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Cryptococcosis
Wikipedia
This may be due to rare exposure and high pathogenicity, or to unrecognised isolated defects in immunity, specific for this organism. [ citation needed ] Diagnosis [ edit ] Dependent on the infectious syndrome, symptoms include fever, fatigue, dry cough, headache, blurred vision, and confusion. [6] Symptom onset is often subacute, progressively worsened over several weeks. ... A large multi-site trial supports deferring ART for 4–6 weeks was overall preferable with 15% better 1-year survival than earlier ART initiation at 1–2 weeks after diagnosis. [23] A 2018 Cochrane review also supports the delayed starting of treatment until cryptococcosis starts improving with antifungal treatment. [24] IRIS in those with normal immune function [ edit ] The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has been described in those with normal immune function with meningitis caused by C. gattii and C. grubii . ... Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes . 59 (5): e85–91. doi : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31824c837e .CHIA, TNF, IFNG, DDX56, CYP51A1, SMUG1, LYPLA1, LAMC2, IL18, CSF2, SOD1, TAP1, FKBP1AP4, FKBP1AP3, FKBP1AP2, FKBP1AP1, FKBP1A, FBP1, IL17A, IL6, CLEC4D, FAS, CLEC6A, BRD4, GNLY, SORBS1, PRPF8, EBNA1BP2, VPS45, EPB41L3, MLIP, CAP1, ATP6V0A2, DNPEP, SEC1P, GORASP2, VCX, VPS41, GLRX3, SLC9A6, SLC39A1, YAP1, LINC01672, KLHL41, LANCL1, TCIRG1, AK6, RABEPK, HDAC9, ATG5, S1PR2, AURKB, HACD1, ARHGEF2, ARTN, LGALS7B, ATP6V0A4, SLC39A2, UGGT1, MIOX, PLB1, SLC9B1, SRXN1, IL31RA, NLRP3, CLEC7A, UBASH3B, GORASP1, IPPK, ATG9A, SCD5, MINDY4, IL33, SLC30A10, UGT1A3, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, SHOC1, ZFP1, UGT1A9, UGT1A5, TP63, UGT1A6, NCR3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, ARMH1, UGT1A10, MBTPS2, MBL3P, PABPC4, ACTB, SLC30A1, CTAA1, EPHA2, ERN1, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, FCGR3A, FCGR3B, HK2, HSPA4, HSP90AA1, HTN3, ICAM1, IGHG3, IL4, IL5, IL9, DNAH8, CPS1, ITGB2, CP, ANXA2, ANXA6, AQP1, ARG1, ATP6V0A1, CASP1, CD2, CD44, CDK8, CGA, RCC1, CHIT1, CLU, CCR5, SLC31A2, ITGAL, RPSA, CNBP, PTPRC, RPS4X, CCL5, SLC6A1, SOAT1, SP1, SRM, STAT1, TGFBR1, AGRP, TXN, SLC35A2, UGT1A, WAS, XPNPEP1, XPO1, PTX3, PSMD7, LGALS3, MAPK1, LGALS7, LNPEP, MBL2, MID1, MMP9, MPI, NFKB1, NM, PCK1, SERPINB6, PITX2, PPARG, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, H3P28
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Episodic Ataxia Type 1
Gene_reviews
Nomenclature EA1 has also been known as: Acetazolamide-responsive periodic ataxia Continuous muscle fiber activity Episodic ataxia with myokymia Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic ataxia and continuous myokymia Isaacs-Mertens syndrome Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia with neuromyotonia Prevalence EA1 is a rare disease and the prevalence can be estimated only roughly. ... Familial paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia PNKD AD Unilateral or bilateral involuntary movements Attacks lasting mins to hrs: dystonic posturing w/choreic & ballistic movements; may be preceded by aura; occur while awake; are not associated w/seizures Frequency, duration, severity, & combinations of symptoms vary w/in & among families Typically in childhood or early teens; can be as late as age 50 yrs A few times/day Attacks are spontaneous or precipitated by: Alcohol Caffeine Excitement Stress Fatigue Chocolate Isaac syndrome (acquired neuromyotonia, NMT) 11 N/A N/A Rare neuromuscular disorder Hyperexcitability of motor nerve → continuously contracting or twitching muscles (myokymia) & muscle hypertrophy Cramping, ↑ sweating, & delayed muscle relaxation Stiffness most prominent in limb & trunk muscles A few patients report sleep disorders, anxiety, & memory loss (Morvan syndrome) 15-60 years Symptoms not usually triggered by exercise; occur even during sleep or under general anesthesia AD = autosomal dominant: MOI = mode of inheritance; N/A = not applicable See Episodic ataxia: OMIM Phenotypic Series to view genes associated with this phenotype in OMIM. 1. ... The phenotype of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia can include benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE), infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA), hemiplegic migraine, migraine with and without aura, and episodic ataxia. 11. The acquired form of Isaac's syndrome occasionally develops in association with peripheral neuropathies or after radiation treatment.
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Disorders Of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism
Gene_reviews
Poor feeding and slow growth, hypotonia, developmental delay, seizures including infantile spasms, infantile maculopathy. Rarely, hemolytic uremic syndrome and obtundation. Toddlers. Poor growth, progressive microcephaly, cytopenias (including megaloblastic anemia), global developmental delay, encephalopathy, hypotonia, seizures Adolescents and adults. ... Infants may present with the following: Failure to thrive, poor feeding, and hypotonia in the first weeks of life An acute metabolic derangement (high anion gap metabolic acidosis, ketonuria, and hyperammonemia) Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that may be fatal if treatment with daily hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) is not initiated promptly [Kind et al 2002, Sharma et al 2007, Carrillo-Carrasco & Venditti 2012] Untreated infants may have multiorgan involvement, neurologic deterioration, seizures (i.e., infantile spasms), and encephalopathy. ... Isolated Homocystinuria ( cblE , cblG , cblD -Homocystinuria) Methylcobalamin deficiency secondary to methionine synthase reductase deficiency ( cblE ), methionine synthase deficiency ( cblG ), and cblD -homocystinuria are rare syndromes that are not identified on newborn screening, resulting in a delayed diagnosis [Huemer et al 2015a]. cblE . ... Intramuscular replacement therapy to normalize vitamin B 12 serum concentration reverses the metabolic abnormality. Imerslund Gräsbeck syndrome (OMIM 261100). Features of this autosomal recessive disorder may include poor cobalamin absorption, abnormal renal tubular protein reabsorption, and urinary tract malformations. ... Disorders causing primarily isolated homocystinuria Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency (classic homocystinuria) is a disorder of homocysteine catabolism with a Marfan syndrome-like phenotype, soft skin, lens dislocation, developmental delays / cognitive impairment, and thromboembolism.
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Amyloidosis
Wikipedia
Kidneys [ edit ] Amyloid deposition in the kidneys can cause nephrotic syndrome , which results from a reduction in the kidney's ability to filter and hold on to proteins. The nephrotic syndrome occurs with or without elevations in creatinine and blood urea concentration , [7] two biochemical markers of kidney injury. In AA amyloidosis , the kidneys are involved in 91–96% of people, [8] symptoms ranging from protein in the urine to nephrotic syndrome and rarely chronic kidney disease . ... In beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis, males have high risk of getting carpal tunnel syndrome . [11] Aβ2MG amyloidosis (Hemodialysis associated amyloidosis) tends to deposit in synovial tissue, causing chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue in knee, hip, shoulder and interphalangeal joints. [11] Amyloid light chains deposition in shoulder joint causes enlarged shoulders, also known as "shoulder pad sign". [11] Amyloid light chain depositions can also cause bilateral symmetric polyarthritis. [11] The deposition of amyloid proteins in the bone marrow without causing plasma cell dyscrasias is called amyloidoma.TTR, PSEN1, GSN, APP, ACHE, APOE, HMOX1, APOC3, ZDHHC13, APOC2, TNFRSF1A, CCND1, POLA1, B2M, BCHE, BDNF, NLRP3, PRNP, OSMR, CASP3, MME, CSF2, CST3, SAA2, MEFV, MAPT, LYZ, LIG4, LAMC2, IL6, IL1B, TREM2, IDE, BACE1, IAPP, SAA1, GFAP, APCS, TNF, AGER, SNCA, APOA1, NEFL, TGFBI, CLU, ADAM10, IL1A, SUCLA2, DPYD, IL4, NGF, NFE2L2, APOA2, LPAL2, ABCB1, BECN1, PPARG, NRGN, TARDBP, BIN1, BCL2, TLR4, MMP9, ABCA7, CTSD, DCLRE1B, LRP1, TYROBP, SIRT1, TGFB1, LECT2, CHI3L1, MOK, RELN, PSEN2, S100A9, TSPO, LEP, CTSB, SOD1, SYP, ALOX5, KHDRBS1, DLG4, MCIDAS, CAT, CRP, IGF1, FGA, SMUG1, NUP62, DCTN4, HP, S100B, GTF2H1, GSK3B, SOD2, AQP4, CHRNA4, VEGFA, PIK3CD, ABCB6, CDK5, PLG, SQSTM1, PIK3CG, PIK3CB, MAPK3, ITM2B, PIK3CA, SORL1, IL10, LPA, VSNL1, ROS1, RXRA, PTPRC, EGR1, PARP1, ALB, CD40, STS, TLR2, PLD3, CD36, GABPA, HTT, SDC1, PYCARD, SH2D1A, LINC01672, ACE, MAPK8, CNR2, MAP3K5, CYP46A1, TSHZ1, CD55, PINK1, SERPINA3, ADIPOQ, GRM5, HTRA1, MAPK1, TRPC6, DYSF, TYRP1, RNR2, UBQLN1, QPCT, NCAM1, NFIB, MMP2, HLA-DRB1, NFIA, HCRT, PPARA, HDAC3, UCHL1, ABCG1, MAP2, PTGS2, PPARGC1A, PDB1, LDLR, NFIC, LBP, TXN, DKK1, INSR, SYNM, NCSTN, IL17A, IL13, GH1, P2RX7, RBP4, IL1RN, MFAP1, PDE5A, NFIX, A2M, CD40LG, FYN, NGB, DDIT3, CRYAB, CD38, APLP2, C4BPA, MIR200A, ARG1, ESCO1, EPO, DDR1, CYLD, CALCA, FCGRT, FAP, DECR1, LRRK2, APRT, CR1, GCG, DYRK1A, CHRM3, GDNF, ECE1, EDN1, ACTB, DRD1, IGAN1, TNMD, CHAT, DPYSL2, BAX, MFT2, PCSK9, GCSAM, LRRTM3, STOX1, CDK5R1, SUMO4, GOLGA6A, OSTN, ANO5, LOC390714, ARHGEF7, DUOX2, CD163, UBR1, FSIP1, SV2A, SNAP91, MAGI2, ZEB2, KEAP1, UCN3, TOMM20, PCLAF, CLSTN3, HDAC9, CD109, ACTRT1, CARTPT, MAD2L1BP, BCAR1, GDF15, TRIM69, TMC4, GRAP2, TICAM1, RMDN2, DAB2IP, CRADD, MSC, SLC2A12, RAB11A, MIR137, MIR107, RIPK1, VWF, DEFB103A, VTN, DNM1P33, LOC643387, SCFV, VIP, SFTPA1, VDR, VCAM1, UTRN, NR1H2, C20orf181, BACE1-AS, OCLN, TYRO3, MICA, TMX2-CTNND1, LOC102723407, LOC102724971, LINC02210-CRHR1, UPK3B, HSP90B2P, TRAF6, LOC105379528, WNT1, XBP1, XK, AGPS, MIR132, URI1, WDR1, EIF3A, MIR15B, MIR181C, UNC5C, DENR, DEGS1, MIR29A, MIR29B1, CST7, LRP8, ULK1, AXIN1, PICALM, MIR29C, BAS, FXR1, PSCA, AIMP2, TFEB, PLA2G7, NPHS2, DBA2, PPIF, DGCR2, RAB21, TP53, HSPA14, DCDC2, GDE1, DUOX1, GSAP, DAPK2, TLR9, TREM1, QPCTL, DDAH1, ODAM, SLC25A38, RMDN3, RCBTB1, SYBU, SIRT3, USE1, DEFB103B, CRTC1, CTNNBL1, ARC, SLC17A7, ARL6IP1, TBC1D9, PRDX5, BACE2, RNF19A, ADIPOR1, SNX12, EEF2K, SNX8, FLVCR1, TMEM176B, F11R, IGKV2-29, IGKV3-20, ASCC1, PRLH, GAL, IGKV1D-8, SH2B1, IGKV3D-15, IGHV3-69-1, IGHV3OR16-7, APH1A, HTRA2, VPS4A, RMDN1, HSPB8, POLDIP2, SDF4, CHMP2B, KIF1B, SHANK2, HDAC5, ATF6, GPNMB, OLFM1, PRMT5, PHF6, RTN3, COL25A1, LILRB2, CALCOCO2, MFSD2A, ABI2, NAV3, CHRFAM7A, BMF, NLRP12, BMS1P20, OPTN, PRRT2, MBL3P, NR1H3, DNM1L, CDCA5, SH2D3C, TOM1, BCL2L11, PDCD6IP, CIB1, MAP1LC3B, KAT5, FERMT2, NLGN1, NLRP1, HPS5, CENPK, KLK8, WDHD1, TPPP, ABCG4, RIPK3, HHIP, SDS, STIP1, SLC8B1, CLEC7A, UBE2Z, EDAR, CARD14, MMEL1, CLDN16, PAGR1, TXNIP, EHMT1, AHSA1, ATG7, TPSG1, PPP3R1, CLDN5, EREG, NR5A1, MTOR, FPR1, FN1, FOXO1, FGF2, FCN2, EFEMP1, FAT1, FANCD2, F10, F3, ESR2, ESR1, EPHB2, TLR5, EPHA3, EPHA1, ELN, SERPINB1, EHHADH, E2F1, DUSP6, DPP4, DPEP1, DNMT3A, DNMT1, DNM1, DLX4, DLG2, GAST, FUS, G6PD, GALNS, HSPA9, HSPA4, HSF1, HSD11B1, FOXA2, NR4A1, HMGB1, HMBS, HLA-DMA, NRG1, HFE, HDAC2, GSK3A, CXCL2, GRM3, GRM2, GRIN2B, GRIN1, GRN, GRIA1, GPX1, GNA12, GEM, GDF2, GCHFR, GC, GATA6, GAS6, GAPDH, DES, DCX, DCN, C1QB, C1QBP, BSG, BRCA2, BGN, BCR, TNFRSF17, AVP, ATF4, SERPINC1, ARSA, ABCC6, FAS, APOA4, APLP1, BIRC3, APBB2, APAF1, ANXA5, ANXA1, ALOX15, ALOX12, AKT1, AIF1, AGTR1, AGT, ACAN, ACAT1, ABCA4, ABCA1, C1QA, C1QC, CYBB, C3, CTNND1, CSF3, CSE1L, MAPK14, CRMP1, CRK, CRHR1, CRH, CPB2, COL11A2, CLCN3, CHIT1, AKR1C4, CETN1, CEBPA, CDR1, CD74, CD68, CD33, CD19, CD14, RUNX1T1, CAV1, CASR, CASP1, CAMK2G, CAMK4, CACNA1C, C4BPB, HSP90AA1, HSPD1, HSPG2, MAPK12, S100A8, S100A6, SORT1, S100A1, RPL29, RHD, RET, RARB, PVALB, PTX3, PTGS1, MAP2K6, MAP2K1, PRKCB, PRKCA, PPY, PTPA, PPID, PPARD, POR, POLB, PMP22, PLK1, PLA2G4A, PITX3, PIN1, SERPINB9, SERPINB6, SLC25A3, SAA4, ATXN7, PAWR, SCD, TIMP1, TGFBR2, PRDX2, TAT, SYT1, SYN1, VAMP1, STK11, ST13, SST, TRIM21, SPRR2A, SPP1, SOAT1, SNCG, SMN2, SMN1, SLC6A3, SLC5A5, SLC1A3, PMEL, SH3GL2, SGCG, SRSF2, SEMG1, SELPLG, CXCL12, CCL5, SCT, SERPINF1, REG3A, HTR1B, MAZ, MAOA, MAG, TACSTD2, LTB, LNPEP, LMNB1, LIMK1, LCN2, LAIR1, KRAS, KLC1, KNG1, KIR3DL1, ITIH4, ITGAM, IRS1, PDX1, INS, CXCL10, ING1, IL18, IL12A, CXCR2, CXCL8, IL2, IFNG, IFNB1, ID2, HTR2A, MATN1, MBL2, SERPINE1, MBP, PAEP, P2RY2, P2RX4, OCA2, NTRK2, YBX1, SLC11A2, NPTX1, NPPA, NPC1, NPY, NOTCH1, NOS3, NFKB1, NEFH, NCF2, NAGLU, MYOC, COX1, MT3, ABCC1, MPZ, MPV17, MNAT1, MMP3, AFF1, MFGE8, DNAJB9, CHST6, H3P40
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Aortic Stenosis
Wikipedia
People with CHF attributable to AS have a 2-year mortality rate of 50% if the aortic valve is not replaced. [ citation needed ] CHF in the setting of AS is due to a combination of left ventricular hypertrophy with fibrosis, systolic dysfunction (a decrease in the ejection fraction ) and diastolic dysfunction (elevated filling pressure of the LV). [3] Associated symptoms [ edit ] In Heyde's syndrome , aortic stenosis is associated with gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia of the colon . [13] Recent research has shown that the stenosis causes a form of von Willebrand disease by breaking down its associated coagulation factor ( factor VIII -associated antigen, also called von Willebrand factor ), [14] due to increased turbulence around the stenotic valve. ... The balloon is then advanced up to the valve and is inflated to stretch the valve open. [32] Heart failure [ edit ] Acute decompensated heart failure due to AS may be temporarily managed by an intra-aortic balloon pump while pending surgery. [33] In those with high blood pressure nitroprusside may be carefully used. [1] Phenylephrine may be used in those with very low blood pressure. [2] Prognosis [ edit ] If untreated, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis with a 2-year mortality rate of 50-60% and a 3-year survival rate of less than 30%. [34] Prognosis after aortic valve replacement for people who are younger than 65 is about five years less than that of the general population; for people older than 65 it is about the same. [31] Epidemiology [ edit ] Approximately 2% of people over the age of 65, 3% of people over age 75, [3] and 4% percent of people over age 85 have aortic valve stenosis. [35] The prevalence is increasing with the aging population in North America and Europe. [36] Risk factors known to influence disease progression of AS include lifestyle habits similar to those of coronary artery disease such as hypertension, advanced age, being male, hyperlipidemia , diabetes mellitus , cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome , and end-stage kidney disease . [3] [6] [17] History [ edit ] Aortic stenosis was first described by French physician Lazare Rivière in 1663. [5] Research [ edit ] People on bisphosphonates were found in a 2010 study to have less progression of aortic stenosis, and some regressed. [37] [38] This finding led to multiple trials, ongoing as of 2012 [update] . ... PMID 23695741 . ^ Figuinha, FC; Spina, GS; Tarasoutchi, F (March 2011). "Heyde's syndrome: case report and literature review" . ... PMID 21484065 . ^ Horiuchi, Hisanori; Doman, Tsuyoshi; Kokame, Koichi; Saiki, Yoshikatsu; Matsumoto, Masanori (2019). "Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases" . ... Scholia has a topic profile for Aortic stenosis . v t e Cardiovascular disease (heart) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Tachycardia-induced Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman–Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1° 2° 3° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams–Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus ) Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown–Ganong–Levine Wolff–Parkinson–White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering atrial pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen–Tawil Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Romano–Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Athletic heart syndrome Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever v t e Congenital heart defects Heart septal defect Aortopulmonary septal defect Double outlet right ventricle Taussig–Bing syndrome Transposition of the great vessels dextro levo Persistent truncus arteriosus Aortopulmonary window Atrial septal defect Sinus venosus atrial septal defect Lutembacher's syndrome Ventricular septal defect Tetralogy of Fallot Atrioventricular septal defect Ostium primum Consequences Cardiac shunt Cyanotic heart disease Eisenmenger syndrome Valvular heart disease Right pulmonary valves stenosis insufficiency absence tricuspid valves stenosis atresia Ebstein's anomaly Left aortic valves stenosis insufficiency bicuspid mitral valves stenosis regurgitation Other Underdeveloped heart chambers right left Uhl anomaly Dextrocardia Levocardia Cor triatriatum Crisscross heart Brugada syndrome Coronary artery anomaly Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery Ventricular inversion Classification D ICD - 10 : I35.0 , I06.0 , Q23.0 ICD - 9-CM : 395.0 , 396.0 , 746.3 MeSH : D001024 DiseasesDB : 844 External resources MedlinePlus : 000178 eMedicine : med/157 Patient UK : Aortic stenosis Authority control LCCN : sh85005871 NDL : 01167602
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Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis
Wikipedia
If patients present themselves with similar symptoms, physicians should also consider De Quervain syndrome , rheumatoid arthritis or flexor carpi radialis and flexor pollicis longus tendinopathy as a possible cause. [7] Typical signs of CMC OA can be observed from the outside of the hand. [5] For example, the area near the base of the thumb can be swollen and could appear inflamed. ... Some patients develop a complex regional pain syndrome . This is a syndrome of chronic pain with changes of temperature and colour of the skin. ... "Longitudinal excursion and strain in the median nerve during novel nerve gliding exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome" (PDF) . J Orthop Res . 25 (7): 972–80. doi : 10.1002/jor.20310 .
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Vaping-Associated Pulmonary Injury
Wikipedia
Specialty Pulmonology , Intensive care medicine Symptoms Shortness of breath, hypoxia, fever, cough, diarrhea Causes Unknown types of vaping Diagnostic method Chest X-ray , CT Scan Treatment Corticosteroids , Oxygen therapy Deaths 64 U.S. (2,758 cases U.S.) [3] Vaping-associated pulmonary injury ( VAPI ) [4] also known as vaping-associated lung injury ( VALI ) [1] or e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury ( E/VALI ), [2] [a] is a lung disease associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening. [3] Symptoms can initially mimic common pulmonary diagnoses like pneumonia , but individuals typically do not respond to antibiotic therapy. [4] Individuals usually present for care within a few days to weeks of symptom onset. [4] Starting, in September 2019, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been reporting on a nation-wide outbreak of severe lung disease linked to vaping , [15] or the process of inhaling aerosolized substances with battery-operated electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), [16] ciga-likes , or vape mods . [8] The cases of lung injury date back to at least April 2019. [17] As of February 4, 2020 [update] , 2,758 cases of VAPI have been reported to the CDC, with 64 confirmed deaths. [3] All CDC-reported cases of VAPI involve a history of using e-cigarette, or vaping, products, with most samples testing positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by the US FDA to date and most patients reporting a history of using a THC-containing product. [3] Recent CDC data shows that the outbreak peaked in September 2019, and has declined steadily to a low level through January 2020. [18] In late February 2020, a CDC publication in the NEJM stated that the VAPI outbreak was "driven by the use of THC-containing products from informal and illicit sources." [19] [18] The CDC says that the THC cutting agent vitamin E acetate is very strongly implicated in VAPI, [20] but evidence is not yet sufficient to rule out contribution of other chemicals of concern to VAPI as of January 2020. [3] [21] Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Mechanism 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Case definitions 3.2 Differential diagnosis 4 Treatment 4.1 CDC recommendations for primary care 4.2 Follow-up care 4.3 Public health recommendations 5 Epidemiology 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Commonly reported symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, body aches, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. [4] Additional symptoms may include chest pain, abdominal pain, chills, or weight loss. [22] Symptoms can initially mimic common pulmonary diagnoses like pneumonia , but individuals typically do not respond to antibiotic therapy. [4] In some patients, gastrointestinal symptoms can precede respiratory symptoms. [2] Individuals typically present for care within a few days to weeks of symptom onset. [4] At the time of hospital presentation, the individual is often hypoxic and meets systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, including fever. [4] Physical exam can reveal rapid heart rate or rapid breathing . [17] Auscultation of the lungs tends to be unremarkable, even in patients with severe lung disease. [2] In some cases, the affected individuals have progressive respiratory failure, leading to intubation. [4] Several affected individuals have needed to be placed in the intensive care unit (ICU) and on mechanical ventilation . [15] Time to recovery for hospital discharge has ranged from days to weeks. [4] Mechanism [ edit ] Schematic of a typical e-cigarette with a cartridge containing nicotine dissolved in propylene glycol. ... However, the carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of propylene glycol and glycerol vapor degradation, [ citation needed ] these ingredients may also cause lung inflammation . [ citation needed ] Most individuals treated for VAPI [a] report vaping the cannabis compounds THC and/or cannabidiol (CBD), and some also report vaping nicotine products. [4] In addition to vaping, some individuals have also experienced VAPI through " dabbing ." [4] Dabbing uses a different type of device to heat and extract cannabinoids for inhalation. [4] It is a process that entails superheating and inhaling particles into the lungs that contain THC and other types of cannabidiol plant materials. [23] VAPI appears to be a type of acute lung injury, similar to acute fibrinous pneumonitis , organizing pneumonia , or diffuse alveolar damage . [24] VAPI appears to be a general term for various causes of acute lung damage due to vaping. [25] There is no evidence of an infectious etiology causing VAPI. [22] No single compound or ingredient has emerged as the cause of these illnesses as of November 2019 [update] . [3] Many different substances and product sources are still under investigation. [3] The CDC stated that the latest national and state findings suggest products containing THC, particularly from informal sources like friends, family, or in-person or online dealers, are linked to most of the cases and play a major role in the outbreak. [3] The CDC states that vitamin E acetate is a very strong culprit of concern in VAPI, having been found in 29 out of 29 lung biopsies tested from ten different states, [20] but evidence is not yet sufficient to rule out contribution of other chemicals of concern to VAPI. [26] [3] The CDC states that previous research suggests inhaled vitamin E acetate may interfere with normal lung functioning. [3] A 2020 study found that vaped vitamin E acetate produced exceptionally toxic ketene gas, and carcinogic alkenes and benzene . [27] Diagnosis [ edit ] High clinical suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis of VAPI. [4] As of October 2019, VAPI [a] is considered a diagnosis of exclusion because no specific tests or markers exist for its diagnosis, as of October 2019. [2] Healthcare providers should evaluate for alternative diagnoses (e.g., cardiac, gastrointestinal, rheumatologic, neoplastic, environmental, or occupational exposures, or causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome ) as suggested by clinical presentation and medical history, while also considering multiple etiologies, including the possibility of VAPI occurring with a concomitant infection. [2] All healthcare providers evaluating patients for VAPI should consider obtaining a thorough patient history, including symptoms and recent use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products, along with substances used, duration and frequency of use, and method of use. [2] Additionally a detailed physical examination should be performed, specifically including vital signs and pulse- oximetry . [2] Laboratory testing guided by clinical findings, which may include a respiratory virus panel to rule out infectious diseases, complete blood count with differential, serum inflammatory markers ( C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), liver transaminases , and urine toxicology testing, including testing for THC should be acquired. [2] Imaging, typically a chest X-ray , with consideration for a chest CT if chest X-ray results do not correlate with the clinical picture or to evaluate severe or worsening disease should be obtained. [2] Consulting with specialists (e.g. critical care, pulmonology, medical toxicology, or infectious disease) can help guide further evaluation. [2] The diagnosis is commonly suspected when the person does not respond to antibiotic therapy, and testing does not reveal an alternative diagnosis. [4] Many of the reported cases involved worsening respiratory failure within 48 hours of admission after the administration of empiric antibiotic therapy. [28] Lung biopsies are not necessary for the diagnosis but are performed as clinically indicated to rule out the likelihood of infection. [23] Bronchoalveolar lavage sample from a patient with acute lung injury associated with vaping, showing alveolar macrophages laden with vacuoles (A) and extensive lipid deposits (B). [28] There are non-specific laboratory abnormalities that have been reported in association with the disease, including elevations in white blood cell count (with neutrophilic predominance and absence of eosinophilia), transaminases, procalcitonin, and inflammatory markers. [4] [28] Infectious disease testing, including blood and sputum cultures and tests for influenza, Mycoplasma, and Legionella were all found to be negative in the majority of reported cases. [28] Imaging abnormalities are typically bilateral and are usually described as "pulmonary infiltrates or opacities" on chest X-ray and "ground-glass opacities" on chest CT. [4] Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens may exhibit an increased level of neutrophils in combination with lymphocytes and vacuole-laden macrophages. [15] Lavage cytology with oil red O staining demonstrated extensive lipid-laden alveolar macrophages . [28] [29] In the few cases in which lung biopsies were performed, the results were consistent with acute lung injury and included a broad range of features, such as acute fibrinous pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar damage, lipid-laden macrophages, and organizing pneumonia. [17] [23] Lung biopsies often showed neutrophil predominance as well, with rare eosinophils. [24] Case definitions [ edit ] Based on the clinical characteristics of VAPI [a] cases from ongoing federal and state investigations, interim surveillance case definitions for confirmed and probable cases have been developed. [2] The CDC surveillance case definition for confirmed cases of severe pulmonary disease associated with e-cigarette use: [30] Using an e-cigarette ("vaping") or dabbing during the 90 days before symptom onset AND [30] Pulmonary infiltrate, such as opacities on plain film chest radiograph or ground-glass opacities on chest computed tomography AND [30] Absence of pulmonary infection on initial work-up. Minimum criteria include: [30] A negative respiratory viral panel [30] A negative influenza polymerase chain reaction or rapid test if local epidemiology supports testing. [30] All other clinically indicated respiratory infectious disease testing (e.g., urine antigen for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella, sputum culture if productive cough, bronchoalveolar lavage culture if done, blood culture, human immunodeficiency virus–related opportunistic respiratory infections if appropriate) must be negative and [30] No evidence in medical record of alternative plausible diagnoses (e.g., cardiac, rheumatologic, or neoplastic process). [30] The CDC surveillance case definition for probable cases of severe pulmonary disease associated with e-cigarette use: [30] Using an e-cigarette ("vaping") or dabbing in 90 days before symptom onset AND [30] Pulmonary infiltrate, such as opacities on plain film chest radiograph or ground-glass opacities on chest computed tomography AND [30] Infection identified via culture or polymerase chain reaction, but clinical team believes this is not the sole cause of the underlying respiratory disease process OR minimum criteria to rule out pulmonary infection not met (testing not performed) and clinical team believes this is not the sole cause of the underlying respiratory disease process and [30] No evidence in medical record of alternative plausible diagnoses (e.g., cardiac, rheumatologic, or neoplastic process). [30] These surveillance case definitions are meant for public health data collection purposes and are not intended to be used as a clinical diagnostic tool or to guide clinical care; they are subject to change and will be updated as additional information becomes available. [30] Differential diagnosis [ edit ] As VAPI is, as of October 2019, a diagnosis of exclusion, a variety of respiratory diseases must be ruled out before a diagnosis of VAPI can be made. [2] The differential diagnosis should include more common diagnostic possibilities, such as community-acquired pneumonia , as well as do-not-miss diagnoses, such as pulmonary embolism . [2] Other commonly documented hospital diagnoses for cases of severe pulmonary disease associated with e-cigarette use have included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, acute hypoxic respiratory failure, and pneumonitis. [4] As of September 2019, distinctions are still being made between processes occurring in association with vaping or the use of nicotine-containing liquids and those considered as alternative diagnoses to VAPI. [17] These processes include the following: Acute eosinophilic pneumonia [17] Hypersensitivity pneumonitis [17] [5] Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease [17] Organizing pneumonia [17] [5] Lipoid pneumonia [29] [5] Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage [17] [5] Giant cell pneumonitis [5] The use of imaging and other diagnostic modalities, including chest CT, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy, may provide additional information to determine the presence of these processes and potentially establish a definitive diagnosis, but are generally not performed unless clinically indicated. [2] Treatment [ edit ] CDC recommendations for primary care [ edit ] As of October 18, 2019 [update] , the CDC has published updated interim guidance based on the most current data to provide a framework for healthcare providers in their management and follow-up of persons with symptoms of VAPI. [2] Initial management involves deciding whether to admit a patient with possible VAPI [a] to the hospital. ... Since many of the cases in North America were traced to THC-cartridges as well as the use of e-cigarette vape products, but THC remains illegal in European countries, the disease burden related to vaping has been significantly lower in Europe despite the prevalence of e-cigarette use. [46] Before the outbreak, one lipoid pneumonia-related death in the UK was associated with e-cigarettes in 2010. [45] 18 year-old Raphaël Pauwaert from Brussels died on November 6, 2019, [47] after developing pneumonia [48] and being placed in a medically induced coma because he was unable to breathe on his own. [49] He received an e-cigarette as a gift for his 18th birthday. [48] His doctor stated Pauwaert's fatal lung infection probably resulted from the CBD vapor. [50] This was considered the first death tied to vaping in Belgium. [50] Pauwaert's CBD oils he also used were tested for vitamin E at the Saint-Luc Hospital in November 2019. [49] The death is under investigation by the Brussels Public Prosecutor's Office. [51] A friend of Pauwaert's was also hospitalized with the identical symptoms after using the same type of e-cigarette, but he survived. [52] The first case of a vaping-related lung illness in the Philippines was reported in November 2019. [53] A 16-year-old girl from central Philippines was vaping e-cigarettes for half a year. [53] She had difficulty breathing and was admitted to the hospital in October 2019. [53] She was discharged after she received treatment from a pediatric pulmonologist . [53] Footnotes [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI) [4] is also variously known as e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (E/VALI), [2] vaping-associated lung injury, [1] vaping-associated lung disease, [5] vaping-induced lung injury, [6] vaping-induced pulmonary disease, [7] vaping associated respiratory syndrome, [8] vape-related lung disease, [9] vape-related lung illness, [10] vape-related pulmonary illness, [11] vaporizer-linked respiratory failure, [12] vaping-linked lung illness, [13] vape lung [14] References [ edit ] ^ a b c "Vaping-Associated Lung Injuries" . ... Reynolds Vapor Company Ten Motives Vuse Controversy Adverse effects of electronic cigarettes Vaping-associated pulmonary injury Effects of electronic cigarettes on human brain development Positions of medical organizations on electronic cigarettes List of vaping bans in the United States 2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak Hospitalized cases in the vaping lung illness outbreak Nicotine poisoning Nicotine salt Lists List of electronic cigarette and e-cigarette liquid brands List of heated tobacco products Category v t e Diseases of the respiratory system Upper RT (including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Laryngospasm vocal cords Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease (including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin-induced Exercise-induced Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents/ occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Aluminosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier's lung Farmer's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema Pulmonary edema Löffler's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman-Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Vaping-associated pulmonary injury Obstructive / Restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector/route Community-acquired Healthcare-associated Hospital-acquired By distribution Broncho- Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP-COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis/pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema/pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other/general Respiratory failure Influenza Common cold SARS Coronavirus disease 2019 Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
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Microchimerism
Wikipedia
Contents 1 Types 1.1 Human 1.2 Animal 2 Fetomaternal microchimerism in the brain 3 Maternal tolerance to paternal-fetal antigens 4 Fetal tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens 5 Postnatal tolerance to NIMAs 6 Benefits of microchimeric cells 7 Relationship with autoimmune diseases and breast cancer 7.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus 7.2 Thyroid disease 7.3 Sjögren's syndrome 7.4 Oral lichen planus 7.5 Breast cancer 7.6 Other cancers 8 Role of microchimerism in the wound healing 9 Stem cells 9.1 Animal models 10 Health implications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Types [ edit ] Human [ edit ] In humans (and perhaps in all placentals ), the most common form is fetomaternal microchimerism (also known as fetal cell microchimerism or fetal chimerism ) whereby cells from a fetus pass through the placenta and establish cell lineages within the mother. ... These fetal microchimeric cells in the thyroid show up in the blood of women affected by thyroid diseases. [40] Sjögren's syndrome [ edit ] Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is autoimmune rheumatic disease of the exocrine glands. ... "A fast, convenient diagnosis of the bovine freemartin syndrome using polymerase chain reaction". ... "Possible contribution of microchimerism to the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome" . Rheumatology . 41 (5): 490–495. doi : 10.1093/rheumatology/41.5.490 .
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Dual Diagnosis
Wikipedia
Similar patterns of comorbidity and risk factors in individuals with substance induced disorder and those with independent non-substance induced psychiatric symptoms suggest that the two conditions may share underlying etiologic factors. [6] Drug abuse, including alcohol and prescription drugs, can induce symptomatology which resembles mental illness, which can make it difficult to differentiate between substance induced psychiatric syndromes and pre-existing mental health problems. ... In most cases these drug induced psychiatric disorders fade away with prolonged abstinence. A protracted withdrawal syndrome can also occur with psychiatric and other symptoms persisting for months after cessation of use. ... "Attitude and risk of substance use in adolescents diagnosed with Asperger syndrome". Drug Alcohol Depend . 133 (2): 535–40. doi : 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.022 . ... PMID 8689377 . ^ Anthony, J.C. & Helzer, J.E. 1991, "Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence", in Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, L.N.
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Developmental Coordination Disorder
Wikipedia
You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Developmental coordination disorder Other names Developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia Specialty Psychiatry , neurology Symptoms Motor skills deficit Diagnostic method Motor impairments due to another medical condition, autism spectrum disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , joint hypermobility syndrome [1] Frequency 5%–6% (in children ages 5–11 years) [1] Developmental coordination disorder ( DCD ), [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] also known as developmental motor coordination disorder , [7] developmental dyspraxia or simply dyspraxia , [8] [9] [10] [11] is a chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood. ... Jean Ayres referred to developmental coordination disorder as a disorder of sensory integration in 1972, [66] [67] while in 1975 Sasson Gubbay, MD, called it the "clumsy child syndrome". [9] [28] [68] Developmental coordination disorder has also been called "minimal brain dysfunction", although the two latter names are no longer in use. ... The character debuted in 2018. [77] See also [ edit ] Asperger syndrome Nonverbal learning disorder Autism spectrum Aging movement control Apraxia Deficits in attention, motor control and perception KE family Lists of language disorders Motor coordination Motor control Multisensory integration Sensory-motor coupling Working memory References [ edit ] ^ a b American Psychiatric Association (2013). ... OCLC 21335369 . ^ Cravedi E, Deniau E, Giannitelli M, Xavier J, Hartmann A, Cohen D (2017-12-04). "Tourette syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders: a comprehensive review" . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : F82 ICD - 9-CM : 315.4 MeSH : D019957 DiseasesDB : 31600 v t e Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders Conditions Speech, language , and communication Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stuttering Tip of the tongue Learning disability Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Disorder of written expression Motor Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia Sensory Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia
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Bacterial Vaginosis
Wikipedia
Aerobic vaginitis [32] The Center For Disease Control (CDC) defines STIs as "a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity." [33] But the CDC does not specifically identify BV as sexually transmitted infection. [13] Amsel criteria [ edit ] In clinical practice BV can be diagnosed using the Amsel criteria: [30] Thin, white, yellow, homogeneous discharge Clue cells on microscopy pH of vaginal fluid >4.5 Release of a fishy odor on adding alkali —10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : N76 ICD - 9-CM : 616.1 MeSH : D016585 External resources Patient UK : Bacterial vaginosis v t e Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals Internal Adnexa Ovary Endometriosis of ovary Female infertility Anovulation Poor ovarian reserve Mittelschmerz Oophoritis Ovarian apoplexy Ovarian cyst Corpus luteum cyst Follicular cyst of ovary Theca lutein cyst Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Ovarian torsion Fallopian tube Female infertility Fallopian tube obstruction Hematosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Uterus Endometrium Asherman's syndrome Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial polyp Endometriosis Endometritis Menstruation Flow Amenorrhoea Hypomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Pain Dysmenorrhea PMS Timing Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Female infertility Recurrent miscarriage Myometrium Adenomyosis Parametrium Parametritis Cervix Cervical dysplasia Cervical incompetence Cervical polyp Cervicitis Female infertility Cervical stenosis Nabothian cyst General Hematometra / Pyometra Retroverted uterus Vagina Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge Vaginitis Atrophic vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Candidal vulvovaginitis Hydrocolpos Sexual dysfunction Dyspareunia Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual arousal disorder Vaginismus Urogenital fistulas Ureterovaginal Vesicovaginal Obstetric fistula Rectovaginal fistula Prolapse Cystocele Enterocele Rectocele Sigmoidocele Urethrocele Vaginal bleeding Postcoital bleeding Other / general Pelvic congestion syndrome Pelvic inflammatory disease External Vulva Bartholin's cyst Kraurosis vulvae Vestibular papillomatosis Vulvitis Vulvodynia Clitoral hood or clitoris Persistent genital arousal disorderIL1B, CXCL8, TLR4, IL6, TLR2, TNF, FN1, MAX, IL10, IL1A, MBL2, CST1, CST4, PI3, IL1RN, CRH, CLSTN1, CXCL10, CST2, CST3, LYZ, HSPD1, GLA, LINC02210-CRHR1, MTA2, ZAP70, PERCC1, SQSTM1, ARTN, DEFB103A, SULT2A1, SLPI, SIGIRR, NUP62, KHDRBS1, IL36G, TIRAP, DCTN4, TLR7, CCL2, HM13, TLR9, HCN1, DEFB103B, RPTN, AGRP, PRF1, IL4, CAMP, CRHR1, CRP, CTNS, DEFA1, DEFA3, DEFA5, DEFB4A, ELANE, FLT1, GTF2H1, IL7, SLC25A3, IL13, ITGA2B, ITGAX, IVD, KLK3, MMP8, MPO, MTHFR, RNR1, MYD88, NODAL, LINC02605
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Shock (Circulatory)
Wikipedia
Aortic stenosis hinders circulation by obstructing the ventricular outflow tract Hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis is overly thick ventricular muscle that dynamically occludes the ventricular outflow tract . Abdominal compartment syndrome defined as an increase in intra-abdominal pressure to > 20 mmHg with organ dysfunction. [14] Increased intraabdominal pressure can be due to sepsis and severe abdominal trauma. ... Distributive [ edit ] Main article: Distributive shock Systemic inflammatory response syndrome [16] Finding Value Temperature <36 °C (96.8 °F) or >38 °C (100.4 °F) Heart rate >90/min Respiratory rate >20/min or PaCO2 <32 mmHg (4.3 kPa) WBC <4x10 9 /L (<4000/mm³), >12x10 9 /L (>12,000/mm³), or ≥10% bands Distributive shock is low blood pressure due to a dilation of blood vessels within the body. [7] [17] This can be caused by systemic infection ( septic shock ), a severe allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ), or spinal cord injury ( neurogenic shock ). ... S2CID 39461027 . ^ Cheatham, Michael Lee (April 2009). "Abdominal compartment syndrome" . Current Opinion in Critical Care . 15 (2): 154–162. doi : 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283297934 . ... "Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations". Intensive Care Medicine . 33 (6): 951–962. doi : 10.1007/s00134-007-0592-4 . ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : R57 ICD - 9-CM : 785.50 MeSH : D012769 DiseasesDB : 12013 External resources MedlinePlus : 000039 eMedicine : emerg/531 med/285 emerg/533 v t e Shock Distributive Septic shock Neurogenic shock Anaphylactic shock Toxic shock syndrome Obstructive Abdominal compartment syndrome Low volume Hemorrhage Hypovolemia Osmotic shock Other Spinal shock Cryptic shock Vasodilatory shock v t e Intensive care medicine Health science Medicine Medical specialities Respiratory therapy General terms Intensive care unit (ICU) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Coronary care unit (CCU) Critical illness insurance Conditions Organ system failure Shock sequence SIRS Sepsis Severe sepsis Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Other shock Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Anaphylaxis Obstructive shock Neurogenic shock Spinal shock Vasodilatory shock Organ failure Acute renal failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute liver failure Respiratory failure Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neonatal infection Polytrauma Coma Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency Decubitus ulcers Fungemia Stress hyperglycemia Stress ulcer Iatrogenesis Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxygen toxicity Refeeding syndrome Ventilator-associated lung injury Ventilator-associated pneumonia Dialytrauma Diagnosis Arterial blood gas Catheter Arterial line Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Blood cultures Screening cultures Life-supporting treatments Airway management Chest tube Dialysis Enteral feeding Goal-directed therapy Induced coma Mechanical ventilation Therapeutic hypothermia Total parenteral nutrition Tracheal intubation Drugs Analgesics Antibiotics Antithrombotics Inotropes Intravenous fluids Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Recombinant activated protein C Sedatives Stress ulcer prevention drugs Vasopressors ICU scoring systems APACHE II Glasgow Coma Scale PIM2 SAPS II SAPS III SOFA Physiology Hemodynamics Hypotension Level of consciousness Acid–base imbalance Water-electrolyte imbalance Organisations Society of Critical Care Medicine Surviving Sepsis Campaign European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Related specialties Anesthesiology Cardiology Internal medicine Neurology Pediatrics Pulmonology Surgery Traumatology v t e Symptoms and signs relating to the circulatory system Chest pain Referred pain Angina Levine's sign Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Functional murmur Still's murmur Diastolic Pulmonary insufficiency Graham Steell murmur Continuous Carey Coombs murmur Mitral insufficiency Presystolic murmur Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Obstructive Hypovolemic Distributive See further Template:Shock Cardiovascular disease Aortic insufficiency Collapsing pulse De Musset's sign Duroziez's sign Müller's sign Austin Flint murmur Mayne's sign Other endocardium endocarditis : Roth's spot Janeway lesion / Osler's node Bracht–Wachter bodies Pericardium Cardiac tamponade / Pericardial effusion : Beck's triad Ewart's sign Other rheumatic fever : Anitschkow cell Aschoff body EKG J wave Gallavardin phenomenon Vascular disease Arterial aortic aneurysm Cardarelli's sign Oliver's sign pulmonary embolism Right heart strain radial artery sufficiency Allen's test pseudohypertension thrombus Lines of Zahn Adson's sign arteriovenous fistula Nicoladoni sign Venous Friedreich's sign Caput medusae Kussmaul's sign Trendelenburg test superior vena cava syndrome Pemberton's sign Authority control NDL : 00572106
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Complications Of Diabetes
Wikipedia
The concept of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) or Cryer syndrome [5] in diabetes posits that recent incidents of hypoglycemia causes both defective glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia unawareness. ... In the developed world it is the most common cause of non-traumatic adult amputation, usually of toes and or feet. [15] Female infertility is more common in women with diabetes type 1, despite modern treatment, also delayed puberty and menarche, menstrual irregularities (especially oligomenorrhoea ), mild hyperandrogenism , polycystic ovarian syndrome , fewer live born children and possibly earlier menopause . [17] Animal models indicate that on the molecular level diabetes causes defective leptin , insulin and kisspeptin signalling. [17] Immune compromise [ edit ] The immune response is impaired in individuals with diabetes mellitus. ... Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome . StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29489232 . ^ Dagogo-Jack, Samuel. ... Cryer, MD: Seminal Contributions to the Understanding of Hypoglycemia and Glucose Counterregulation and the Discovery of HAAF (Cryer Syndrome)". Diabetes Care . 38 (12): 2193–2199. ... "The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes" . Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome . 5 (8). doi : 10.1186/1758-5996-5-8 .AKR1B1, VEGFA, HP, PON1, ALDH2, HIF1A, SLC51B, ABCC4, SLC10A2, NR0B2, SLC51A, SLC9A1, PRKAA1, PLN, MUC1, CASP9, AGER, RENBP, TNF, ALB, REN, DIANPH, HNF1A, OR10A4, ADIPOQ, GLO1, FN1, FN3K, CCL2, IL17A, SLC5A2, MOK, ACE, NOS3, CAT, PRKCB, HMGB1, APLN, HNF4A, MTHFR, SERPINE1, PRKCSH, IGF1, HPSE, PIK3CG, IL6, ENPP1, SERPINF1, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PPARG, PIK3CD, MMP2, NPY, SI, GCG, CASP1, CCN2, CTLA4, DECR1, GPX4, EDN1, ST3GAL4, SETD7, MALAT1, CXCL12, AKR1B10, MIOX, MIR146A, THBS1, TNFRSF11B, TCF7L2, RIPK1, TYR, PEA15, TNFRSF1A, TPD52, AOC3, TM7SF2, TXN, WNT3, UCP2, UCP1, PIAS1, UCP3, KMT2D, VDR, EZR, FGF23, ZMYM2, XBP1, TRPV1, VLDLR, OGA, TNFSF10, MGAM, AGGF1, ANGPTL8, KMT5AP1, SEMA6A, HAMP, TNMD, FTO, RPAIN, CNDP1, NLRP3, WIPF2, IFNL3, SLC9C1, LINC-PINT, SUMO4, MIRLET7A3, MIR125A, MIR126, MIR21, MIR34A, SOD2-OT1, MFT2, MIR3188, TMEM132A, TLR9, GHRL, TGFB1, HSPB3, CD163, KL, EIF2AK3, DCAF1, RAPGEF5, GFPT2, ATP6AP2, AKR1A1, TXNIP, KCNQ1OT1, DTL, MMRN1, SIRT1, TXN2, PAMR1, SMPDL3B, SGSM3, MBL3P, GLOD4, ADIPOR1, ANGPTL4, TGFBI, ADM, TERC, GLP1R, MTOR, GAPDH, GC, GCK, GFER, GH1, GHR, GIP, GCLC, GPX1, INS, HADHA, HFE, HLA-DQB1, AGFG1, HSPB1, HSPB2, IARS1, IGFBP3, IL15, FLT4, F2R, ETV5, EGR1, AGTR1, APLNR, AHSG, ALOX15, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, AOC2, ATF3, BCL2, BCR, BMP7, BSG, CASP8, CD59, CETP, CRP, CYLD, DDOST, ATN1, CXCL10, INSR, TEK, SHC1, PPARA, MAPK7, PROC, PTH, RDX, RFC2, RGS2, ROS1, SGCA, SLC2A1, PDX1, SLC2A4, SLC9A3, SOD1, SOD2, SPARC, STAT3, ABCC8, SUV39H1, TCF7, PON2, PKD1, PDC, PCSK1, ITGAM, ITGB2, KCNQ1, KRT16, LGALS1, LGALS3, LMNA, LPA, LTA, SMAD1, MBL2, NR3C2, MME, MMP9, MPO, MSN, NFE2L2, CCN3, PAX4, SIRT1-AS
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Hiv-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Wikipedia
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders Other names AIDS dementia complex (ADC), HIV dementia, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), HIV encephalopathy, mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), asymptomatic neurocognitive disorder (AND) Specialty Infectious disease , neurology HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders ( HAND ) are neurological disorders associated with HIV infection and AIDS . It is a syndrome of progressive deterioration of memory, cognition, behavior, and motor function in HIV-infected individuals during the late stages of the disease, when immunodeficiency is severe. [1] HAND may include neurological disorders of various severity. ... "Prevalence and pattern of neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients across pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy eras: a combined study of two cohorts" . ... "Psychiatric aspects of acquired immune deficiency syndrome." (PDF) . In Kaplan, H.I. and Sadock, B.J. ... External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : B22 , F02.4 ICD - 9-CM : 042 MeSH : D015526 v t e HIV / AIDS topics HIV/AIDS HIV HIV Lentivirus structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV/AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS-defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV Serostatus HIV-positive people Nutrition Pregnancy History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Women and HIV/AIDS Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact Cost of treatment HIV-affected community HIV/AIDS activism HIV/AIDS denialism Red ribbon Safe sex Sex education List of HIV-positive people People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement HIV/AIDS in the porn industry Culture Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) The SING Campaign Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA/Youthforce "Free Me" Larry Kramer Gay Men's Health Crisis ACT UP Silence=Death Project HIV/AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Eswatini Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China (PRC) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan North Korea Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Nepal Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Taiwan (ROC) Thailand United Arab Emirates Turkey Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region v t e Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases Oncovirus DNA virus HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma HPV Cervical cancer Anal cancer Penile cancer Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Oropharyngeal cancer KSHV Kaposi's sarcoma EBV Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type MCPyV Merkel-cell carcinoma RNA virus HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma Splenic marginal zone lymphoma HTLV-I Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Immune disorders HIV AIDS Central nervous system Encephalitis / meningitis DNA virus Human polyomavirus 2 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus MeV Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis LCV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Arbovirus encephalitis Orthomyxoviridae (probable) Encephalitis lethargica RV Rabies Chandipura vesiculovirus Herpesviral meningitis Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 Myelitis Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome HTLV-I Tropical spastic paraparesis Eye Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus retinitis HSV Herpes of the eye Cardiovascular CBV Pericarditis Myocarditis Respiratory system / acute viral nasopharyngitis / viral pneumonia DNA virus Epstein–Barr virus EBV infection / Infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus RNA virus IV : Human coronavirus 229E / NL63 / HKU1 / OC43 Common cold MERS coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus 2 Coronavirus disease 2019 V , Orthomyxoviridae : Influenza virus A / B / C / D Influenza / Avian influenza V, Paramyxoviridae : Human parainfluenza viruses Parainfluenza Human orthopneumovirus hMPV Human digestive system Pharynx / Esophagus MuV Mumps Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus esophagitis Gastroenteritis / diarrhea DNA virus Adenovirus Adenovirus infection RNA virus Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Coronavirus Hepatitis DNA virus HBV ( B ) RNA virus CBV HAV ( A ) HCV ( C ) HDV ( D ) HEV ( E ) HGV ( G ) Pancreatitis CBV Urogenital BK virus MuV Mumps v t e Mental and behavioral disorders Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learning Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Stuttering Cluttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomatic Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic , stress -related and somatoform Adjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Anxiety Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Fugue state Psychogenic amnesia Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Somatization disorder Physiological and physical behavior Eating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual dysfunction Arousal Erectile dysfunction Female sexual arousal disorder Desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia Pain Nonorganic dyspareunia Nonorganic vaginismus Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Withdrawal Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional Delusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis and schizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy
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Dental Fluorosis
Wikipedia
External links [ edit ] Classification D ICD - 10 : K00.3 ICD - 9-CM : 520.3 MeSH : D009050 v t e Oral and maxillofacial pathology Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar's aphthae Cleft palate High-arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa – Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet's disease Bohn's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant-cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand, foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign: Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant: Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture-related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga–Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel-shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) – Gums and tooth-supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio-endo lesion Teething Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues – Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic: Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate-associated Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions – Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign: Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant: Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues – Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig's angina Macrostomia Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic diseaseFIS1, DNM1L, MFN1, ESR1, COL1A2, MMP20, MMP2, BGLAP, VDR, TP53, PRL, CALCR, TGFB1, MPO, AQP5, MMP9, GSTP1, COMT, TUFT1, COL14A1, SIRT1, TNFSF11, ACAN, TFIP11, HPGDS, OSTM1, TIMP1, ODAM, MIER1, MMP25, SLCO6A1, ATP6V0D2, FAM83H, GSTK1, MIR155, MIR200C, TIMP2, PTH, TGFBR2, SOD2, BCL2, RUNX2, CDKN2A, CLCN7, CLU, DCX, DLX1, DLX2, ESR2, ESRRB, FRZB, GPR18, SMAD3, MGMT, MLH1, MMP13, NFATC1, MAPK8, ALOX15, ROS1, SOD1, H3P10
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Hiv/aids In New York City
Wikipedia
Soon it became clear that gay men were not the only ones who had the disease; intravenous drug abusers also appeared to get infected. [5] : 3 In 1983, the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was identified and labeled as Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) by Dr. ... Donna Mildvan identifies reports of a virulent diarrhea that is called Gay Bowel Syndrome [39] : 13 1981 New York City Infectious Diseases Intercity Rounds records first cases of gay-related immunodeficiency diseases [40] : 9 Dr. ... Center for Disease Control show that over half the 225 cases in Kaposi's sarcoma in the United States by January 1982 happened in New York The Center for Disease Control gives AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) its name [43] GMHC holds the first benefit to collect funds for the epidemic [44] : 62 Rodger MacFarlane, president of GMHC, begins an AIDS hotline in his own apartment GMHC co-founder Larry Kramer became a public spokesperson known for comments made to the press, including sharp criticisms of Ed Koch and David Sencer for their lack of action Dr. ... Cahill also arranged for immediate publication of their findings to initiate first Senate hearing on the syndrome [17] : 265–266 Media coverage on AIDS begins to boom: outlets like Newsweek magazine [51] and other major newspapers nationwide publish over 650 stories between December and April. ... "AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome". In Jackson, Kenneth T.; New York Historical Society (eds.).
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Lung Cancer
Wikipedia
The obstruction can also lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, and increase the risk of pneumonia . [1] Depending on the type of tumor, paraneoplastic phenomena — symptoms not due to the local presence of cancer — may initially attract attention to the disease. [22] In lung cancer, these phenomena may include hypercalcemia , syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH, abnormally concentrated urine and diluted blood), ectopic ACTH production, or Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies ). Tumors in the top of the lung , known as Pancoast tumors , may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system , resulting in Horner's syndrome (dropping of the eyelid and a small pupil on that side), as well as damage to the brachial plexus . [1] Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. [6] In many people, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. [23] Symptoms that suggest the presence of metastatic disease include weight loss, bone pain, and neurological symptoms (headaches, fainting , convulsions , or limb weakness). [1] Common sites of spread include the brain, bone, adrenal glands , opposite lung, liver , pericardium , and kidneys . [23] About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiography . [17] Causes [ edit ] Relationship between cigarette consumption per person (blue) and male lung cancer rates (dark yellow) in the US over the century. ... A hollow cavity and associated cell death are commonly found at the center of the tumor. [6] About 10 to 15% of lung cancers are large-cell carcinoma. [74] These are so named because the cancer cells are large, with excess cytoplasm , large nuclei , and conspicuous nucleoli . [6] Small-cell lung carcinoma [ edit ] Small-cell lung carcinoma (microscopic view of a core needle biopsy) In SCLC, the cells contain dense neurosecretory granules ( vesicles containing neuroendocrine hormones ), which give this tumor an endocrine or paraneoplastic syndrome association. [75] Most cases arise in the larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi ). [17] Sixty to seventy percent have extensive disease (which cannot be targeted within a single radiation therapy field) at presentation. [1] Others [ edit ] Four main histological subtypes are recognised, although some cancers may contain a combination of different subtypes, [70] such as adenosquamous carcinoma . [6] Rare subtypes include carcinoid tumors , bronchial gland carcinomas, and sarcomatoid carcinomas . [6] Metastasis [ edit ] Typical Napsin-A and TTF-1 immunostaining in primary lung carcinoma [1] Histological type Napsin-A TTF-1 Squamous-cell carcinoma Negative Negative Adenocarcinoma Positive Positive Small-cell carcinoma Negative Positive The lungs are a common place for the spread of tumors from other parts of the body.
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Sweating Sickness
Wikipedia
A previously proposed theory suggested ergot poisoning but was quickly ruled out due to England having much less rye (the main cause of ergotism ) than the rest of Europe. [4] Several researchers have noted that symptoms overlap with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and have proposed an unknown hantavirus as the cause. [3] [5] [8] Specific similarities between the English sweating sickness and diseases caused by various species of hantavirus indicate that a hantavirus may have been the cause of the sweating sickness. ... "The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". British Journal of Biomedical Science . 58 (1): 1–6. PMID 11284216 . ^ Padula, P; Edelstein, A; Miguel, SD; López, NM; Rossi, CM; Rabinovich, RD (15 February 1998). "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus". ... "The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". British Journal of Biomedical Science . 58 (1): 1–6. ... External links [ edit ] Sweating Fever Jim Leavesley commemorates the 500th anniversary of the first outbreak – transcript of talk on Ockham's Razor , ABC Radio National "The Sweating Sickness Returns" , Discover Magazine , 1 June 1997 Classification D ICD - 9-CM : 078.2 MeSH : D018614 v t e Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases Oncovirus DNA virus HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma HPV Cervical cancer Anal cancer Penile cancer Vulvar cancer Vaginal cancer Oropharyngeal cancer KSHV Kaposi's sarcoma EBV Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type MCPyV Merkel-cell carcinoma RNA virus HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma Splenic marginal zone lymphoma HTLV-I Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Immune disorders HIV AIDS Central nervous system Encephalitis / meningitis DNA virus Human polyomavirus 2 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus MeV Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis LCV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Arbovirus encephalitis Orthomyxoviridae (probable) Encephalitis lethargica RV Rabies Chandipura vesiculovirus Herpesviral meningitis Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 Myelitis Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome HTLV-I Tropical spastic paraparesis Eye Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus retinitis HSV Herpes of the eye Cardiovascular CBV Pericarditis Myocarditis Respiratory system / acute viral nasopharyngitis / viral pneumonia DNA virus Epstein–Barr virus EBV infection / Infectious mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus RNA virus IV : Human coronavirus 229E / NL63 / HKU1 / OC43 Common cold MERS coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus 2 Coronavirus disease 2019 V , Orthomyxoviridae : Influenza virus A / B / C / D Influenza / Avian influenza V, Paramyxoviridae : Human parainfluenza viruses Parainfluenza Human orthopneumovirus hMPV Human digestive system Pharynx / Esophagus MuV Mumps Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus esophagitis Gastroenteritis / diarrhea DNA virus Adenovirus Adenovirus infection RNA virus Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Coronavirus Hepatitis DNA virus HBV ( B ) RNA virus CBV HAV ( A ) HCV ( C ) HDV ( D ) HEV ( E ) HGV ( G ) Pancreatitis CBV Urogenital BK virus MuV Mumps v t e Pandemics , epidemics and notable disease outbreaks List of epidemics Local Ancient Hittite plague ( c. 1320–1300 BC) Plague of Athens (429–426 BC) Antonine Plague (165–180 AD) Plague of Cyprian (250–266) Post-classical First plague pandemic (541–767) Plague of Justinian (541–542) Roman Plague (590) Plague of Sheroe (627–628) Plague of Amwas (638–639) Plague of 664 (664–689) Japanese smallpox (735–737) Black Death (1347–1351) Sweating sickness (1485–1551) Early modern 16th century Influenza pandemic (1510) Mexican smallpox (1520) Influenza pandemic (1557–1559) London plague (1563–1564) Maltese plague (1592–1593) London plague (1592–1593) 17th century Maltese plague (1623) Italian plague (1629–1631) Massachusetts smallpox (1633) Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652) Maltese plague (1655) Naples Plague (1656) Great Plague of London (1665–1666) Maltese plague (1675–1676) Great Plague of Vienna (1679) 18th century Great Northern War plague (1710–1712) Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722) Great Plague of 1738 (1738) Russian plague (1770–1772) Persian Plague (1772) North American smallpox (1780–1782) Philadelphia yellow fever (1793–1798) Modern 19th century Ottoman plague (1812–1819) Maltese plague (1813–1814) Caragea's plague (1813) Groningen epidemic (1829) Great Plains smallpox (1837–1838) Typhus (1847–1848) Copenhagen cholera (1853) Stockholm cholera (1853) Broad Street cholera (1854) Buenos Aires yellow fever (1871) 20th century San Francisco plague (1900–1904) Manchurian plague (1910–1911) LA pneumonic plague (1924) Croydon typhoid (1937) NYC smallpox (1947) Yugoslav smallpox (1972) London flu (1972–1973) Indian smallpox (1974) Surat plague (1994) Malaysian Nipah virus (1998–1999) 21st century Singaporean dengue (2005) Indian dengue (2006) Chikungunya outbreaks (2006) Pakistani dengue (2006) Iraqi cholera (2007) Zimbabwean cholera (2008–2009) Bolivian dengue (2009) Gujarat hepatitis (2009) Western African meningitis (2009–2010) Haiti cholera (2010–2019) Pakistani dengue (2011) Darfur yellow fever (2012) Swansea measles (2013) Western African Ebola (2013–2016) DR Congo Ebola (2014) Madagascar plague (2014) Odisha jaundice (2014) Polio declaration (2014) Indian swine flu (2015) South Korean MERS (2015) Angolan yellow fever (2016) Yemeni cholera (2016–present) Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis (2017) Saudi Arabian MERS (2018) Kerala Nipah virus (2018) Équateur province Ebola (2018) Kivu Ebola (2018–2020) Madagascar measles (2018) Samoa measles (2019–present) Philippine measles (2019–present) Pacific NW measles (2019) New York measles (2019) Kuala Koh measles (2019) Tonga measles (2019) DRC measles (2019–2020) New Zealand measles (2019–present) Global Influenza pandemic (1510) Influenza pandemic (1557–1559) Second plague pandemic (1348–19th century) First cholera pandemic (1816–1826) Second cholera pandemic (1829–1851) Third cholera pandemic (1852–1860) Third plague pandemic (1855–1960) Fourth cholera pandemic (1863–1879) Fifth cholera pandemic (1881–1896) 1889 flu (1889–1890) Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) Spanish flu (1918–1920) Asian flu (1957–1958) Seventh cholera pandemic (1961–1975) Hong Kong flu (1968–1970) HIV/AIDS (1981–present) SARS (2002–2004) Bird flu (2003–2005) Mumps (2009) Madagascar plague (2008–2017) Swine flu (2009–2010) MERS (2012–present) Chikungunya (2013–2014) Zika (2015–2016) COVID-19 (2019–present)
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Emergent Virus
Wikipedia
In order to overcome host-range restrictions and sustain efficient human-human transmission, viruses originating from an animal reservoir will normally undergo mutation , genetic recombination and reassortment . [20] Due to their rapid replication and high mutation rates, RNA viruses are more likely to successfully adapt for invasion of a new host population. [3] Examples of animal sources [ edit ] Bats [ edit ] Different bat species While bats are essential members of many ecosystems, [24] they are also frequently implicated as frequent sources of emerging virus infections. [25] Their immune systems have evolved in such a way as to suppress any inflammatory response to viral infections, thereby allowing them to become tolerant hosts for evolving viruses, and consequently provide major reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. [26] They are associated with more zoonotic viruses per host species than any other mammal, and molecular studies have demonstrated that they are the natural hosts for several high-profile zoonotic viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses and Ebola / Marburg hemorrhagic fever filoviruses. [27] In terms of their potential for spillover events, bats have taken over the leading role previously assigned to rodents. [26] Viruses can be transmitted from bats via several mechanisms, including bat bite, [28] aerosolization of saliva (e.g. during echolocation ) and faeces/urine. [29] Due to their distinct ecology /behaviour, bats are naturally more susceptible to viral infection and transmission. ... These infections are largely acquired following direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, but do not result in efficient human-human transmission; examples of this include H5N1 influenza and H7N9 influenza . [42] SARS-CoV [ edit ] Electron micrograph of SARS-CoV In 2002, a highly pathogenic SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) strain emerged from a zoonotic reservoir; approximately 8000 people were infected worldwide, and mortality rates approached 50% or more in the elderly. [49] As SARS-CoV is most contagious post-symptoms, the introduction of strict public health measures effectively halted the pandemic. [49] The natural reservoir host for SARS-CoV is thought to be horseshoe bats , although the virus has also been identified in several small carnivores (e.g. palm civets and racoon dogs ). ... MERS-CoV [ edit ] Electron micrograph of MERS-CoV First reported in 2012, MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) marks the second known introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus from a zoonotic reservoir into humans. ... PMID 17848070 . ^ a b WHO. "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)" . WHO .
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Occupational Injury
Wikipedia
In the United States, a high risk of back injuries occurs in the health care industry . 25% of reported injuries in health care workers in the state of Pennsylvania are for back pain. [18] Among nurses , the prevalence of lower back pain may be as high as 72% mostly as a result of transferring patients. [19] Some of these injuries can be prevented with the availability of patient lifts , improved worker training, and allocation of more time to perform work procedures. [20] Another common type of injury is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with overuse of the hands and wrists. ... "Risk factors for incident carpal tunnel syndrome: results of a prospective cohort study of newly-hired workers" . ... External links [ edit ] Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Charts, 1992-2012 NIOSH Publications on Traumatic Occupational Injury Topics (2008-2009) , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health v t e General wounds and injuries Abrasions Abrasion Avulsion Blisters Blood blister Coma blister Delayed blister Edema blister Fracture blister Friction blister Sucking blister Bruises Hematoma / Ecchymosis Battle's sign Raccoon eyes Black eye Subungual hematoma Cullen's sign Grey Turner's sign Retroperitoneal hemorrhage Animal bites Insect bite Spider bite Snakebite Other: Ballistic trauma Stab wound Blunt trauma /superficial/ closed Penetrating trauma / open Aerosol burn Burn / Corrosion / Chemical burn Frostbite Occupational injuries Traumatic amputation By region Hand injury Head injury Chest trauma Abdominal trauma v t e Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full-time Gig Part-time Self-employed Side Skilled Independent contractor Labour hire Temporary Tenure Unskilled 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