, EWSR1, MXLPO, HCCS, FOLH1, PNPLA2, TSN, NANS, PIK3CA, MBTPS2, HSP90AA1, AURKA, AKT1, CRK, SREBF1, PTEN, TERT, CTAG1A, CAVIN1, CTAG1B, TSPAN31, MAP3K5, RET, CAVIN2, KL, EIF2S2, DYRK1B, TAF15, PER2, AIMP2, MBTPS1, TRIO, PAX8, ZIC1, XPO1, VIM, GPNMB, TOP2A, TIMP4, TIMP1, THRSP, TCN1, TAL1, TAF12, STC1, STAT6, STAT3, GRAP2, A2M, IFI44, MIR143, PNPLA3, CRISPLD2, IMMP2L, DNER, MYOCD, SPPL3, PDIK1L, CENPV, MIR144, AHSA1, MIR145, MIR214, MIR25, MIR26A2, MIR451A, BCRP1, CCDC180, LOC107228383, PRUNE1, TP53INP2, MEPE, HEATR3, IGF2BP2, SPIN1, SOX21, RASSF1, ATF6, CDK19, TAB2, SOX10, SMUG1, RNF19A, WWTR1, DNM3, POLDIP2, FGF21, FOXP1, EML4, G0S2, SRC, PTK2, SOX2, FGFR1, HBEGF, E2F1, E2F4, EGFR, EIF2S1, EIF2S3, EIF4E, EPAS1, GDNF, CTNNB1, GH1, GHR, GNAS, GPS2, HMBS, HMGB2, HMGA1, HOXA5, DAXX, CSF1R, HTC2, CAPN3, PARP1, APC, APCS, STS, ATP2A2, CCND1, BCL2, CALR, CASP10, MAPK14, CAV2, CCK, CD38, CDK11B, CEBPB, CHEK1, KLF6, CPM, HOXC13, IGF1, SOD1, MAPK1, PDGFRB, PER1, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PLAG1, PLK1, PML, PSMD8, OSBP, PLIN2, PTK7, PTX3, RASA2, RPS14, S100A4, SBF1, SDC1, PDGFRA, DDR2, IGF2, LEPR, IGFBP5, IL6, JUN, KCNH1, KIT, LBR, LDLR, LEP, LPP, YBX1, MAZ, MDM4, MLH1, MMP2, MSH2, MSRA, MYC, NAB2, H3P10
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Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : C49 ( ILDS C49.M10) MeSH : D051677 DiseasesDB : 31471 External resources eMedicine : radio/420 v t e Connective / soft tissue tumors and sarcomas Not otherwise specified Soft-tissue sarcoma Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Connective tissue neoplasm Fibromatous Fibroma / fibrosarcoma : Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Desmoplastic fibroma Fibroma / fibromatosis : Aggressive infantile fibromatosis Aponeurotic fibroma Collagenous fibroma Diffuse infantile fibromatosis Familial myxovascular fibromas Fibroma of tendon sheath Fibromatosis colli Infantile digital fibromatosis Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis Plantar fibromatosis Pleomorphic fibroma Oral submucous fibrosis Histiocytoma / histiocytic sarcoma : Benign fibrous histiocytoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Atypical fibroxanthoma Solitary fibrous tumor Myxomatous Myxoma / myxosarcoma Cutaneous myxoma Superficial acral fibromyxoma Angiomyxoma Ossifying fibromyxoid tumour Fibroepithelial Brenner tumour Fibroadenoma Phyllodes tumor Synovial -like Synovial sarcoma Clear-cell sarcoma Lipomatous Lipoma / liposarcoma Myelolipoma Myxoid liposarcoma PEComa Angiomyolipoma Chondroid lipoma Intradermal spindle cell lipoma Pleomorphic lipoma Lipoblastomatosis Spindle cell lipoma Hibernoma Myomatous general: Myoma / myosarcoma smooth muscle : Leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma skeletal muscle : Rhabdomyoma / rhabdomyosarcoma : Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma Sarcoma botryoides Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyoma Angioleiomyoma Angiolipoleiomyoma Genital leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma Neural fibrolipoma Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma STUMP Complex mixed and stromal Adenomyoma Pleomorphic adenoma Mixed Müllerian tumor Mesoblastic nephroma Wilms' tumor Malignant rhabdoid tumour Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney Hepatoblastoma Pancreatoblastoma Carcinosarcoma Mesothelial Mesothelioma Adenomatoid tumor v t e Tumors of the urinary and genital systems Kidney Glandular and epithelial neoplasm Renal cell carcinoma Renal oncocytoma Mixed tumor Wilms' tumor Mesoblastic nephroma Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney Angiomyolipoma Cystic nephroma Metanephric adenoma by location Renal medullary carcinoma Juxtaglomerular cell tumor Renal medullary fibroma Ureter Ureteral neoplasm Bladder Transitional cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma Inverted papilloma Urethra Transitional cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Melanoma Other Malignant fibrous histiocytomaRECQL4, TP53, MDM2, MKI67, CDKN2A, MIB1, EGFR, PDGFRA, TBC1D9, MSH2, CDK4, DDIT3, ABCB1, MFHAS1, HRAS, PTGS2, PRDM10, FUS, CD274, YAP1, EZR, IGF1R, CTNNB1, PIK3CA, NOS2, RB1, NCOR1, GRAP2, S100A9, CD163, TSPAN31, CCL2, HSPB3, TNFRSF6B, SLPI, SRC, KEAP1, COIL, FOSL1, AIMP2, STAT1, SLMAP, STAT3, WT1, TNF, WRN, SERPINA3, PPARGC1A, CDK2AP2, MACROD2, PRUNE1, PRM3, CREB3L2, TRIM63, MYOCD, FBXO32, GKN2, CITED2, NUTM1, MIR152, MIR320A, POU5F1P3, POU5F1P4, H3P8, WDR48, HEATR3, NANS, UBASH3A, SF3B6, LAMTOR2, FOXP1, POLDIP2, WWTR1, RNF19A, DKK1, RASSF1, RPP14, SUB1, PTCH1, FRS2, AHSA1, PTEN, PIK3CB, MAP2K1, CTLA4, HIF1A, HCCS, MTOR, FOXC2, FGFR3, FES, FDPS, EWSR1, EREG, EPAS1, EGF, HBEGF, DES, CXADR, CCN2, HMBS, CSF1, MAPK14, CRK, COL1A1, CD74, CD6, CASQ2, CASP8, BTC, AREG, AR, AMPD2, AKT1, ACVRL1, HLA-A, HSPB1, MAPK1, MLH1, PRKCD, POU5F1, PLAU, PIK3CG, PIK3CD, ACTB, PDGFB, PDCD1, SERPINE1, NTSR1, NRAS, NOS1, ABCC1, MME, MITF, HSPB2, MET, MAP3K5, MCM2, MAGEA3, LYZ, LMNA, KRAS, IL1R1, IL1B, IL1A, IGF2, IDH2, IDH1, HTC2, H3P10
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Sost-Related Sclerosing Bone Dysplasias
Gene_reviews
Hyperostosis of the skull results in narrowing of the foramina, causing entrapment of the seventh cranial nerve (leading to facial palsy) with other, less common nerve entrapment syndromes including visual loss (2nd cranial nerve), neuralgia or anosmia (5th cranial nerve), and sensory hearing loss (8th cranial nerve). ... Other, less common nerve entrapment syndromes in sclerosteosis are visual loss (2nd cranial nerve), neuralgia or anosmia (5th cranial nerve), and sensory hearing loss (8th cranial nerve) [van Lierop et al 2017]. ... Nomenclature In the past, sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease have been grouped with other dense bone disorders under nonspecific general terms including "marble bones," "osteopetrosis," and "Albers-Schönberg disease." Diagnostic precision and syndromic delineation followed, and the term "sclerosteosis" became established.
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Kcnq3-Related Disorders
Gene_reviews
Diagnosis KCNQ3 -related benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE) and benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE) are epilepsy syndromes associated with a structurally normal brain and mostly normal neurologic findings and psychomotor development. ... To highlight the mostly favorable outcome of the syndrome, the term "benign" was added to "familial neonatal convulsions" four years later by Bjerre & Corelius [1968]. Terminology was further revised to benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE) to reflect the fact that the seizures were often focal and for consistency with naming of other epilepsy syndromes [Berg et al 2010]. Prevalence Fewer than twenty families with BFNE (54 individuals) with a heterozygous KCNQ3 pathogenic variant have been reported to date [Charlier et al 1998, Hirose et al 2000, Singh et al 2003, Li et al 2006, Li et al 2008, Neubauer et al 2008, Fister et al 2013, Allen et al 2014, Soldovieri et al 2014, Grinton et al 2015, Miceli et al 2015b, Maljevic et al 2016, Sands et al 2016].
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Gnb1 Encephalopathy
Gene_reviews
Importantly, GNB1 has been identified as a candidate gene for West syndrome [Peng et al 2018], and several individuals with GNB1 -E have had West syndrome or infantile spasms [Hemati et al 2018, Endo et al 2020]. ... See OMIM Phenotypic Series: Autosomal dominant ID, Autosomal recessive ID, Nonsyndromic X-linked ID, Syndromic X-linked ID, and Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile.
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Homocystinuria Caused By Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Deficiency
Gene_reviews
., excessive height, long narrow limbs [dolichostenomelia], scoliosis, pectus excavatum) that may give the clinical impression of Marfan syndrome, but without joint hypermobility Vascular abnormalities characterized by thromboembolism Developmental delay/intellectual disability Establishing the Diagnosis The diagnosis of classic homocystinuria is established in a proband by measurement of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and amino acids in plasma (see Plasma Homocysteine and Amino Acids) and/or by identification of biallelic pathogenic variants in CBS through molecular genetic testing (see Table 2). ... Differential Diagnosis The clinical condition that most closely mimics classic homocystinuria is Marfan syndrome, which shares the features of long thin body habitus, arachnodactyly, and predisposition for ectopia lentis and myopia. ... Individuals with sulfite oxidase deficiency and Marfan syndrome have normal concentrations of plasma homocysteine and methionine.
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Dystrophinopathies
Gene_reviews
The genetic mechanisms that can explain this rare occurrence (and testing to identify the cause) include the following: A deletion involving Xp21.2 (microarray [CMA] studies) An X-chromosome rearrangement involving Xp21.2 or complete absence of an X chromosome (i.e., Turner syndrome) (cytogenetic studies) Uniparental disomy (UPD) of the X chromosome (UPD studies) Compound heterozygosity for two DMD pathogenic variants [Soltanzadeh et al 2010] (deletion/duplication analysis and/or sequence analysis) Nonrandom X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). ... Men with the BMD phenotype and most women may not have findings clinically distinct enough to suggest single-gene testing of DMD as the initial test. (2) Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) may: Be appropriate if not already performed, to identify multiple gene deletions/duplications (including DMD ); Be considered first in an individual presenting with additional medical concerns associated with known X-linked disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, chronic granulomatous disease, and McLeod red cell phenotype (see McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome) [Francke et al 1985] or glycerol kinase deficiency and adrenal hypoplasia [Darras & Francke 1988] to suggest a contiguous gene disorder; Detect an unexpected or incidental DMD deletion/duplication in an asymptomatic individual. ... Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) may detect DMD deletions or duplications either as part of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome or as an incidental or unexpected intragenic finding. ... Most familial DCM (probably 80%-90%) appears to be autosomal dominant; X-linked and autosomal recessive forms are less common [Watkins et al 2011]. Barth syndrome , an X-linked disorder caused by mutation of TAZ , is characterized in affected males by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, prepubertal growth delay, and distinctive facial gestalt (most evident in infancy); not all features may be present in a given affected individual.
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Leukemia, Chronic Myeloid
Omim
It was presumed to be a deleted chromosome 21, the same chromosome as that which is trisomic in Down syndrome (190685). The elevated alkaline phosphatase activity in Down syndrome and depressed activity in CML was viewed as consistent with this interpretation. ... Transplant recipients developed several hematologic malignancies, prominent among which was a myeloproliferative syndrome closely resembling the chronic phase of human chronic myelogenous leukemia.ABL1, BCR, JAK2, SETBP1, ASXL1, NRAS, CSF3R, BRAF, PRTN3, RUNX1, IFNA2, WT1, PRAME, TERT, GSTP1, MAPK14, ALOX5, PER2, HMMR, CA9, CRY2, ARNTL, PER3, CRY1, HSPA5, BIRC5, PER1, ETNK1, DDX41, HES1, SIPA1, CHORDC1, SH2B3, KIT, NCSTN, ABL2, MPL, TET2, THPO, BMI1, PIK3CD, SRSF2, PIK3CG, CHEK2, GSTM1, GSTT1, CD38, G6PD, CD34, TBC1D9, CCR7, PTPN6, STAT3, MAPK1, STAT5A, HOXA9, BSCL2, CDKN2A, SIRT1, HMOX1, CDKN2B, TNF, STAT5B, PTEN, PIK3CB, SLC22A1, PIK3CA, NUP98, MYC, PTK2B, AKT1, IL3, EVPL, IL2, MECOM, AGPAT2, ABCG2, VEGFA, CTNNB1, MIR21, FLT3, IFNA13, MTTP, IFNA1, ETV6, CSF3, IRF8, CSF2, MCL1, PDGFRA, CNTNAP1, TP53, BCL2, ABCB1, MTHFR, SRC, NR0B2, EGFR, BCL2L11, PTPA, FN1, MMP9, IL2RA, HSPA4, IGH, TGFB1, HSP90AA1, HPGDS, IKZF1, CYP3A5, CEBPA, DPP4, HLA-A, ABCC1, ISG20, IFNG, IGF1, PPARG, CCND1, MME, EZH2, KDR, FANCB, IL4, ABCB6, KIR3DL1, KRAS, SLCO6A1, MSI2, GSTK1, H3P10, GEM, TNFSF10, HLA-DRB1, SCT, AHI1, CDKN1A, POLDIP2, IL1B, CXCR4, AIMP2, CCL3, STAT1, RASA1, GRAP2, ERBB2, EPHB2, LCN2, SOCS1, ACTB, ATN1, AHSA1, SOAT1, CRK, PDGFRB, PCNA, HRAS, CALCA, POU2F1, GATA2, BRCA1, RNF19A, MAP2K7, SET, SKI, CXCL12, MAP6, TAL1, PML, GOLGA4, PLK1, KITLG, EIF3A, BECN1, LYN, GSK3B, HP, YY1, FOXO3, ICAM1, NPM1, IL1A, FGFR4, PSMB6, NME2, CDR3, TP73, PTPN11, NME1, ATXN1, MYB, PECAM1, FGFR1, EPHA8, CBY1, MIR30A, HDAC9, GAB2, NME1-NME2, CDKN1B, CDK4, SLCO1B3, DLL1, LEF1, ANPEP, CD6, COMMD3-BMI1, MEG3, DDX43, CBFB, CASP3, CIP2A, LAMA1, FIP1L1, CAVIN1, BCL2L1, ESPL1, RBM45, SOCS3, GSTM2, RELA, APAF1, CD14, CD19, WT1-AS, SELL, CD86, H2AX, H3P9, CD33, CD44, CCN3, NXT1, NFE2L2, DNMT1, IL6, EPHB4, NCAM1, MYH11, CDK2, EPO, CDK6, NOTCH1, RARA, AXL, LEP, NUDCD1, EGR1, BCL6, ARHGAP24, E2F1, NR1I2, WNK1, EIF4E, GORASP1, BACH2, IDH1, CD247, CASP1, ELANE, CAT, CAV1, RUNX1T1, LINC01194, HNRNPA1, BCL10, PTPN1, NTRK1, LTC4S, LBR, AURKA, MTOR, HNRNPA1P10, PRDM2, ADA, IRF4, ERCC2, KMT2A, MRPL28, FHIT, CIB1, DCC, SYT1, FCGR3A, YAP1, XRCC1, FCGR3B, CYP2B6, ZNF224, FOS, PARP1, SUB1, MDM2, MIR451A, MUC1, TRBV20OR9-2, ABCC2, NLRP1, BCRP3, CRKL, JUNB, TGM2, FUT4, MSH3, MDM4, CYP3A4, BSPH1, SMAD1, PRKN, PDGFB, TICAM2, MLH1, PAK1, KIR2DS2, P2RX5, SPRED2, SNHG5, MEFV, NR3C2, MIR17, LEPR, RGPD2, MIR486-1, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, TMED7-TICAM2, H4C15, KIR2DL5B, MIR196B, MIR328, MIR17HG, MPO, POTEF, MIR34A, MIR130A, LTB, MMP8, LGALS3, MIR29B2, MIR29B1, MIR150, HOTAIR, MIR140, H3P23, ODC1, KLRC4-KLRK1, CES2, H4-16, ZNRD2, GFI1B, H4C9, POM121, HMGA2, DEK, XK, UNG, H4C4, PDLIM5, DCTN6, EBP, HPSE, IL24, COBLL1, H4C1, RGS6, KLRK1, H4C2, SPHK1, BLZF1, MBD2, H4C14, H4C13, H4C5, PDCD5, CLOCK, H4C8, H4C3, H4C11, H4C12, H4C6, MSC, TGFBR2, ZNF423, TLCD3B, MAP2K1, UGT1A1, PACC1, PTHLH, PSMD9, WDR11, TCIM, MAPK9, RAN, MAPK3, EXOSC5, CD177, STIM2, CDCP1, SLC25A3, RAC2, SOCS2, OSBP2, SKP2, DNAJC2, SPARC, SMARCB1, TRIB2, CD274, TMED7, SIAH2, REG1A, SFRP1, SLC22A17, ROS1, RNASEL, RNASE3, SCLY, RANGAP1, REN, FANCD2, XIAP, FBN2, F2R, ETS1, ESR1, AGFG2, ERG, EPAS1, IDH2, FAS, IFI27, ELN, IL10, BIRC3, ANXA5, EIF4EBP1, IFNAR2, IFNB1, IGF2, IL1RAP, IL3RA, ALOX15, IL7, FGF2, HOXA11, HOXA10, HNRNPK, GRB2, GLRX, GUSB, GZMH, HBG1, HBG2, GABPA, XRCC6, FUT1, CD7, HLA-B, CD9, BAX, B2M, CD40, FOXO1, CD59, FOXM1, ATM, FGFR3, CDH13, CXCL8, CALR, CYP2C8, DUSP1, AHR, ITGA2, DNMT3A, CD55, CYP2D6, IRF2, ITGB3, IRF1, CYP1A1, INPP5D, ADAR, KIR2DS1, IL18, PLIN2, KRT7, ZMPSTE24, PIAS4, FRAT1, IL23A, GDE1, GINS2, CDA, CDC42, WWOX, RTEL1, ADA2, BCL11A, SGSM3, DCDC2, CD69, CEBPZ, CD47, ABI2, CD68, EBI3, SPANXA1, GEMIN4, PCA3, ADIPOR1, PTPRU, KMT5B, TOB1, SETD2, CD27, LRPPRC, MS4A1, DAPK1, HMGCLL1, HNRNPDL, H2BS1, CCND3, CCND2, GADD45A, CCK, SOX6, STAP2, CBL, LTB4R2, CYP26B1, BMS1, DIABLO, POLE4, RUNX3, MTSS1, CASP10, CHPT1, CIAPIN1, PI4K2B, FBXW7, ACE, CD5L, KRT20, PDCD4, UGT1A10, UGT1A8, UGT1A7, UGT1A6, UGT1A4, CD2, QRSL1, CD1C, CT55, RMND1, SLC47A1, CD1A, DLEC1, ELP2, CDH1, CYSLTR1, B3GAT1, RNF139, RASSF1, WIF1, CREB1, SLC19A2, CTSL, POLG2, AGR2, CYBB, CMD1B, DUSP12, CYLD, CR1, MAP3K8, ZHX2, CARD8, LTB4R, PSIP1, PTP4A3, CTSB, CTLA4, CRYZ, LILRB1, CSF1, SMR3B, PPARGC1A, CRP, CST3, MLLT11, RAB40B, CD226, CREBBP, GLIPR1, NUDT21, DIDO1, CTAG1B, PEG10, CIB2, NOX1, CITED2, PRKD2, CDX2, PNKD, CDKN2D, CDKN2C, SERBP1, DLC1, TRIM22, PRMT5, HSPB8, GNL3, AGO1, CDKN1C, HAVCR1, ZMYND11, CDH2, SULT4A1, PRDX5, GCA, CEACAM5, ARHGAP26, TPP1, ATG4B, FAM168A, NUP160, CHUK, CHEK1, SF3B1, RALGAPB, ICMT, CBX5, SUZ12, CEACAM4, CES1, MAFF, LCK, BLK, SALL4, MIR217, MIR22, MIR222, MIR223, MIR23A, MIR29A, KLK3, MIR30E, MIR320A, MIR96, CCL3L3, MIR148B, MIR326, ANGPT1, BIN1, MIR378A, MIR424, DUXAP10, ALPP, ALPI, MIR219A2, MIR215, THAP11, MIR214, MIR139, AR, MIR143, MIR146A, MIR147A, AQP9, MIR152, MIR155, MIR15A, AQP5, MIR181C, MIR182, MIR183, MIR184, MIR188, MIR199B, MIR203A, MIR205, FASLG, MIR362, MIR493, MIR494, ZNF704, MIR1275, MIR1301, ALL2, MIR2278, MIR3142, MICA, ADAM8, ACACA, MIR4701, MYMX, LOC102724334, BGLT3, CERNA3, RN7SL263P, LINC02605, ABR, H3P13, ABO, H3P5, CD24, ADORA1, AGER, ALB, ALK, POU5F1P3, BCRP1, ALDH1A1, POU5F1P4, UCA1, SFTPA1, ALCAM, MIR570, JAG1, MIR574, MIR577, MIR622, MIR660, DEFA1B, AK1, HULC, SPANXA2, MIR130B, ABCC6, MIR126, LMNB2, ADIPOR2, MCPH1, HAND2-AS1, NANOG, DHDDS, WLS, ASRGL1, SPX, COL18A1, BGLAP, AMN, BCRP4, CRISPLD2, OPN1SW, ITCH, MAGT1, PRAM1, RPAIN, MCM8, CUEDC2, BID, MARCKSL1, CTDSP1, VANGL2, AICDA, BIRC6, BTG1, BMP4, RNF213, POLD4, PTBP2, KMT2C, BCL11B, SCPEP1, BMP1, PRDM16, EBF2, DDIT3, RBM15, PORCN, BIK, TRIM63, BCAT1, MIR124-1, LHX4, PGP, ATF3, SLC26A11, ASS1, ABCB5, RTL4, H3P44, NUP43, ARSF, ARRB2, MALAT1, ARG2, RTL1, FENDRR, BCRP2, ARG1, MIRLET7B, MIR107, MIR10A, NEAT1, SGMS1, NCR3, SEPTIN10, WDR20, SFXN1, NLRP3, MARCHF3, BAGE, ATP6AP1, PACRG, A2ML1, RNF217, MAMDC2, RASEF, CLEC12A, GPR180, SPRED1, ATP5F1E, RTL3, FAM83B, CTAG1A, KMT2B, GPRC5A, DCAF1, SRSF1, HOXA4, HOXA@, PSMB2, HNRNPA2B1, PSMD4, HMGB1, PSMD12, PTCH1, HMBS, PTH, PTGS1, PTGS2, HLX, PTN, HLA-DRB4, PTPN2, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DQB1, PTPRC, HOXA5, MAPK8, MAPK7, PPARD, PMP22, PRRX1, SEPTIN5, POLB, PON1, HOXC@, POU5F1, POU5F1B, HOXB1, PRKCH, PPBP, PPP1R1A, HOXA13, PPP2R5C, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKCA, PTPRF, PTPRG, RAC1, CCL16, RRM2, S100A6, HGF, HDLBP, SRL, CCL2, HDC, CCL3L1, CCL19, RPS6KB1, CCL21, XCL1, HDAC1, SELE, SELP, SEMG1, SETMAR, GZMB, RPS27A, RPL22, HLA-DPB1, RBP2, RAD51, RAF1, RALA, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DOA, HLA-DMA, HLA-C, KDM5A, HK2, RPL10, ABCA4, RET, RFX3, RHD, HINT1, HIF1A, BRD2, HIC1, HOXC4, PMAIP1, PLXNA1, MMP11, MEF2C, ITGB2, MGST2, ITGAM, ITGA4, IRS1, MMP2, IRF5, MMP14, JAK3, MOS, INPPL1, MPP1, MRC1, CXCL10, MSR1, IMPA1, IL17A, JAK1, KIR2DL2, TNFRSF9, LTA, LAG3, KPNB1, LGALS9, LIF, LIG3, LMNA, LMO2, LTA4H, KLRC1, MAFG, KIR3DL2, LTF, KIR2DS5, EPCAM, MXD1, KIR2DS4, SMAD5, SMAD6, MVD, MYCN, HOXC5, PF4, PCBP2, PCM1, PCYT1A, IAPP, HTC2, HSPG2, HSPB2, HSPB1, PFKFB3, PAK3, HSPA8, AGFG1, HPRT1, PIM1, HOXD13, HOXC6, PKM, PLCD1, PBX1, IFIT2, GADD45B, IGF1R, NF1, IL5, NFKB1, NFKBIA, NGF, NKG7, CCN1, NOTCH2, NPPB, FURIN, IFNAR1, OAZ1, IFNA17, TNFRSF11B, ORM1, IFN1@, P4HB, PEBP1, SFRP2, GYPE, HERPUD1, ST3GAL1, ERN1, EPS8, EPHA3, EP300, ULK1, ENPEP, DYRK2, PPFIA1, PIK3R3, EN2, THOC5, PDLIM4, AKR1C3, KCNK5, NUMB, DYNLL1, IRS2, EIF4A2, EIF3B, ETS2, F3, F9, KMT2D, USP7, ST8SIA4, FCER1G, FCAR, HRX, ST7, ARHGEF5, MLF2, TCL1A, FZD7, FAP, TAM, DVL1P1, TKTL1, AXIN2, BAP1, BRAP, FZD4, EIF4A1, TRADD, RIPK1, NQO1, AURKB, IL32, SARDH, KLF4, CD163, PPIG, ADIPOQ, DLX4, NCR1, ARHGEF1, ATG5, PMPCB, DEFA1, AKAP12, RIN1, TCL1B, DECR1, DDX10, DNM2, USP10, EGF, DOK1, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10A, IL18R1, EDNRB, E2F3, PROM1, DVL3, DVL1, CCNA1, LDLR, TIMELESS, DNTT, DNMT3B, HSPB3, TRPA1, HAP1, SPAG9, DOK2, FEB1, FGF1, CNBP, GATA1, GJB2, GHRH, GH1, STIM1, B4GALT1, SYCP1, SYK, GFI1, TAT, SSX2, TAZ, TBCC, TBXA2R, TCF4, HNF1A, TCF7, TCN1, GAS6, STAT2, SSRP1, TERC, SNAP25, ST8SIA1, GYPB, SIX1, GYPA, SLCO1A2, GSPT1, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, FSCN1, SRY, GPX3, SOD2, SOX4, GPI, SPI1, SPP1, GP1BA, SRPK1, TEK, TERF1, ZFX, WNT5A, TXN, TYMS, USF2, VIM, VIP, VIS1, WAS, WNT2, WRN, TTR, FOXC1, XBP1, XBP1P1, XPO1, FGF13, XRCC5, FGF4, ZAP70, TWIST1, TRH, GAS2, TIE1, TFAP2A, TFR2, TFRC, GAPDH, THBS1, THBS2, FUT8, THY1, TIMP1, TRAF6, TIMP2, TKT, TNFRSF1A, NR5A2, TP53BP1, FOLR2, TPI1, TPO, ABCA3
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Mercury Poisoning
Wikipedia
Other symptoms may include kidney dysfunction (e.g. Fanconi syndrome ) or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as emotional lability , memory impairment, or insomnia . ... Prognosis [ edit ] Some of the toxic effects of mercury are partially or wholly reversible provided specific therapy is able to restore selenium availability to normal before tissue damage from oxidation becomes too extensive. [56] Autopsy findings point to a half-life of inorganic mercury in human brains of 27.4 years. [57] Heavy or prolonged exposure can do irreversible damage, in particular in fetuses, infants, and young children. Young's syndrome is believed to be a long-term consequence of early childhood mercury poisoning. [58] Mercuric chloride may cause cancer as it has caused increases in several types of tumors in rats and mice, while methyl mercury has caused kidney tumors in male rats. ... He published a number of papers on mercury poisoning, founded a committee in Berlin to study cases of possible mercury poisoning, and introduced the term micromercurialism . [71] The term Hunter-Russell syndrome derives from a study of mercury poisoning among workers in a seed packing factory in Norwich , England in the late 1930s who breathed methylmercury that was being used as a seed disinfectant and preservative. [72] Outbreaks of methylmercury poisoning occurred in several places in Japan during the 1950s due to industrial discharges of mercury into rivers and coastal waters. ... Acrodynia resulted primarily from calomel in teething powders and decreased greatly after calomel was excluded from most teething powders in 1954. [81] [82] Acrodynia is difficult to diagnose, "it is most often postulated that the etiology of this syndrome is an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction to mercury because of the lack of correlation with mercury levels, many of the symptoms resemble recognized mercury poisoning." [83] Medicine [ edit ] Further information: Mercury (element) § Medicine Mercury was once prescribed as a purgative. [ citation needed ] Many mercury-containing compounds were once used in medicines. ... PMID 24368178 . ^ Hendry WF, A'Hern RP, Cole PJ (1993). "Was Young's syndrome caused by exposure to mercury in childhood?"
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Sexual Addiction
Wikipedia
Some argue that applying such concepts to normal behaviors such as sex can be problematic, and suggest that applying medical models such as addiction to human sexuality can serve to pathologise normal behavior and cause harm. [8] The ICD-11 created a new condition classification, compulsive sexual behavior, to cover "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour". [9] [10] Contents 1 Classification 1.1 DSM 1.2 ICD 1.3 CCMD 1.4 Other 1.5 Borderline personality disorder 1.6 Medical reviews and position statements 2 Possible mechanisms 3 Treatment 3.1 Counseling 3.2 Support groups 3.2.1 Online support groups 3.2.2 In-person support groups 3.3 Medications 3.3.1 Antiviral drugs 4 Epidemiology 5 History 6 Society and culture 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Classification [ edit ] Addiction and dependence glossary [11] [12] [13] [14] addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical– somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens ) psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia ) reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose v t e None of the official diagnostic classification frameworks list "sexual addiction" as a distinct disorder. ... Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy." [35] In 2017, three new USA sexual health organizations found no support for the idea that sex or adult films were addictive in their position statement. [36] In 16 November 2017 the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) published a position against sending sex offenders to sex addiction treatment facilities. [37] Those centers argued that "illegal" behaviors were symptoms of sex addiction, which ATSA challenged they had no scientific evidence to support. [ citation needed ] Possible mechanisms [ edit ] Animal research involving rats that exhibit compulsive sexual behavior has identified that this behavior is mediated through the same molecular mechanisms in the brain that mediate drug addiction. [38] [39] [40] Sexual activity is an intrinsic reward that has been shown to act as a positive reinforcer , [41] strongly activate the reward system , and induce the accumulation of ΔFosB in part of the striatum (specifically, the nucleus accumbens ). [38] [39] [40] Chronic and excessive activation of certain pathways within the reward system and the accumulation of ΔFosB in a specific group of neurons within the nucleus accumbens has been directly implicated in the development of the compulsive behavior that characterizes addiction. [39] [42] [43] [44] In humans, a dopamine dysregulation syndrome , characterized by drug-induced compulsive engagement in sexual activity or gambling, has also been observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications. [38] Current experimental models of addiction to natural rewards and drug reward demonstrate common alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection . [38] [45] ΔFosB is the most significant gene transcription factor involved in addiction, since its viral or genetic overexpression in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for most of the neural adaptations and plasticity that occur; [45] it has been implicated in addictions to alcohol , cannabinoids , cocaine , nicotine , opioids , phenylcyclidine , and substituted amphetamines . [38] [45] [46] ΔJunD is the transcription factor which directly opposes ΔFosB. [45] Increases in nucleus accumbens ΔJunD expression can reduce or, with a large increase, even block most of the neural alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB). [45] ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. [39] [45] Natural rewards, like drugs of abuse, induce ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological addictive state. [38] [39] Thus, ΔFosB is also the key transcription factor involved in addictions to natural rewards as well, [38] [40] and sexual addictions in particular, since ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the reinforcing effects of sexual reward. [39] Research on the interaction between natural and drug rewards suggests that psychostimulants and sexual reward possess cross-sensitization effects and act on common biomolecular mechanisms of addiction-related neuroplasticity which are mediated through ΔFosB. [38] [40] Summary of addiction-related plasticity Form of neuroplasticity or behavioral plasticity Type of reinforcer Sources Opiates Psychostimulants High fat or sugar food Sexual intercourse Physical exercise (aerobic) Environmental enrichment ΔFosB expression in nucleus accumbens D1-type MSNs ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ [38] Behavioral plasticity Escalation of intake Yes Yes Yes [38] Psychostimulant cross-sensitization Yes Not applicable Yes Yes Attenuated Attenuated [38] Psychostimulant self-administration ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ [38] Psychostimulant conditioned place preference ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ [38] Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ [38] Neurochemical plasticity CREB phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ [38] Sensitized dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens No Yes No Yes [38] Altered striatal dopamine signaling ↓ DRD2 , ↑ DRD3 ↑ DRD1 , ↓ DRD2 , ↑ DRD3 ↑ DRD1 , ↓ DRD2 , ↑ DRD3 ↑ DRD2 ↑ DRD2 [38] Altered striatal opioid signaling No change or ↑ μ-opioid receptors ↑ μ-opioid receptors ↑ κ-opioid receptors ↑ μ-opioid receptors ↑ μ-opioid receptors No change No change [38] Changes in striatal opioid peptides ↑ dynorphin No change: enkephalin ↑ dynorphin ↓ enkephalin ↑ dynorphin ↑ dynorphin [38] Mesocorticolimbic synaptic plasticity Number of dendrites in the nucleus accumbens ↓ ↑ ↑ [38] Dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens ↓ ↑ ↑ [38] Treatment [ edit ] Counseling [ edit ] As of 2017, none of the official regulatory bodies for Psycho-sexual Counseling or Sex and Relationship therapy , have accepted sex addiction as a distinct entity with associated treatment protocols. ... It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome. ^ American Psychiatric Association. (1987). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."